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statistics for experimentert

Questions and Answers of Statistics For Experimentert

5.44 The following data on x 5 frying time (in seconds)and y 5 moisture content (%) appeared in the paper“Thermal and Physical Properties of Tortilla Chips as a Function of Frying Time” (Journal
5.43 With a bit of algebra, we can show that SSResid 5 s1 2 r2d os y 2 yd2 from which it follows that se 5În 2 1 n 2 2Ï1 2 r2 sy Unless n is quite small, (n 2 1)/(n 2 2) < 1, so se < Ï1 2 r2 sya.
5.41 A study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the hardness of molded plastic (y, in Brinell units) and the amount of time elapsed since the plastic was molded (x, in hours).
5.40 ● The article referenced in the previous exercise also gave data on the percentage of operating costs covered by park revenues for the 2007–2008 fiscal year.Number of Employees, x Percent of
5.39 ● The article “California State Parks Closure List Due Soon” (The Sacramento Bee, August 30, 2009) gave the following data on y 5 number of employees in fiscal year 2007–2008 and x 5
5.38 ● The paper “Accelerated Telomere Shortening in Response to Life Stress” (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [2004]: 17312–17315) described a study that examined whether
5.36 ● Cost-to-charge ratio (the percentage of the amount billed that represents the actual cost) for inpatient and outpatient services at 11 Oregon hospitals is shown in the following table
5.35 ● The paper “Effects of Age and Gender on Physical Performance” (Age [2007]: 77–85) describes a study of the relationship between age and 1-hour swimming performance. Data on age and
5.34 ● The relationship between x 5 total number of salmon in a creek and y 5 percentage of salmon killed by bears that were transported away from the stream prior to the bear eating the salmon was
5.33 Some types of algae have the potential to cause damage to river ecosystems. The accompanying data on algae colony density (y) and rock surface area (x)for nine rivers is a subset of data that
5.32 ● Northern flying squirrels eat lichen and fungi, which makes for a relatively low quality diet. The authors of the paper “Nutritional Value and Diet Preference of Arboreal Lichens and
5.31 ● The paper referenced in the previous exercise also gave the 6-minute walk distances for 248 girls age 3 to 18 years. The median 6-minute walk times for girls for the five age groups were
5.30 ● The data in the accompanying table is from the paper “Six-Minute Walk Test in Children and Adolescents” (The Journal of Pediatrics [2007]: 395–399).Two hundred and eighty boys
5.28 ● The accompanying data resulted from an experiment in which weld diameter x and shear strength y (in pounds) were determined for five different spot welds on steel. A scatterplot shows a
5.27 Explain why the slope b of the least-squares line always has the same sign (positive or negative) as the sample correlation coefficient r.
5.25 Explain why it can be dangerous to use the leastsquares line to obtain predictions for x values that are substantially larger or smaller than those contained in the sample.
5.24 ● The following data on sale price, size, and landto-building ratio for 10 large industrial properties appeared in the paper “Using Multiple Regression Analysis in Real Estate Appraisal”
5.21 Studies have shown that people who suffer sudden cardiac arrest have a better chance of survival if a defibrillator shock is administered very soon after cardiac arrest. How is survival rate
5.20 Use the least-squares line from Exercise 5.19 to predict the J.D. Powers Quality Score for Hawaiian Airlines and Northwest Airlines.
5.19 The article “No-Can-Do Attitudes Irk Fliers” (USA Today, September 15, 2010) included the accompanying data on airline quality score and a ranking based on the number of passenger complaints
5.18 The relationship between hospital patient-to-nurse ratio and various characteristics of job satisfaction and patient care has been the focus of a number of research studies. Suppose x 5
5.17 A sample of 548 ethnically diverse students from Massachusetts were followed over a 19-month period from 1995 and 1997 in a study of the relationship between TV viewing and eating habits
5.16 ● The authors of the paper “Evaluating Existing Movement Hypotheses in Linear Systems Using Larval Stream Salamanders” (Canadian Journal of Zoology [2009]:292–298) investigated whether
5.15 The authors of the paper “Statistical Methods for Assessing Agreement Between Two Methods of Clinical Measurement” (International Journal of Nursing Studies[2010]: 931–936) compared two
5.14 Two scatterplots are shown below. Explain why it makes sense to use the least-squares regression line to summarize the relationship between x and y for one of these data sets but not the other.
