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statistics for experimentert
Questions and Answers of
Statistics For Experimentert
CR13.6 The accompanying graphical display appeared in USA Today (February 19, 2010). It is meant to be a pie chart, but an oval rather than a circle is used to represent the whole pie. Do you think
CR13.7 The following quote describing 18- to 29-yearolds is from the article “Study: Millennial Generation More Educated, Less Employed” (USA Today, February 23, 2010): “38%have a tattoo (and
CR13.8 To raise revenues, many airlines now charge fees to check luggage. Suppose that the number of checked bags was recorded for each person in a random sample of 100 airline passengers selected
CR13.9 Consider the following data on y 5 number of songs stored on an MP3 player and x 5 number of months the user has owned the MP3 player for a sample of 15 owners of MP3 players.x y 23 486 35 747
CR13.10 Many people take ginkgo supplements advertised to improve memory. Are these over-the-counter supplements effective? In a study reported in the paper “Ginkgo for Memory Enhancement”
CR13.11 The Harvard University Institute of Politics surveys undergraduates across the United States annually.Responses to the question “When it comes to voting, do you consider yourself to be
CR13.12 The survey described in the previous exercise also asked the following question: “Please tell me whether you trust the President to do the right thing all of the time, most of the time,
8. After consulting with your partner, write a paragraph explaining why it is a good idea to include a model utility test (H0: b 5 0) as part of a regression analysis.
13.30 ● The article “Vital Dimensions in Volume Perception:Can the Eye Fool the Stomach?” (Journal of Marketing Research [1999]: 313– 326) gave the accompanying data on the dimensions of 27
13.31 Investigators in northern Alaska periodically monitored radio-collared wolves in 25 wolf packs over 4 years, keeping track of the packs’ home ranges (“Population Dynamics and Harvest
13.32 An investigation of the relationship between x 5 traffic flow (thousands of cars per 24 hours) and y 5 lead content of bark on trees near the highway(mg/g dry weight) yielded the accompanying
1. Construct a scatterplot of the given data. Does there appear to be a linear relationship between y 5 height and x 5 number of siblings?Height(y)Number of Siblings (x)Height(y)Number of Siblings
2. Compute the value of the correlation coefficient. Is the value of the correlation coefficient consistent with your answer from Step 1? Explain.
3. What is the equation of the least-squares line for these data?
4. Is the slope of the least-squares regression line from Step 3 equal to 0? Does this necessarily mean that there is a meaningful relationship between height and number of siblings in the population
5. For the population of all female students at the university, do you think it is reasonable to assume that the distribution of heights at each particular x value is approximately normal and that
6. Carry out the model utility test (H0: b 5 0). Explain why the conclusion from this test is consistent with your explanation in Step 4.
7. Would you recommend using the least-squares regression line as a way of predicting heights for women at this university? Explain.
CR13.13 The report “Undergraduate Students and Credit Cards in 2004” (Nellie Mae, May 2005) included information collected from individuals in a random sample of undergraduate students in the
14.14 The article “The Value and the Limitations of High-Speed Turbo-Exhausters for the Removal of Tar-Fog from Carburetted Water-Gas” (Society of Chemical Industry Journal [1946]: 166–168)
14.4 The following statement appeared in the article“Dimensions of Adjustment Among College Women”(Journal of College Student Development [1998]: 364):Regression analyses indicated that academic
14.5 The authors of the paper “Predicting Yolk Height, Yolk Width, Albumen Length, Eggshell Weight, Egg Shape Index, Eggshell Thickness, Egg Surface Area of Japanese Quails Using Various Egg Traits
