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statistics for experimentert

Questions and Answers of Statistics For Experimentert

11.25 ● The humorous paper “Will Humans Swim Faster or Slower in Syrup?” (American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal [2004]: 2646– 2647) investigates the fluid mechanics of swimming.
11.37 Some people seem to believe that you can fix anything with duct tape. Even so, many were skeptical when researchers announced that duct tape may be a more effective and less painful alternative
11.42 USA Today (February 16, 2012) reported that the percentage of U.S. residents living in poverty was 12.5% for men and 15.1% for women. These percentages were estimates based on data from large
11.44 The press release referenced in the previous exercise also included data from independent surveys of teenage drivers and parents of teenage drivers.In response to a question asking if they
11.36 The authors of the paper “Ultrasound Techniques Applied to Body Fat Measurement in Male and Female Athletes” (Journal of Athletic Training [2009]: 142–147)compared two different methods
11.35 Babies born extremely prematurely run the risk of various neurological problems and tend to have lower IQ and verbal ability scores than babies that are not premature. The article “Premature
11.26 ● The study described in the paper “Marketing Actions Can Modulate Neural Representation of Experienced Pleasantness” (Proceedings of the National Academy of Science [2008]: 1050–1054)
11.27 The article “A Shovel with a Perforated Blade Reduces Energy Expenditure Required for Digging Wet Clay”(Human Factors, 2010: 492–502) reported on a study in which each of 13 workers was
11.29 The paper “The Truth About Lying in Online Dating Profiles”(Proceedings, Computer-Human Interactions [2007]:1–4) describes an investigation in which 40 men and 40 women with online dating
11.30 The press release titled “Keeping Score When It counts:Graduation Rates and Academic Progress Rates” (The Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport, March 16, 2009) gave the 2009
11.31 Breast feeding sometimes results in a temporary loss of bone mass as calcium is depleted in the mother’s body to provide for milk production. The paper“Bone Mass Is Recovered from Lactation
11.32 The paper “Quantitative Assessment of Glenohumeral Translation in Baseball Players” (The American Journal of Sports Medicine [2004]: 1711– 1715) considered various aspects of shoulder
11.34 The authors of the paper “Statistical Methods for Assessing Agreement Between Two Methods of Clinical Measurement” (International Journal of Nursing Studies[2010]: 931–936) compared two
11.69 In a study of memory recall, eight students from a large psychology class were selected at random and given 10 minutes to memorize a list of 20 nonsense words. Each was asked to list as many of
11.68 The article “Trial Lawyers and Testosterone: Blue-Collar Talent in a White-Collar World” (Journal of Applied Social Psychology [1998]: 84– 94) compared trial lawyers and nontrial lawyers
11.67 When a surgeon repairs injuries, sutures (stitched knots) are used to hold together and stabilize the injured area. If these knots elongate and loosen through use, the injury may not heal
11.66 In a study of a proposed treatment for diabetes prevention, 339 people under the age of 20 who were thought to be at high risk of developing type I diabetes were assigned at random to two
11.64 The Oregon Department of Health web site provides information on the cost-to-charge ratio (the percentage of billed charges that are actual costs to the hospital). The cost-to-charge ratios for
11.63 A deficiency of the trace element selenium in the diet can negatively impact growth, immunity, muscle and neuromuscular function, and fertility. The introduction of selenium supplements to
11.62 Are girls less inclined to enroll in science courses than boys? One study (“Intentions of Young Students to Enroll in Science Courses in the Future: An Examination of Gender Differences,”
11.61 Do faculty and students have similar perceptions of what types of behavior are inappropriate in the classroom?This question was examined by the author of the article “Faculty and Student
11.70 As part of a study to determine the effects of allowing the use of credit cards for alcohol purchases in Canada (“Changes in Alcohol Consumption Patterns Following the Introduction of Credit
11.71 Several methods of estimating the number of seeds in soil samples have been developed by ecologists.An article in the Journal of Ecology (“A Comparison of Methods for Estimating Seed Numbers
11.80 Key terms in survey questions are often not well understood, and such ambiguity can affect responses.As an example, the article “How Unclear Terms Affect Survey Data” (Public Opinion
11.79 Dentists make many people nervous. To see whether such nervousness elevates blood pressure, the blood pressure and pulse rates of 60 subjects were measured in a dental setting and in a medical
11.78 Are very young infants more likely to imitate actions that are modeled by a person or simulated by an object? This question was the basis of a research study summarized in the article “The
