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statistics for experimentert

Questions and Answers of Statistics For Experimentert

The value of Cramer’s V is:(a) 0.05(b) 0.008(c) 0.099(d) 0.010
The c2 value has an exact probability level of:(a) 0.0004(b) 0.05(c) 0.01055(d) 0.00796
The c2 value is:(a) 12.162(b) 21.516(c) 22.305(d) 525
The Yates’ correction is sometimes used by researchers when:(a) Cell sizes are huge(b) Cell sizes are small(c) They analyse data from 2 ¥ 2 contingency tables(d) Both (b) and (c) above
The value of c2 will always be:(a) Positive(b) Negative(c) High(d) It depends
A one-variable c2 is also called:(a) Goodness-of-fi t test(b) c2 test of independence(c) c2 4 ¥ 2(d) 2 ¥ 2 c2
Look at the following table:What is the value of the expected frequencies?(a) 32 (b) 50 (c) 42 (d) 25 observed expected Statistics 72 Child development 31 Psychobiology 15 Cognitive Psychology 50
Look at the following output:c2 has an associated probability of:(a) 0.00005 (b) 0.00004 (c) 0.00200 (d) 0.00050 Chi-Square Tests Value of Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 14.3212 1 .00050
290 people are asked which of fi ve types of cola they prefer. Results are as follows:What are the expected frequencies for the cells:(a) 57 (b) 58 (c) 290 (d) None of the above Coca Cola Pepsi Diet
The number of people in this analysis is:(a) 231(b) 170(c) 124(d) 525
Pearson’s c2 has an associated probability of:(a) < 0.001(b) 0.00004(c) 0.00124(d) None of these
How many women were in the Tuesday morning group?(a) 127(b) 43(c) 99(d) 210
Cramer’s V is:(a) A victory sign made after performing Cramer’s statistical test(b) A measure of effect based on standardised scores(c) A correlational measure of effect converted from c2(d) A
Fisher’s Exact Probability Test is used when:(a) The calculations for c2 are too diffi cult(b) You have more than 25% of cells with expected frequencies of less than 5 in a 2 ¥ 2 design(c) You
When is a knowledge of power more important?(a) When you fi nd an effect(b) When you don’t fi nd an effect(c) It makes no difference
If d = 0.89, then the effect size is said to be:(a) Zero(b) Weak(c) Moderate(d) Strong
As your statistical test grows more powerful, does your confi dence interval become:(a) Wider(b) Narrower(c) It makes no difference
Confi dence intervals around a mean value give you:(a) A range within which the population mean is likely to fall(b) A range within which the sample mean is likely to fall(c) A point estimate of the
What are your chances of fi nding an effect (if one exists) when power = 0.6?(a) 50:50(b) 60:40(c) 40:60(d) 60:60
Relative to large effect sizes, small effect sizes are:(a) Easier to detect(b) Harder to detect(c) As easy to detect(d) As diffi cult to detect
It is more important to know the power of a study when:(a) The study has large participant numbers and is statistically signifi cant(b) The study has large participant numbers and is not
Look at the following output from a paired t-test analysis:Which is the most sensible answer?(a) The sample mean difference is −0.15, and we are 95% confi dent that the population mean difference
A researcher has found a correlation coeffi cient of r = +0.30, CI(95%) = −0.2 − (+0.7). Which is the most sensible conclusion? We are 95% confi dent that the population regression line would
Look at the following output for an independent t-test:Which is the most appropriate answer?We can be 95% confi dent that:(a) The population mean difference is 27.7 (b) The population mean difference
A power level of 0.3 means:(a) You have a 30% chance of detecting an effect(b) You have a 49% chance of detecting an effect(c) You have a 70% chance of detecting an effect(d) You have a 0.7% chance
Power can be calculated by a knowledge of:(a) The statistical test, the type of design and the effect size(b) The statistical test, the criterion signifi cance level and the effect size(c) The
All other things being equal, the more powerful the statistical test:(a) The wider the confi dence intervals(b) The more likely the confi dence interval will include zero(c) The narrower the confi
