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statistics for experimentert

Questions and Answers of Statistics For Experimentert

If you have a population of scores that has a fl at (i.e. not normal) distribution, the distribution of many sample means will be:(a) Flat(b) Bimodal(c) Negatively skewed(d) Normal
If you obtain a score of 13 on an anxiety questionnaire and you know that the population mean and standard deviation are 20 and 5 respectively, what is your z-score?(a) -2.33(b) -1.4(c) 1.33(d) 0
Which of the following statements are true in reference to inferential statistics?(a) They merely describe our data(b) We are able to use them to draw conclusions about populations from sample
Which career should you choose if your weightlifting and pottery scores are as follows?Weightlifting: Your score is 52 (sample mean = 55, SD = 12)Potter: Your score is 50 (sample mean = 58, SD =
If an event has a probability of 95% of occurring, what does this mean?(a) The event is likely to occur 5 times out of every 100(b) The event is likely to occur 95 times out of every 100(c) The event
If you had a z-score of 2.33, this would tell you that:(a) Your score was 2.33 standard deviations above the mean(b) Your score was 2.33 standard deviations below the mean(c) There was a probability
What would we multiply the standard error by to help us get our 95% confi dence intervals?(a) 95(b) The square root of the sample size(c) The standard deviation(d) 1.96
The standard error tells us:(a) The degree to which our sample means differ from the mean of the sample means(b) The degree to which our sample means differ from the population mean(c) The degree to
If you have a probability of 33%, what is it expressed as a decimal?(a) 0.033(b) 0.33(c) 0.23(d) 0.133
The standard error is:(a) The square root of the mean(b) The square of the standard deviation(c) The standard deviation divided by the mean(d) The standard deviation divided by the square root of the
What are the scores in the standard normal distribution?(a) Extreme scores(b) z-scores(c) Standard deviation scores(d) Both (b) and (c) above
If we have a 95% confi dence interval of 3 ± 2, what does it mean?(a) The population mean is defi nitely between 1 and 5(b) We are 95% sure that the population mean falls between 3 and 2(c) We are
What is the relationship between sample size and sampling error?(a) The larger the sample size, the larger the sampling error(b) The larger the sample size, the smaller the sampling error(c) Sample
What is the probability 1 in 5 expressed as a percentage?(a) 14%(b) 25%(c) 20%(d) 32%
Given the following graph, how would you describe the distribution?(a) Normal (b) Positively skewed (c) Negatively skewed (d) Bimodal
Which of the following statements are true?(a) Parameters describe samples and statistics describe populations(b) Statistics describe samples and populations(c) Parameters describe populations and
Having calculated the variance of a set of data with 12 participants to be 36, what would the standard deviation be?(a) 36(b) 1296(c) 6(d) 3
If a distribution is described as platykurtic, then it is:(a) Very peaked(b) Very flat(c) Bimodal(d) Very thin
Given the following set of data (8, 7, 9, 12, 14, 10, 14, 11, 13, 14), what are the mean, median and mode?(a) 11.2, 11.5, 14(b) 112, 12, 14(c) 10, 5, 14(d) 10, 12, 14
When you have categorical variables and are simply counting the frequency of occurrence of each category, your measure of central tendency should be:(a) Mode(b) Median(c) Mean(d) None of the above
A perfectly normal distribution:(a) Is bell-shaped, symmetrical and has tails that cross the x-axis at infinity(b) Is only applicable for normal people(c) Has equal mean, median and modes(d) (a) and
If you have a negatively skewed distribution then:(a) The mean, median and mode are equal(b) The right-hand tail is extended(c) The left-hand tail is extended(d) None of the above
What is the mean of the following set of scores: 5, 7, 10, 12, 18, 20, 24, 22, 24, 25?(a) 145(b) 17.2(c) 16.7(d) 167
What sort of relationship is indicated by a scattergram where the points cluster around an imaginary line that goes from the bottom left-hand corner to the top right-hand corner?(a) Positive(b)
If you randomly select a sample of 20 pandas (sample A), then select a sample of 300 pandas(sample B) and calculate the mean weight for each sample, which is likely to give a better estimate of the
A normal distribution should have which of the following properties?(a) Bell-shaped(b) Symmetrical(c) The tails of the distribution should meet the x-axis at infinity(d) All of the above
In box plots, an extreme score is defined as:(a) A score that falls beyond the inner fence(b) A score that falls between the hinges and the inner fence(c) A score that falls between the inner fence
The mode is:(a) The frequency of the most common score divided by the total number of scores(b) The middle score after all the scores have been ranked(c) The most frequently occurring score(d) The
What is the relationship between sample size and sampling error?(a) The larger the sample size, the larger the sampling error(b) The larger the sample size, the smaller the sampling error(c) Sample
The standard deviation is equal to:(a) The variance(b) The square root of the variance(c) The variance squared(d) The variance divided by the number of scores
Given the following graph, how would you describe the distribution?(a) Normal (b) Positively skewed (c) Negatively skewed (d) Bimodal
Which of the following measures of central tendency are sensitive to extreme scores?(a) Mode(b) Median(c) Mean(d) None of the above
If you obtained a sample of data that was relatively normally distributed and had no extreme scores, which measure of central tendency would you opt for?(a) Mode(b) Median(c) Mean(d) None of the above
Which one of the following represents the best estimate of the population mean?(a) The sample mean(b) The mean of several sample means(c) The mode of several sample means(d) The median of several
Which of the following are problems associated with dichotomising continuous variables?(a) Loss of experimental power(b) Spurious effects may occur(c) There is a serious loss of information(d) All of
In within-participant designs, order effects occur when:(a) Participants get tired in later conditions(b) Participants perform equally well in all conditions(c) Participants have trouble obtaining