11.77 Here’s one to sink your teeth into: The authors of the article “Analysis of Food Crushing Sounds During Mastication:Total Sound Level Studies” (Journal of Texture Studies [1990]: 165–
11.76 Wayne Gretzky was one of ice hockey’s most prolific scorers when he played for the Edmonton Oilers.During his last season with the Oilers, Gretzky played in 41 games and missed 17 games due
11.75 The positive effect of water fluoridation on dental health is well documented. One study that validates this is described in the article “Impact of Water Fluoridation on Children’s Dental
11.74 The article “Softball Sliding Injuries” (American Journal of Diseases of Children [1988]: 715– 716) provided a comparison of breakaway bases (designed to reduce injuries) and stationary
11.73 The article “Truth and DARE: Tracking Drug Education to Graduation” (Social Problems [1994]: 448– 456) compared the drug use of 288 randomly selected high school seniors exposed to a drug
4. If assigned to do so by your instructor, carry out one of your experiments and analyze the resulting data. Write a brief report that describes the experimental design, includes both graphical and
3. Which of the two proposed designs would you recommend, and why?
11.57 In December 2001, the Department of Veterans Affairs announced that it would begin paying benefits to soldiers suffering from Lou Gehrig’s disease who had served in the Gulf War (The New York
11.55 “Mountain Biking May Reduce Fertility in Men, Study Says” was the headline of an article appearing in the San Luis Obispo Tribune (December 3, 2002). This conclusion was based on an
11.53 “Smartest People Often Dumbest About Sunburns” is the headline of an article that appeared in the San Luis Obispo Tribune (July 19, 2006). The article states that “those with a college
11.50 The article referenced in the previous exercise also reported that 5.7% of high school graduates were unemployed in 2008 and 9.7% of high school graduates were unemployed in 2009. Suppose that
11.49 The article “College Graduates Break Even by Age 33”(USA Today, September 21, 2010) reported that 2.6%of college graduates were unemployed in 2008 and 4.6% of college graduates were
11.58 The paper “The Psychological Consequences of Money” (Science [2006]: 1154–1156) describes several experiments designed to investigate the way in which money can change behavior. In one
2. How would you modify the design from Step 1 so that the resulting data are paired? Is the way in which randomization is incorporated into the new design different from the way it is incorporated
1. Working in a group, design an experiment to investigate the given research question that would result in independent samples. Be sure to describe how you plan to measure quickness of reflexes,
6. Write a paragraph for the sports section of your school newspaper describing this experiment and the conclusions that can be drawn from it.
5. Is the conclusion in the test of Step 4 consistent with your initial prediction of the outcome of this experiment?Explain.
4. Carry out an appropriate hypothesis test to determine whether there is convincing evidence that the mean distance traveled is greater for a helium-filled football than for an air-filled football.
3. There are two samples in this data set. One consists of distances traveled for the 39 kicks of the air-filled football, and the other consists of the 39 distances for the helium-filled football.
2. The data from this experiment can be found in the Data and Story Library at the following web site:http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/DASL/Datafiles/heliumfootball.html Go to this web site and print out the
1. Do you think that helium-filled balls will tend to travel farther than air-filled balls when kicked? Before looking at the data, write a few sentences indicating what you think the outcome of this
13.28 ● Exercise 13.21 gave data on x 5 nerve firing frequency and y 5 pleasantness rating when nerves were stimulated by a light brushing stroke on the forearm. The x values and the corresponding
14.16 ▼ When coastal power stations take in large quantities of cooling water, it is inevitable that a number of fish are drawn in with the water. Various methods have been designed to screen out
14.31 The article “Effect of Manual Defoliation on Pole Bean Yield” (Journal of Economic Entomology [1984]:1019–1023) used a quadratic regression model to describe the relationship between y 5
14.32 Suppose that a multiple regression data set consists of n 5 15 observations. For what values of k, the number of model predictors, would the corresponding model with R2 5 .90 be judged useful
14.33 This exercise requires the use of a computer package. Use the data given in Exercise 14.29 to verify that the regression function mean y value 5 a 1 b1x1 1 b2x2 1 b3x3 1 b4x4 1 b5x5 is
14.34 ● This exercise requires the use of a computer package.The accompanying data resulted from a study of the relationship between y 5 brightness of finished paper and the independent variables
1. Construct four scatterplots—one of y versus each of x1, x2, x3, and x4. Do the scatterplots look the way you expected based on the way the data were generated?Explain.