14.6 According to the paper “Assessing the Validity of the Post-Materialism Index” (American Political Science Review [1999]: 649–664), it is possible to predict an individual’s level of
14.7 ▼ The article “The Influence of Temperature and Sunshine on the Alpha-Acid Contents of Hops” (Agricultural Meteorology [1974]: 375–382) used a multiple regression model to relate y 5
14.8 The article “Readability of Liquid Crystal Displays: A Response Surface” (Human Factors [1983]: 185–190)used a multiple regression model with four independent variables, where y 5 error
14.9 The article “Pulp Brightness Reversion: Influence of Residual Lignin on the Brightness Reversion of Bleached Sulfite and Kraft Pulps” (TAPPI [1964]: 653–662) proposed a quadratic
14.10 The relationship between yield of maize, date of planting, and planting density was investigated in the article “Development of a Model for Use in Maize Replant Decisions” (Agronomy Journal
14.11 Suppose that the variables y, x1, and x2 are related by the regression model y 5 1.8 1 .1x1 1 .8x2 1 ea. Construct a graph (similar to that of Figure 14.5)showing the relationship between mean
14.3 A number of investigations have focused on the problem of assessing loads that can be manually handled in a safe manner. The article “Anthropometric, Muscle Strength, and Spinal Mobility
14.2 The authors of the paper “Weight-Bearing Activity during Youth Is a More Important Factor for Peak Bone Mass than Calcium Intake” (Journal of Bone and Mineral Density [1994]: 1089–1096)
14.1a. Explain the difference between a deterministic and a probabilistic model.b. Give an example of a dependent variable y and two or more independent variables that might be related to y
CR13.14 The report described in the previous exercise also classified students according to region of residence and whether or not they had a credit card with a balance of more than $7000. Do these
CR13.15 The discharge of industrial wastewater into rivers affects water quality. To assess the effect of a particular power plant on water quality, 24 water specimens were taken 16 km upstream and 4
CR13.16 The report of a European commission on radiation protection titled “Cosmic Radiation Exposure of Aircraft Crew” (2004) measured the exposure to radiation on eight international flights
CR13.17 It is hypothesized that when homing pigeons are disoriented in a certain manner, they will exhibit no preference for any direction of flight after takeoff. To test this, 120 pigeons are
●● how a multiple regression model can be used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and multiple independent variables.
●● how numerical and categorical independent variables can be incorporated into a multiple regression model.
●● the concept of interaction in a multiple regression setting.Students will be able to:
●● interpret the parameters of the multiple linear regression model in context.
●● use both numerical and categorical variables in a multiple regression model.
●● estimate the parameters in a multiple regression model and assess the usefulness of the model.
●● distinguish between paired and independent samples.●● carry out a test for a difference in population means using independent samples or paired samples and interpret the results in
●● the difference between paired and independent samples.Students will be able to:
CR10.13 In an AP-AOL sports poll (Associated Press, December 18, 2005), 272 of 394 randomly selected baseball fans stated that they thought the designated hitter rule should either be expanded to
CR10.11 “Heinz Plays Catch-up After Under-Filling Ketchup Containers” is the headline of an article that appeared on CNN.com (November 30, 2000). The article stated that Heinz had agreed to put
CR10.6 The article “Should Canada Allow Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs?” (Canadian Family Physician[2009]: 130–131) calls for the legalization of advertising of
CR10.4 The article “Wait Times on Rise to See Doctor”(USA Today, June 4, 2009) gave the accompanying data on average wait times in days to get an appointment with a medical specialist in 15 U.S.