Which of the following might be suitable IVs in a quasi-experimental study?(a) Gender(b) Whether or not someone had Generalised Anxiety Disorder(c) Students versus non-students(d) All of the above
Suppose you wanted to conduct a study to see if depressed individuals bite their nails more than non-depressed individuals. Which of the following would be the best way to proceed?(a) Measure
Demand effects are possible confounding variables where:(a) Participants behave in the way they think the experimenter wants them to behave(b) Participants perform poorly because they are tired or
Which of the following designs is least likely to enable us to establish causal relationships between variables?(a) Experimental design(b) Quasi-experimental design(c) Correlational design(d)
You have conducted a study that shows that the earlier people get up, the more work they get done.Which of the following are valid conclusions?(a) There is not necessarily a causal relationship
In a within-participants design with two conditions, if you do not use counterbalancing of the conditions then your study is likely to suffer from:(a) Order effects(b) Effects of time of day(c) Lack
A researcher has just conducted a correlational study investigating the relationship between the amount of alcohol drunk by fans of the home team before a football match and the number of goals
According to Streiner (2002), how efficient are studies that dichotimise continuous variables when compared with studies that do not?(a) 100%(b) 95%(c) 67%(d) 50%
Which of the following are problems associated with within-participants designs?(a) There is an increased likelihood of practice or fatigue effects(b) Participants are more likely to guess the nature
A continuous variable can be described as:(a) Able to take only certain discrete values within a range of scores(b) Able to take any value within a range of scores(c) Being made up of categories(d)
Quasi-experimental designs have:(a) An IV and a DV(b) Non-random allocation of participants to conditions(c) No IV or DV(d) Both (a) and (b) above
Which of the following statements are true of experiments?(a) The IV is manipulated by the experimenter(b) The DV is assumed to be dependent upon the IV(c) They are difficult to conduct(d) Both (a)
Between-participants designs can be:(a) Either quasi-experimental or experimental(b) Only experimental(c) Only quasi-experimental(d) Only correlational
Which of the following could be considered as categorical variables?(a) Gender(b) Brand of baked beans(c) Hair colour(d) All of the above
Which of the following are true of correlational designs?(a) They have no IV or DV(b) They look at relationships between variables(c) You cannot infer causation from correlations(d) All of the above
In a study with gender as the manipulated variable, the IV is:(a) Within participants(b) Correlational(c) Between participants(d) None of the above
Experimental designs are characterised by:(a) Fewer than two conditions(b) No control condition(c) Random allocation of participants to conditions(d) None of the above
Which of the following constitute continuous variables?(a) Number of times a score of 180 is achieved in a darts match(b) Gender(c) Temperature(d) All of the above
25.3 A nutritionist was developing a healthy-eating educational program and was seeking evidence to support her belief that males and females do not consume the same amount of vegetables. She
25.2 For this exercise, you will open the SPSS sample file bankloan.sav and determine if there is a relationship between gender and the size of their hometown for these 5,000 bank customers. The bank
25.1 A community activist believed that there was a relationship between membership in the police SWAT Team and prior military experience.He collected data from several police departments in an
24.3 A high school principal was concerned that several of her teachers were awarding “A” grades at vastly different rates—she had heard many complaints from students and parents. She compiled
24.2 For this problem, you will open the SPSS sample file telco.sav and use the first variable, named “region” (labeled Geographic indicator). The variable “region” represents five different
24.1 A medical biologist was studying three bacteria that were known to be equally present in samples taken from the healthy human digestive system. We shall label them as A, B, and C. The
23.3 For this review exercise, you will use the SPSS sample file titled telco.sav. This database has 1,000 cases and 22 variables measured at the scale level. You will select the first 16 of the
23.2 This review exercise uses the same SPSS sample file database as in the previous example (customer_dbase.sav). However, this time you will examine eight scale variables dealing with pet ownership
23.1 For this exercise, you will use the SPSS sample file called customer_ dbase.sav. This database is composed of 5,000 cases and 132 variables.You will select the first 10 scale variables and
22.2 A social scientist wanted to develop an equation that would predict whether a male student would be successful in getting a date for the senior prom. The scientist had access to many student
22.1 A major in the Air Force wanted to find a way to predict whether a particular airman would be promoted to sergeant within 4 years of enlisting in the military. He had data on many
21.3 As we have done in the previous two exercises, we bring forward from the previous chapter a single linear regression problem and add an additional variable. In that exercise, you had one
21.2 This problem is based on the single regression you did in the previous chapter. We just added another variable called “freedom index” to turn it into an example of multiple regression. You
21.1 This exercise is an extension of the senior center manager’s problem in the previous chapter (Review Exercise 20.1). You may recall that the manager developed a prediction equation that
20.3 A deacon at St. Joseph the Worker Church had the theory that attendance at formal church services was a good indicator of the number of hours an individual volunteered. He randomly selected 12
20.2 An economist at a large university was studying the impact of gun crime on local economies. Part of his study sought information on the relationship between the number of gun control measures a
20.1 Can you help the manager of a senior citizen center at the local library determine if there was any merit to her idea that the patron’s age and the number of books checked out were related?