Sample means are:(a) Point estimates of sample means(b) Interval estimates of population means(c) Interval estimates of sample means(d) Point estimates of population means
Effect size is:(a) The magnitude of the difference between conditions(b) The strength of a relationship or association(c) Both of these(d) Neither of these
Power is the ability to detect:(a) A statistically signifi cant effect where one exists(b) A psychologically important effect where one exists(c) Both (a) and (b) above(d) Design fl aws
All other things being equal:(a) The more sample size increases, the more power decreases(b) The more sample size increases, the more power increases(c) Sample size has no relationship to power(d)
All other things being equal, repeated-measures designs:(a) Have exactly the same power as independent designs(b) Are often less powerful than independent designs(c) Are often more powerful than
Statistical signifi cance:(a) Is directly equivalent to psychological importance(b) Does not necessarily mean that results are psychologically important(c) Depends on sample size(d) Both (b) and (c)
The narrower the confi dence intervals:(a) The more confi dence you can place in your results(b) The less you can rely on your results(c) The greater the chance that your results were due to sampling
Generalising to the population, what sign would the expected t-value take?(a) Positive(b) Negative(c) It could be either positive or negative
Which row would the researcher use to interpret the independent t-test results?(a) The equal variances row(b) The unequal variances row
Why are ‘all of the p values’ reported as p < 0.001, when the other named variables have been reported with the exact probability values?(a) The researchers could not work out the exact
Levene’s test is:(a) A test of heterogeneity that relies on the assumption of normality(b) A test of homogeneity that relies on the assumption of normality(c) A test of heterogeneity that does not
For a within-participants design using 20 people, the degrees of freedom are:(a) 20(b) 38(c) 19(d) 40
In an independent t-test, you would use the ‘equal variances not assumed’ part of the output when Levene’s test is:(a) Above a criterion signifi cance level (e.g. p > 0.05)(b) Below a criterion
In the SPSS output, if p = 0.000, then you should report this as:(a) = 0.000(b) = 0.0001(c) < 0.001(d) < 0.0001
In an analysis using an unrelated t-test, you fi nd the following result:Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances: F = 0.15, p = 0.58 This shows that the variances of the two groups are:(a)
If the 95% confi dence limits around the mean difference (in a t-test) are 10.5 – 13.0, we can conclude that, if we repeat the study 100 times, then:(a) Our results will be statistically signifi
The effect size for independent groups,d, can be calculated by:(a) (mean 1 − mean 2) ÷ mean SD(b) (mean 1 + mean 2) ÷ mean SD(c) (mean 1 − mean 2) ÷ SEM(d) (mean 1 + mean 2) ÷ SEM
What can you conclude from the results?(a) There are no statistically signifi cant differences or important differences between the two groups(b) There is a statistically signifi cant difference but
The variances of the two groups are:(a) Indeterminate(b) Unequal(c) Assumed to be equal(d) Skewed
The difference between the means of the groups is (correct to one decimal place):(a) 0.41(b) 0.69(c) 0.96(d) 0.76
A t-value of -5 is:(a) Less important than a value of +5(b) More important than a value of +5(c) Equivalent to a value of +5(d) Less signifi cant than a value of +5
The higher the t-value, the more likely it is that the differences between groups are:(a) A result of sampling error(b) Not a result of sampling error(c) Similar to each other(d) None of the above
The most important assumption to meet when using a t-test is:(a) The variation in scores should be minimal(b) Scores should be drawn from a normally distributed population(c) Conditions should have
One hundred students were tested on their anxiety before and after an anxiety counselling session.Scores are drawn from a normally distributed population. Which statistical test is the most