CR10.3 The article “Flyers Trapped on Tarmac Push for Rules on Release” (USA Today, July 28, 2009) included the accompanying data on the number of flights with a tarmac delay of more than 3 hours
CR10.2 The following graphical display is similar to one that appeared in USA Today (June 3, 2009). Write a few sentences critiquing this graphical display. Do you think it does a good job of
10.81 A student organization uses the proceeds from a particular soft-drink dispensing machine to finance its activities. The price per can had been $0.75 for a long time, and the average daily
10.80 An automobile manufacturer who wishes to advertise that one of its models achieves 30 mpg (miles per gallon) decides to carry out a fuel efficiency test.Six nonprofessional drivers were
10.79 Past experience has indicated that the true response rate is 40% when individuals are approached with a request to fill out a questionnaire and return it in a stamped and addressed envelope. An
10.73 A number of initiatives on the topic of legalized gambling have appeared on state ballots. A political candidate has decided to support legalization of casino gambling if he is convinced that
10.72 The authors of the article “Perceived Risks of Heart Disease and Cancer Among Cigarette Smokers”(Journal of the American Medical Association [1999]:1019–1021) expressed the concern that a
6. Now use the histograms from Step 5 to answer the following questions:a. Write a brief description of the shape, center, and spread for the histogram of the z values. Is what you see in the
5. Graphs, at last! Now construct histograms of the 200 z values and the 200 t values. These two graphical displays will provide insight about how each of these two statistics behaves in repeated
4. Now calculate the value of the t statistic for each of the 200 samples. Use the calculator function of Minitab to compute t 5 x 2 m ss/Ïnd 5x 2 100 ss/Ï5d as follows:Calc → Calculator In the
3. Next, calculate the value of the z statistic for each of the 200 samples. We can calculate z in this example because we know that the samples were selected from a population for which s 5 10. Use
10.67 The article “Boy or Girl: Which Gender Baby Would You Pick?” (LiveScience, March 23, 2005, www.livescience.com) summarized the findings of a study that was published in Fertility and
10.66 In 2006, Boston Scientific sought approval for a new heart stent (a medical device used to open clogged arteries) called the Liberte. This stent was being proposed as an alternative to a stent
10.65 Let m denote the mean diameter for bearings of a certain type. A test of H0: m 5 0.5 versus Ha: m Þ0.5 will be based on a sample of n bearings. The diameter distribution is believed to be
10.64 Optical fibers are used in telecommunications to transmit light. Suppose current technology allows production of fibers that transmit light about 50 km.Researchers are trying to develop a new
10.63 The amount of shaft wear after a fixed mileage was determined for each of seven randomly selected internal combustion engines, resulting in a mean of 0.0372 inch and a standard deviation of
10.62 The city council in a large city has become concerned about the trend toward exclusion of renters with children in apartments within the city. The housing coordinator has decided to select a
10.61 ▼ Let m denote the true average lifetime (in hours)for a certain type of battery under controlled laboratory conditions. A test of H0: m 5 10 versus Ha:m , 10 will be based on a sample of
10.60 Water specimens are taken from water used for cooling as it is being discharged from a power plant into a river. It has been determined that as long as the mean temperature of the discharged
10.58 Much concern has been expressed regarding the practice of using nitrates as meat preservatives. In one study involving possible effects of these chemicals, bacteria cultures were grown in a
10.57 ▼ Many consumers pay careful attention to stated nutritional contents on packaged foods when making purchases. It is therefore important that the information on packages be accurate. A random
10.54 A comprehensive study conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development tracked more than 1000 children from an early age through elementary school (New York Times,
10.52 Medical research has shown that repeated wrist extension beyond 20 degrees increases the risk of wrist and hand injuries. Each of 24 students at Cornell University used a proposed new computer
10.51 A credit bureau analysis of undergraduate students’credit records found that the average number of credit cards in an undergraduate’s wallet was 4.09(“Undergraduate Students and Credit
10.50 ● The Economist collects data each year on the price of a Big Mac in various countries around the world.The price of a Big Mac for a sample of McDonald’s restaurants in Europe in January
10.48 A study of fast-food intake is described in the paper“What People Buy From Fast-Food Restaurants”(Obesity [2009]: 1369–1374). Adult customers at three hamburger chains (McDonald’s,
10.47 The paper “Playing Active Video Games Increases Energy Expenditure in Children” (Pediatrics [2009]:534–539) describes an interesting investigation of the possible cardiovascular benefits