5.12 An auction house released a list of 25 recently sold paintings. Eight artists were represented in these sales. The sale price of each painting also appears on the list. Would the correlation
5.11 It may seem odd, but one of the ways biologists can tell how old a lobster is involves measuring the concentration of a pigment called neurolipofuscin in the eyestalk of a lobster. (We are not
5.10 ● ▼ The accompanying data were read from graphs that appeared in the article “Bush Timber Proposal Runs Counter to the Record” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, September 22, 2002). The
5.9 ● Data from the U.S. Federal Reserve Board (Household Debt Service Burden, 2002) on the percentage of disposable personal income required to meet consumer loan payments and mortgage payments
5.7 The authors of the paper “Flat-footedness is Not a Disadvantage for Athletic Performance in Children Aged 11 to 15 Years” (Pediatrics [2009]: e386–e392) studied the relationship between y 5
5.6 ● The accompanying data are x 5 cost (cents per serving) and y 5 fiber content (grams per serving)for 18 high-fiber cereals rated by Consumer Reports(www.consumerreports.org/health).Cost per
5.1 For each of the scatterplots shown, answer the following questions:a. Does there appear to be a relationship between x and y?b. If so, does the relationship appear to be linear?c. If so, would
●● use the least-squares regression line to make predictions.
●● find the equation of the least-squares regression line and interpret the slope and intercept in context.
●● compute and interpret the value of the correlation coefficient.
●● informally describe the form, direction, and strength of a linear relationship based on a scatterplot.
●● the role of a residual plot in assessing whether a line is an appropriate way to describe the relationship between two numerical variables.Students will be able to:
●● why it is important to consider both the standard deviation about the regression line and the value of r2 when assessing the usefulness of the least-squares regression line.
●● why it is risky to use the least-squares line to make predictions outside the range of the data.
●● the meaning of least-squares in the context of fitting a regression line.
●● how a line is used to describe the relationship between two numerical variables.
●● the difference between a statistical relationship and a causal relationship (the difference between correlation and causation).
●● that the relationship between two numerical variables can be described in terms of form, strength, and direction.
4.72 Age at diagnosis for each of 20 patients under treatment for meningitis was given in the paper“Penicillin in the Treatment of Meningitis” (Journal of the American Medical Association [1984]:
4.71 The Los Angeles Times (July 17, 1995) reported that in a sample of 364 lawsuits in which punitive damages were awarded, the sample median damage award was$50,000, and the sample mean was
4.70 ● The accompanying data on milk volume (in grams per day) were taken from the paper “Smoking During Pregnancy and Lactation and Its Effects on Breast Milk Volume” (American Journal of
4.69 ● The article “Comparing the Costs of Major Hotel Franchises” (Real Estate Review [1992]: 46–51) gave the following data on franchise cost as a percentage of total room revenue for
4.68 ● The article “Can We Really Walk Straight?” (American Journal of Physical Anthropology [1992]: 19–27) reported on an experiment in which each of 20 healthy men was asked to walk as
4.67 ● The amount of aluminum contamination (in parts per million) in plastic was determined for a sample of 26 plastic specimens, resulting in the following data(“The Log Normal Distribution for
4.66 The paper cited in Exercise 4.65 also reported values of single-leg power for a low workload. The sample mean for n 5 13 observations was x 5 119.8(actually 119.7692), and the 14th observation,
4.65 ● The paper “The Pedaling Technique of Elite Endurance Cyclists” (International Journal of Sport Biomechanics[1991]: 29–53) reported the following data on single-leg power at a high
4.64 ● The risk of developing iron deﬁciency is especially high during pregnancy. Detecting such a deﬁciency is complicated by the fact that some methods for determining iron status can be
4.63 ● The percentage of juice lost after thawing for 19 different strawberry varieties appeared in the article “Evaluation of Strawberry Cultivars with Different Degrees of Resistance to Red
4.60 ● Although bats are not known for their eyesight, they are able to locate prey (mainly insects) by emitting high-pitched sounds and listening for echoes. A paper appearing in Animal Behaviour
4.58 ● A sample of 26 offshore oil workers took part in a simulated escape exercise, resulting in the accompanying data on time (in seconds) to complete the escape(“Oxygen Consumption and
4.56 ● The technical report “Ozone Season Emissions by State” (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002) gave the following nitrous oxide emissions (in thousands of tons) for the 48 states in
4.55 Research by the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) shows that acrylamide (a possible cancercausing substance) forms in high-carbohydrate foods cooked at high temperatures and that acrylamide
reported the standard deviation?Based on respondent estimates, users spent an average of 629 minutes (about 10.5 hours) per week using their cell phone on or off line for any reason.