For an independent t-test with 15 participants in each condition, the appropriate DF is:(a) 28(b) 14(c) 30(d) 15
For a paired t-test with 40 participants, the appropriate DF is:(a) 20(b) 39(c) 38(d) None of these
The DF for an independent t-test analysis with 20 participants in each condition is:(a) 38(b) 20(c) 40(d) 68
SPSS prints the following: p = .0000. How should this be reported?(a) < 0.001(b) < 0.0001(c) > 0.001(d) > 0.0001
If a correlation coeffi cient has an associated probability value of 0.02, then:(a) Our hypothesis is obviously true(b) Our results are important(c) There is only a 2% chance that our results are due
A positive relationship means:(a) An important relationship exists(b) As scores on x rise, scores on y fall(c) As scores on x rise, so do those on y(d) High scores are frequent on x and y
The cell c3 relates to:(a) Intrusiveness and internal beliefs(b) Intrusiveness and external beliefs(c) Intrusiveness and symptoms(d) Depression and symptoms
Which cell relates to the scattergram between ‘internal beliefs’ and ‘external beliefs’?(a) d1(b) d2(c) d3(d) d4
A researcher wishes to look at the relationship between motivation and examination performance.However, she has reason to believe that IQ infl uences both of these variables and decides to obtain
A correlation of -0.5 has been found between height and weight in a group of schoolchildren. How much of the variance in height can be explained by weight, in percentage terms?(a) 5%(b) 50%(c) 25%(d)
Which correlation is the weakest?(a) ‘family relationships’ and ‘relationship with spouse’(b) ‘family relationships’ and ‘other social relationships’(c) ‘other social
Of the following, which two variables show the strongest relationship?(a) ‘family relationships’ and ‘relationship with spouse’(b) ‘satisfi ed with life’ and ‘family relationships’(c)
Look at the following scattergram:Which is the most sensible answer? The variables show a correlation of:(a) -1.0 (b) -0.1 (c) +1.00 (d) +0.1 SISTERAGE 6 18- 16 T T T 0 2 4 8 10 12 14 AGE
Look at the following scattergram:Which is the most sensible answer? The variables show a correlation of:(a) +1.00 (b) -1.00 (c) +0.7 (d) -0.7 140 130 120 bl 110 100 90+ 0 10 20 30 40 MATHEMAT 550 50
Length of time working at the computer and poor eyesight are negatively correlated. What should we conclude?(a) People with poor eyesight are more likely to spend long hours working at the
If you have a correlation coeffi cient of 0.4, how much variance is left unexplained?(a) 16%(b) 40%(c) 84%(d) None of the above
Someone who runs a correlational analysis says that an effect size of 64% has been found. What value of r did they obtain?(a) +0.8(b) -0.8(c) 0.8, but we cannot tell whether the value is positive or
If you have a correlation coeffi cient of 0.5, how much variance is left unexplained?(a) 25%(b) 50%(c) 75%(d) None of the above
What is the achieved signifi cance level of ‘family relationships’ and ‘mood’?(a) < 0.001(b) = 0.011(c) = 0.912(d) < 0.01
Which correlation is the weakest?(a) ‘QOL’ and ‘age’(b) ‘mood’ and ‘age’(c) ‘family relationships’ and ‘age’(d) ‘family relationships’ and ‘mood’
Of those below, which two variables show the strongest relationship?(a) ‘QOL’ and ‘family relationships’(b) ‘QOL’ and ‘age’(c) ‘mood’ and ‘QOL’(d) ‘mood’ and ‘age’
If two variables are totally independent, then the correlation between them is:(a) -0.1(b) -1.00(c) +1.00(d) zero
If 36% of the variation in scores on y has been accounted for by scores on x, how much variance is unexplained?(a) 64%(b) 36%(c) 6%(d) 0.6%
If you fi nd in a study that your p-value is 0.05, what is the probability of the alternative hypothesis being true?(a) 0.05(b) 1 minus 0.05(c) We cannot work out the probability of the alternative
Imagine we conduct two studies. In study A we have 1000 participants and obtain a p-value of 0.01, whereas in study B we have only 20 participants and a p-value of 0.05. In which of these two studies
When we convert our data into a score from a probability distribution, what do we call the value we obtain?(a) Signifi cant(b) Not signifi cant(c) The test statistic(d) The power of the study
