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statistics for experimentert

Questions and Answers of Statistics For Experimentert

6.44 The paper “Predictors of Complementary Therapy Use Among Asthma Patients: Results of a Primary Care Survey” (Health and Social Care in the Community[2008]: 155–164) included the
6.43 Many fire stations handle emergency calls for medical assistance as well as calls requesting firefighting equipment. A particular station says that the probability that an incoming call is for
6.42 The paper “Good for Women, Good for Men, Bad for People: Simpson’s Paradox and the Importance of Sex-Specific Analysis in Observational Studies” (Journal of Women’s Health and
A1 5 event that a randomly selected individual is in age group 18–24, and A6 5 event that a randomly selected individual is in age group 65 and older.a. Convert the counts to proportions and then
6.41 The USA Today article referenced in the previous exercise also gave information on seat belt usage by age, which is summarized in the following table:Age Does Not Use Seat Belt Regularly Uses
6.40 USA Today (June 6, 2000) gave information on seat belt usage by gender. The proportions in the following table are based on a survey of a large number of adult men and women in the United
6.39 The table at the top of the next page summarizes data on smoking status and perceived risk of smoking and is consistent with summary quantities obtained in a Gallup Poll conducted in November
6.38 ▼ Is ultrasound a reliable method for determining the gender of an unborn baby? The accompanying data on 1000 births are consistent with summary values that appeared in the Journal of
6.37 Suppose that an individual is randomly selected from the population of all adult males living in the United States. Let A be the event that the selected individual is over 6 feet in height, and
6.36 The newspaper article “Folic Acid Might Reduce Risk of Down Syndrome” (USA Today, September 29, 1999)makes the following statement: “Older women are at a greater risk of giving birth to a
6.35 The events E and Ti are defined as E 5 the event that someone who is out of work and actively looking for work will find a job within the next month and Ti 5 the event that someone who is
6.34 Delayed diagnosis of cancer is a problem because it can delay the start of treatment. The paper “Causes of Physician Delay in the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer”(Archives of Internal Medicine
6.33 The following graphical display is similar to one that appeared in USA Today (January 8, 2010).Use the information in this display to answer the following questions. Assume that the percentages
6.32 The accompanying data are from the article “Characteristics of Buyers of Hybrid Honda Civic IMA:Preferences, Decision Process, Vehicle Ownership, and Willingness-to-Pay” (Institute for
6.31 The article “Chances Are You Know Someone with a Tattoo, and He’s Not a Sailor” (Associated Press, June 11, 2006) included results from a survey of adults aged 18 to 50. The accompanying
6.30 Two different airlines have a flight from Los Angeles to New York that departs each weekday morning at a certain time. Let E denote the event that the first airline’s flight is fully booked on
6.29 Suppose that a six-sided die is “loaded” so that any particular even-numbered face is twice as likely to land face up as any particular odd-numbered face.Consider the chance experiment that
6.28 A student placement center has requests from five students for interviews regarding employment with a particular consulting firm. Three of these students are math majors, and the other two
6.27 The student council for a school of science and math has one representative from each of the five academic departments: biology (B), chemistry (C), mathematics(M), physics (P), and statistics
6.26 After all students have left the classroom, a statistics professor notices that four copies of the text were left under desks. At the beginning of the next lecture, the professor distributes the
6.25 A deck of 52 cards is mixed well, and 5 cards are dealt.a. It can be shown that (disregarding the order in which the cards are dealt) there are 2,598,960 possible five-card hands, of which only
6.24 The same issue of The Chronicle for Higher Education referenced in the previous exercise also reported the following information for degrees awarded by U.S. colleges to Hispanic students in the
6.23 According to The Chronicle for Higher Education(Aug. 26, 2011), there were 787,325 associate degrees awarded by U.S. community colleges in the 2008–2009 academic year. A total of 488,142 of
6.21 Suppose you want to estimate the probability that a customer at a particular grocery store will pay by credit card. Over the past three months, 80,500 purchases were made, and 37,100 of them
6.20 Refer to the following information on full-term births in the United States over a given period of time:Type of Birth Number of Births Single birth 41,500,000 Twins 500,000 Triplets 5,000
6.19 A professor assigns five problems to be completed as homework. At the next class meeting, two of the five problems will be selected at random and collected for grading. You only completed the
6.18 Phoenix is a hub for a large airline. Suppose that on a particular day, 8000 passengers arrived in Phoenix on this airline. Phoenix was the final destination for 1800 of these passengers. The
6.17 Roulette is a game of chance that involves spinning a wheel that is divided into 38 equal segments, as shown in the accompanying picture.A metal ball is tossed into the wheel as it is spinning,
6.16 ▼ Medical insurance status—covered (C) or not covered (N)—is determined for each individual arriving for treatment at a hospital’s emergency room. Consider the chance experiment in which
6.15 A bookstore sells two types of books (fiction and nonfiction) in several formats (hardcover, paperback, digital, and audio). For the chance experiment that consists of observing the type and
6.14 The manager of a music store has kept records of the number of CDs bought in a single transaction by customers who make a purchase at the store. The accompanying table gives six possible
6.13 A large department store offers online ordering.When a purchase is made online, the customer can select one of four different delivery options: expedited overnight delivery, expedited
6.12 Consider a Venn diagram picturing two events A and B that are not mutually exclusive.a. Shade the event sA ø BdC. On a separate Venn diagram shade the event AC > BC. How are these two events
6.11 An engineering construction firm is currently working on power plants at three different sites. Define events E1, E2, and E3 as follows:E1 5 the plant at Site 1 is completed by the contract date
6.10 A family consisting of three people—P1, P2, and P3—belongs to a medical clinic that always has a physician at each of stations 1, 2, and 3. During a certain week, each member of the family
6.9 Refer to the previous exercise and now suppose that the chance experiment terminates only when two nondefective batteries have been obtained.a. Let A denote the event that at most three batteries
6.7 A library has five copies of a certain textbook on reserve of which two copies (1 and 2) are hardcover books and the other three (3, 4, and 5) are softcover books. A student examines these books
6.6 A college library has four copies of a certain book;the copies are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Two of these are selected at random. The first selected book is placed on 2-hour reserve, and the
6.4 A tennis shop sells five different brands of rackets, each of which comes in either a midsize version or an oversize version. Consider the chance experiment in which brand and size are noted for
6.3 Consider the chance experiment in which the type of transmission—automatic (A) or manual (M)—is recorded for each of the next two cars purchased from a certain dealer.a. What is the set of
6.2 Define the term sample space, and then give the sample space for the chance experiment you described in Exercise 6.1.