19.3 Assume you own a furniture store and you decided to record a random sample of rainy days and the number of patrons on those days.Calculate the correlation coefficient, build a graph, and test
19.2 Let’s say you live on a little used back road that leads to the ski slopes.Over the years, you have noticed that there seems to be a correlation between the number of inches of snowfall and
19.1 Assume you have collected a random sample of first-year students at a local community college and given them a general survey that included a number of items. A series of questions results in
18.3 An epidemiologist/psychologist was interested in studying the effects of early-childhood vaccinations and cognitive ability. He obtained records on randomly selected children who had received
18.2 A botanist measured the 3-day growth, in inches, of his marijuana plants at two different times (variables: “pregrowth” and “postgrowth”)under four different growing conditions
18.1 A metallurgist has designed a way of increasing the strength of steel.She has discovered a chemical that is added to samples of molten metal during the manufacturing process that have already
17.3 For this exercise, you must open the SPSS sample file called bankloan.sav. A bank president is interested in comparing the last three variables: “preddef1,” “ preddef2,” and
17.2 A farm manager was interested in studying several first-time strawberry pickers over a period of 4 weeks. He felt that there was a significant difference in the number of pints picked per hour
17.1 The high school track team coach recorded the time taken for the 100-yard dash by eight team members for three consecutive track meets during the regular season. His past experience informed him
16.3 The inspector general for a large state’s motor vehicle department decided to collect some data on recent driving tests. The idea was to see if scores on the driving test (dependent scale
16.2 A psychologist had the idea that different types of music and room temperature would influence performance on simple math tasks.She had two independent variables measured at the nominal
16.1 A corn farmer is interested in reducing the number of days it takes for his corn to silk. He has decided to set up a controlled experiment that manipulates the nominal variable “fertilizer,”
15.3 Bacteria counts were taken at the four Southern California beaches of Santa Monica, Malibu, Zuma, and Ventura. The researcher’s idea was that the different beaches would yield significantly
15.2 A chemical engineer had three different formulas for a gasoline additive that she thought would significantly change automobile gas mileage.She had three groups of 15 test standard
15.1 An El Salvadorian pig farmer, Jose, had the idea to add a by-product from the production of cane sugar to his pig feed. The idea was that the pigs would eat more, gain weight, and be worth more
14.3 The chemical engineer added a chemical to a fast-burning compound that changed the oxygen consumption once the reaction started. He did a pretest to measure the oxygen consumption index; then he
14.2 Data were collected from 10 major oil well drilling operators that recorded the number of hours lost per week due to work-related accidents.A rigorous safety program was instituted, and the
14.1 The researcher has the idea that listening to hard rock music can directly influence one’s perception of the world. The professor randomly selects a group of 15 individuals from his
13.3 For this review exercise, you will select and open the SPSS sample file called bankloan.sav. You will test for significant differences in the categories of education (“ed”) and whether they
13.2 The local bank president had the idea that the money held in individual savings accounts would be significantly different for males and females.A random sample of the dollars in male and female
13.1 Two 12-man teams of Marines were randomly selected from Marine Corps Air Stations Miramar and Yuma to be compared on their Combat Fitness Test. Their scores ranged from a low of 263 to a perfect
12.3 An instructor in a community college auto mechanics class asked his students if they thought that gas consumption, as measured in miles per gallon (mpg), had improved for the Ford Focus in the
12.2 There is an annual race to reach the top of Kendall Mountain in the small town of Silverton, Colorado. A health scientist believes that the time to reach the top has significantly changed over
12.1 You are a seller of heirloom garden seeds. You have several machines that automatically load the seeds into packages. One of your machines is suspected of sometimes being inaccurate and of
11.3 Open the SPSS sample database called bankloan.sav, and determine if the variables “age” and “household income in thousands” are normally distributed.
11.2 Open the SPSS sample database called bankloan.sav, and build frequency tables for all variables measured at the nominal or ordinal level.
11.1 Open the SPSS sample database called bankloan.sav, and calculate the following statistics for all variables measured at the scale level:mean, std. deviation, variance, range, minimum, maximum,
9.3 For this exercise, you will open the SPSS sample file called workprog.sav and select two discrete variables and one continuous variable to build a histogram paneled on both columns and rows. For
9.2 Use the same database as in the previous exercise (autoaccidents.sav), and select the variable named “Age” having the label Age of insured.Build the boxplot, and answer the following

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