2. Fit each of the following regression models:i. y with x1 ii. y with x1 and x2 iii. y with x1 and x2 and x3 iv. y with x1 and x2 and x3 and x4
3. Make a table that gives the R2, the adjusted R2, and se values for each of the models fit in Step 2. Write a few sentences describing what happens to each of these three quantities as additional
4. Given the manner in which these data were generated, what is the implication of what you observed in Step 3? What does this suggest about the relationship between number of predictors and sample
●● how analysis of variance is used to judge whether more than two population or treatment means are significantly different.Students will be able to:
●● carry out a hypothesis test to determine whether two or more population or treatment means are significantly different and interpret the results in context.
14.29 ● ▼ The article “The Undrained Strength of Some Thawed Permafrost Soils” (Canadian Geotechnical Journal[1979]: 420–427) contained the accompanying data on y 5 shear strength of sandy
14.28 ● This exercise requires the use of a computer package.The article “Vital Dimensions in Volume Perception:Product Material Height Maximum Width Minimum Width Elongation Volume 1 glass 7.7
14.17 Obtain as much information as you can about the P-value for an upper-tailed F test in each of the following situations. (Hint: See the section of F distributions.)a. df1 5 3, df2 5 15,
14.18 Obtain as much information as you can about the P-value for the F test for model utility in each of the following situations:a. k 5 2, n 5 21, calculated F 5 2.47b. k 5 8, n 5 25, calculated F
14.19 Data from a sample of n 5 150 quail eggs were used to fit a multiple regression model relating y 5 eggshell surface area (mm2)x1 5 egg weight (g)x2 5 egg width (mm)x3 5 egg length
14.20 ● This exercise requires the use of a computer package.The paper “Habitat Selection by Black Bears in an Intensively Logged Boreal Forrest” (Canadian Journal of Zoology [2008]:
14.21 The ability of ecologists to identify regions of greatest species richness could have an impact on the preservation of genetic diversity, a major objective of the World Conservation Strategy.
14.22 The article “Impacts of On-Campus and Off-Campus Work on First-Year Cognitive Outcomes” (Journal of College Student Development [1994]: 364–370) reported on a study in which y 5 spring
14.23 Is the model fit in Exercise 14.16 useful? Carry out a test using a significance level of .10.14.24 The accompanying Minitab output results from fitting the model described in Exercise 14.14 to
14.25 For the multiple regression model in Exercise 14.6, the value of R2 was .06 and the adjusted R2 was .06.The model was based on a data set with 1136 observations.Perform a model utility test for
14.26 ● This exercise requires the use of a computer package.The article “Movement and Habitat Use by Lake Whitefish During Spawning in a Boreal Lake: Integrating Acoustic Telemetry and
14.27 ● This exercise requires the use of a computer package.The authors of the article “Absolute Versus per Unit Body Length Speed of Prey as an Estimator of Vulnerability to Predation”
●● use a multiple comparison procedure to identify differences in population or treatment means.