4.54 The paper “Portable Social Groups: Willingness to Communicate, Interpersonal Communication Gratifications, and Cell Phone Use among Young Adults” (International Journal of Mobile
4.53 The authors of the paper “Delayed Time to Defibrillation after In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest” (New England Journal of Medicine [2008]: 9–16) described a study of how survival is related to
4.52 The accompanying table gives the mean and standard deviation of reaction times (in seconds) for each of two different stimuli:Stimulus 1Stimulus 2Mean 6.0 3.6 Standard deviation 1.2 0.8 If your
4.51 ● The following data values are 2009 per capita expenditures on public libraries for each of the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia (from www.statemaster.com):16.84 16.17 11.74 11.11
4.50 The average reading speed of students completing a speed-reading course is 450 words per minute(wpm). If the standard deviation is 70 wpm, ﬁnd the z score associated with each of the following
4.48 Suppose that your statistics professor returned yourﬁrst midterm exam with only a z score written on it.She also told you that a histogram of the scores was approximately normal. How would you
4.47 An advertisement for the “30-inch Wonder” that appeared in the September 1983 issue of the journal Packaging claimed that the 30-inch Wonder weighs cases and bags up to 110 pounds and
4.46 The paper “Modeling and Measurements of Bus Service Reliability” (Transportation Research [1978]:253–256) studied various aspects of bus service and presented data on travel times (in
4.45 The report “Who Borrows Most? Bachelor’s Degree Recipients with High Levels of Student Debt” (www.collgeboard.com/trends) reported the following percentiles for amount of student debt for
4.44 Suppose that your younger sister is applying for entrance to college and has taken the SAT. She scored at the 83rd percentile on the verbal section of the test and at the 94th percentile on the
4.43 A student took two national aptitude tests. The national average and standard deviation were 475 and 100, respectively, for the ﬁrst test and 30 and 8, respectively, for the second test. The
4.41 Mobile homes are tightly constructed for energy conservation. This can lead to a buildup of indoor pollutants. The paper “A Survey of Nitrogen Dioxide Levels Inside Mobile Homes” (Journal of
4.40 The U.S. Census Bureau (2000 census) reported the following relative frequency distribution for travel time to work for a large sample of adults who did not work at home:Travel Time(minutes)
4.39 ▼ In a study investigating the effect of car speed on accident severity, 5000 reports of fatal automobile accidents were examined, and the vehicle speed at impact was recorded for each one.