10.46 The true average diameter of ball bearings of a certain type is supposed to be 0.5 inch. What conclusion is appropriate when testing H0: m 5 0.5 versus Ha: m ? 0.5 inch each of the following
10.45 A certain pen has been designed so that true average writing lifetime under controlled conditions(involving the use of a writing machine) is at least 10 hours. A random sample of 18 pens is
10.44 Paint used to paint lines on roads must reflect enough light to be clearly visible at night. Let m denote the mean reflectometer reading for a new type of paint under consideration. A test of
10.43 Give as much information as you can about the P-value of a t test in each of the following situations:a. Two-tailed test, df 5 9, t 5 0.73b. Upper-tailed test, df 5 10, t 5 20.5c. Lower-tailed
10.42 Give as much information as you can about the P-value of a t test in each of the following situations:a. Upper-tailed test, df 5 8, t 5 2.0b. Upper-tailed test, n 5 14, t 5 3.2c. Lower-tailed
10.39 Refer back to the previous exercise. The actual sample proportion observed in the study was p⁄5 0.33. Based on this sample proportion, is there convincing evidence that more than 25% of law
10.38 The article “Cops Get Screened for Digital Dirt” (USA Today, Nov. 12, 2010) summarizes a report of law enforcement agencies regarding the use of social media to screen applicants for
10.34 The report “How Teens Use Media” (Nielsen, June 2009) says that 37% of teens in the U.S. access the Internet from a mobile phone. Suppose you plan to select a random sample of 500 students
10.30 The paper “Debt Literacy, Financial Experiences and Over-Indebtedness” (Social Science Research Network, Working paper W14808, 2008) included analysis of data from a national sample of 1000
10.28 In a survey conducted by CareerBuilder.com, employers were asked if they had ever sent an employee home because they were dressed inappropriately(June 17, 2008, www.careerbuilder.com). A total
10.27 Assuming a random sample from a large population, for which of the following null hypotheses and sample sizes n is the large-sample z test appropriate:a. H0: p 5 .2, n 5 25b. H0: p 5 .6, n 5
10.26 Let p denote the proportion of students at a particular university that use the fitness center on campus on a regular basis. For a large-sample z test of H0: p 5 .5 versus Ha: p . .5, find the
10.25 Pairs of P-values and significance levels,a, are given. For each pair, state whether you would reject H0 at the given significance level.a. P-value 5 .084, a 5 .05b. P-value 5 .003, a 5 .001c.
10.24 For which of the following P-values will the null hypothesis be rejected when performing a test with a significance level of .05:a. .001d. .047b. .021e. .148c. .078
10.23 Use the definition of the P-value to explain the following:a. Why H0 would be rejected if P-value 5 .0003b. Why H0 would not be rejected if P-value 5 .350
10.20 Suppose that you are an inspector for the Fish and Game Department and that you are given the task of determining whether to prohibit fishing along part of the Oregon coast. You will close an
10.19 Suppose that for a particular hypothesis test, the consequences of a Type I error are very serious.Would you want to carry out the test using a small significance level a (such as 0.01) or a
10.18 Water specimens are taken from water used for cooling as it is being discharged from a power plant into a river. It has been determined that as long as the mean temperature of the discharged
10.13 The paper “MRI Evaluation of the Contralateral Breast in Women with Recently Diagnosed Breast Cancer” (New England Journal of Medicine [2007]:1295–1303) describes a study of the use of
10.12 Researchers at the University of Washington and Harvard University analyzed records of breast cancer screening and diagnostic evaluations (“Mammogram Cancer Scares More Frequent than
10.11 The report “How Teens Use Media” (Nielsen, June 2009)says that 83% of U.S. teens use text messaging. Suppose you plan to select a random sample of 400 students at the local high school and
10.10 A cruise ship charges passengers $3 for a can of soda. Because of passenger complaints, the ship manager has decided to try out a plan with a lower price. He thinks that with a lower price,
10.9 A county commissioner must vote on a resolution that would commit substantial resources to the construction of a sewer in an outlying residential area. Her fiscal decisions have been criticized
10.7 A study sponsored by the American Savings Education Council (“Preparing for Their Future: A Look at the Financial State of Gen X and Gen Y,” March 2008)included data from a survey of 1752
10.6 CareerBuilder.com conducted a survey to learn about the proportion of employers who had ever sent an employee home because they were dressed inappropriately (June 17, 2008,
10.5 The MMR vaccine is a measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Consider the following quote from the article “Review Finds No Link Between Vaccine and Autism” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, October 19,
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