Why do we usually set our criterion for signifi cance at 0.05?(a) This is the traditional level used by most psychologists(b) This represents a good balance between making Type I and Type II
How do we denote power?(a) a(b) b(c) 1 - a(d) 1 - b
A researcher has conducted a study on reaction times with 20 participants in each of two conditions.She fi nds that the variance for the fi rst condition is 2 seconds and for the second condition is
A Type II error means:(a) We have rejected the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, true(b) We have accepted the experimental hypothesis when it is false(c) We have accepted the null hypothesis when
Which of the following are the assumptions underlying the use of parametric tests?(a) The data should be normally distributed(b) The samples being tested should have appproximately equal variances(c)
If we reject the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, true then we have:(a) Made a Type I error(b) Made a Type II error(c) Made scientifi c progress(d) Both (b) and (c) above
If you predict that there will be a difference between condition A and condition B, what is the null hypothesis?(a) That condition A will be greater than condition B(b) That condition B will be
If you obtain a p-value of 4%, what does this mean?(a) The probability that the null hypothesis is true is 4%(b) The probability that the null hypothesis is false is 4%(c) The probability of
If we predict that there will be a difference between condition A and condition B, we have made:(a) A one-tailed prediction(b) A two-tailed prediction(c) A null prediction(d) Both (b) and (c) above
If you obtain a two-tailed p-value of 0.02, the equivalent one-tailed p-value would be:(a) 0.01(b) 0.04(c) 0.02(d) 0.4
The probability that an effect has arisen due to sampling error given that the null hypothesis is true is denoted as:(a) Negligible(b) b(c) a(d) None of the above
When we predict that condition A will be greater than condition B, we have made:(a) A one-tailed prediction(b) A two-tailed prediction(c) A uni-directional prediction(d) Both (a) and (c) above
The power of an experiment is:(a) a(b) The ability of the experiment to reject the null hypothesis if it is, in fact, false(c) The sensitivity of participants to your experimental manipulation(d) All
If you predict that two variables A and B will be related, what is the null hypothesis?(a) That there is no relationship between A and B(b) That A will be greater than B(c) That there is no
If you obtain a one-tailed p-value of 0.02, the equivalent two-tailed p-value is:(a) 0.01(b) 0.04(c) 0.02(d) 0.4
What is the basis or logic of inferential statistical tests?(a) To work out the probability of obtaining an effect due to sampling error when the null hypothesis is true(b) To work out the
A Type II error occurs when:(a) The null hypothesis is not rejected when it should be(b) The null hypothesis is rejected when it should be(c) The null hypothesis is rejected when it should not have
If we have a negatively skewed population, what shape will the sampling distribution of the mean of samples drawn from this population be?(a) Negatively skewed(b) Positively skewed(c) Normal(d) It is
Which of these could you not generate confi dence intervals for?(a) A mean(b) A correlation coeffi cient(c) The mean difference between scores(d) None of the above
Given a standard error of 5.2 with a sample size of 9, what is the standard deviation?(a) 1.73(b) 15.6(c) 46.8(d) 0.556
If you draw 100 samples from a population and plot all their means as a frequency histogram, then you have a:(a) Mean distribution(b) Skewed distribution(c) Sampling distribution(d) None of the above
For a set of data we fi nd that we have a standard deviation of 42 and a sample size of 16.What is the standard error?(a) 0.339(b) 2.95(c) 21.68(d) 10.5
Which of the following gives the best estimate of the population mean?(a) Sample mean(b) The mean of several sample means(c) The standard deviation(d) The standard error

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