4.38 The average playing time of compact discs in a large collection is 35 minutes, and the standard deviation is 5 minutes.a. What value is 1 standard deviation above the mean? 1 standard deviation
4.37 Shown here are the number of auto accidents per year for every 1000 people in each of 40 occupations(Knight Ridder Tribune, June 19, 2004):Occupation Accidents per 1000 Occupation Accidents per
4.36 Fiber content (in grams per serving) and sugar content (in grams per serving) for 18 high fiber cereals(www.consumerreports.com) are shown below.Fiber Content 7 10 10 7 8 7 12 12 8 13 10 8 12 7
4.35 The article “Going Wireless” (AARP Bulletin, June 2009)reported the estimated percentage of U.S. households with only wireless phone service (no landline) for the 50 states and the District
4.34 Data on the gasoline tax per gallon (in cents) as of April 2010 for the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia are shown below (AARP Bulletin, June 2010).State Gasoline Tax per Gallon
4.33 The report “Who Moves? Who Stays Put? Where’s Home?” (Pew Social and Demographic Trends, December 17, 2008) gave the accompanying data for the 50 U.S. states on the percentage of the
4.32 Based on a large national sample of working adults, the U.S. Census Bureau reports the following information on travel time to work for those who do not work at home:lower quartile 5 7 minutes
4.31 The standard deviation alone does not measure relative variation. For example, a standard deviation of $1 would be considered large if it is describing the variability from store to store in the
4.30 In 1997, a woman sued a computer keyboard manufacturer, charging that her repetitive stress injuries were caused by the keyboard (Genessey v.Digital Equipment Corporation). The jury awarded
4.29 The Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care in Ontario, Canada, publishes information on the time that patients must wait for various medical procedures on its web site (www.health.gov.on.ca). For
4.26 Give two sets of ﬁve numbers that have the same mean but different standard deviations, and give two sets of ﬁve numbers that have the same standard deviation but different means.
4.25 The accompanying data on number of minutes used for cell phone calls in 1 month was generated to be consistent with summary statistics published in a report of a marketing study of San Diego
4.24 The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (referenced in the previous exercise) also gave bumper repair costs in a study of six models of minivans(December 30, 2007). Write a few sentences
4.23 The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (www.iihs.org, June 11, 2009) published data on repair costs for cars involved in different types of accidents.In one study, seven different models of
4.22 The paper referenced in the previous exercise also gave data on the actual amount poured (in ml) into a short, wide glass for bartenders who were asked to pour 44.3 ml (1.5 ounces).89.2 68.6
4.21 The accompanying data are consistent with summary statistics that appeared in the paper “Shape of Glass and Amount of Alcohol Poured: Comparative Study of Effect of Practice and
4.20 The paper “Caffeinated Energy Drinks—A Growing Problem” (Drug and Alcohol Dependence [2009]: 1–10)gave the accompanying data on caffeine per ounce for eight top-selling energy drinks and
4.19 Combining the cost-per-serving data for high-fiber cereals rated very good and those rated good from the previous exercise gives the following data set:46 49 62 41 19 77 71 30 53 53 67 43 48 28
4.18 Cost per serving (in cents) for six high-fiber cereals rated very good and for nine high-fiber cereals rated good by Consumer Reports are shown below. Write a few sentences describing how these
4.17 The following data are costs (in cents) per ounce for nine different brands of sliced Swiss cheese (www.consumerreports.org):29 62 37 41 70 82 47 52 49a. Compute the variance and standard
4.15 A study of the lifetime (in hours) for a certain brand of light bulb involved putting 10 light bulbs into operation and observing them for 1000 hours. Eight of the light bulbs failed during that
4.14 Suppose that 10 patients with meningitis received treatment with large doses of penicillin. Three days later, temperatures were recorded, and the treatment was considered successful if there had
4.13 ▼ A sample consisting of four pieces of luggage was selected from among those checked at an airline counter, yielding the following data on x 5 weight(in pounds):x1 5 33.5, x2 5 27.3, x3 5
4.12 Consider the following statement: More than 65%of the residents of Los Angeles earn less than the average wage for that city. Could this statement be correct? If so, how? If not, why not?
4.10 The ministry of Health and Long-Term Care in Ontario, Canada, publishes information on its web site (www.health.gov.on.ca) on the time that patients must wait for various medical procedures. For
4.9 The U.S. Department of Transportation reported the number of speeding-related crash fatalities for the 20 days of the year that had the highest number of these fatalities between 1994 and 2003
4.7 USA Today (May 9, 2006) published the accompanying average weekday circulation for the 6-month period ending March 31, 2006, for the top 20 newspapers in the country:2,272,815 2,049,786 1,142,464
4.6 The accompanying data on number of minutes used for cell phone calls in one month was generated to be consistent with summary statistics published in a report of a marketing study of San Diego

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