15.1 Give as much information as you can about the P-value for an upper-tailed F test in each of the following situations:a. df1 5 4, df2 5 15, F 5 5.37b. df1 5 4, df2 5 15, F 5 1.90c. df1 5 4, df2 5
15.2 Give as much information as you can about the P-value of the single-factor ANOVA F test in each of the following situations:a. k 5 5, n1 5 n2 5 n3 5 n4 5 n5 5 4, F 5 5.37b. k 5 5, n1 5 n2 5 n3 5
15.16 The accompanying underscoring pattern appears in the article “Women’s and Men’s Eating Behavior Following Exposure to Ideal-Body Images and Text” (Communications Research [2006]:
15.17 The paper referenced in the previous exercise also gave the following underscoring pattern for men:Treatment: 2 1 3 4 Mean number of pretzels consumed:6.61 5.96 3.38 2.70a. Write a few
15.18 The paper referenced in Exercise 15.5 described an experiment to determine if restrictive age labeling on video games increased the attractiveness of the game for boys age 12 to 13. In that
15.19 The authors of the paper “Beyond the Shooter Game:Examining Presence and Hostile Outcomes among Male Game Players” (Communication Research [2006]: 448–466)studied how video-game content
15.20 The accompanying data resulted from a flammability study in which specimens of five different fabrics were tested to determine burn times.1 17.8 16.2 15.9 15.5 2 13.2 10.4 11.3 Fabric 3 11.8
15.21 Do lizards play a role in spreading plant seeds? Some research carried out in South Africa would suggest so(“Dispersal of Namaqua Fig [Ficus cordata cordata] Seeds by the Augrabies Flat
15.22 Samples of six different brands of diet or imitation margarine were analyzed to determine the level of physiologically active polyunsaturated fatty acids(PAPUFA, in percent), resulting in the
1. Each of the four accompanying graphs shows a dotplot of data from three separate random samples. For each of the four graphs, indicate whether you think that the basic assumptions for
2. Each of the three accompanying graphs shows a dotplot of data from three separate random samples. For each of the three graphs, indicate whether you think that the three population means are
3. Sample data for each of the three graphs in Step 2 are shown in the table at the bottom of the page. For each of the three graphs, carry out a single-factor ANOVA.Are the results of the F tests
15.15 The paper “Trends in Blood Lead Levels and Blood Lead Testing among U.S. Children Aged 1 to 5 Years” (Pediatrics[2009]: e376–e385) gave data on blood lead levels (in mg/dL) for samples of
15.14 Leaf surface area is an important variable in plant gas-exchange rates. Dry matter per unit surface area(mg/cm3) was measured for trees raised under three different growing conditions. Let m1,
15.13 In an experiment to investigate the performance of four different brands of spark plugs intended for use on a 125-cc motorcycle, five plugs of each brand were tested, and the number of miles
15.3 Employees of a certain state university system can choose from among four different health plans.Each plan differs somewhat from the others in terms of hospitalization coverage. Four random
15.4 The accompanying summary statistics for a measure of social marginality for samples of youths, young adults, adults, and seniors appeared in the paper“Perceived Causes of Loneliness in
15.5 The authors of the paper “Age and Violent Content Labels Make Video Games Forbidden Fruits for Youth”(Pediatrics [2009]: 870–876) carried out an experiment to determine if restrictive
15.6 The paper referenced in the previous exercise also gave data for 12- to 13-year-old girls. Data consistent with summary values in the paper are shown below.Do the data provide convincing
15.7 The paper “Women’s and Men’s Eating Behavior Following Exposure to Ideal-Body Images and Text”(Communication Research [2006]: 507–529) describes an experiment in which 74 men were
15.8 Can use of an online plagiarism-detection system reduce plagiarism in student research papers? The paper “Plagiarism and Technology: A Tool for Coping with Plagiarism”(Journal of Education
15.9 The experiment described in Example 15.4 also gave data on change in body fat mass for men (“Growth Hormone and Sex Steroid Administration in Healthy Aged Women and Men,” Journal of the
15.10 The article “Compression of Single-Wall Corrugated Shipping Containers Using Fixed and Floating Text Platens” (Journal of Testing and Evaluation [1992]: 318–320) described an experiment
15.11 In the introduction to this chapter, we considered a study comparing three groups of college students(soccer athletes, nonsoccer athletes, and a control group consisting of students who did not
15.12 The accompanying data on calcium content of wheat are consistent with summary quantities that appeared in the article “Mineral Contents of Cereal Grains as Affected by Storage and Insect
14.15 ▼ Consider the dependent variable y 5 fuel efficiency of a car (mpg).a. Suppose that you want to incorporate type of car, with four categories (subcompact, compact, midsize, and large), into
13.29 Sea bream are one type of fish that are often raised in large fish farming enterprises. These fish are usually fed a diet consisting primarily of fish meal. The authors of the paper “Growth
CR13.3 The article “Fines Show Airline Problems” (USA Today, February 2, 2010) gave the accompanying data on the number of fines for violating FAA maintenance regulations assessed against each of

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