6.1 Define the term chance experiment, and give an example of a chance experiment with four possible outcomes.
●● calculate the probability of events, including events that are the union of, the intersection of, or the complement of other events.v●● calculate conditional probabilities.●● estimate
●● identify the sample space for a given chance experiment.
●● interpret a probability in context as a long-run relative frequency of occurrence.
●● the difference between an unconditional and a conditional probability.Students will be able to:
●● what it means for two events to be independent.
●● what it means for two events to be mutually exclusive.
●● basic properties of probabilities.
CR5.19 ● The paper “Population Pressure and Agricultural Intensity” (Annals of the Association of American Geographers[1977]: 384–396) reported a positive association between population
CR5.18 ● A study, described in the paper “Prediction of Defibrillation Success from a Single Defibrillation Threshold Measurement” (Circulation [1988]: 1144–1149) investigated the
CR5.17 Exercise CR5.16 gave the least-squares regression line for predicting y 5 clutch size from x 5 snout-vent length(“Reproductive Biology of the Aquatic Salamander Amphiuma tridactylum in
CR5.16 In the article “Reproductive Biology of the Aquatic Salamander Amphiuma tridactylum in Louisiana” (Journal of Herpetology[1999]: 100–105), 14 female salamanders were studied.Using
CR5.15 The accompanying scatterplot shows observations on hemoglobin level, determined both by the standard spectrophotometric method (y) and by a new, simpler method based on a color scale (x) (“A
CR5.14 ● Cost-to-charge ratios (the percentage of the amount billed that represents the actual cost) for 11 Oregon hospitals of similar size were reported separately for inpatient and outpatient
13.8 1.4 3.5 3.3 14.8 3.7a. Compute the values of the mean and the median for blood lead level for the sample of African Americans.b. Which of the mean or the median is larger? What characteristic of
CR5.13 ● ▼ The paper “Relationship Between Blood Lead and Blood Pressure Among Whites and African Americans” (a technical report published by Tulane University School of Public Health and
CR5.12 ● ▼ A report from Texas Transportation Institute(Texas A&M University System, 2005) on congestion reduction strategies looked into the extra travel time (due to traffic congestion) for
CR5.11 ● The paper referenced in Exercise CR5.10 also gave data on sodium content (in milligrams per kilogram) of 10 chocolate puddings made from instant mix:3099 3112 2401 2824 2682 2510 2297 3959
CR5.10 ● ▼ The paper “Total Diet Study Statistics on Element Results” (Food and Drug Administration, April 25, 2000) gave information on sodium content for various types of foods.Twenty-six
CR5.8 ● ▼ Medicare’s medical plans offer a wide range of variations and choices for seniors when picking a drug plan (San Luis Obispo Tribune, November 25, 2005). The monthly cost for a
CR5.7 ● Bidri is a popular and traditional art form in India. Bidri articles (bowls, vessels, and so on) are made by casting from an alloy containing primarily zinc along with some copper. Consider
CR5.5 ● Foal weight at birth is an indicator of health, so it is of interest to breeders of thoroughbred horses. Is foal weight related to the weight of the mare (mother)? The accompanying data are
CR5.2 Data from a survey of 1046 adults age 50 and older were summarized in the AARP Bulletin (November 2009). The following table gives relative frequency distributions of the responses to the
5.67 Consider the four (x, y) pairs (0, 0), (1, 1), 1, 21), and (2, 0).a. What is the value of the sample correlation coefficient r?b. If a fifth observation is made at the value x 5 6, find a value
5.66 ● An accurate assessment of oxygen consumption provides important information for determining energy expenditure requirements for physically demanding tasks. The paper “Oxygen Consumption
5.65 ● The article “Reduction in Soluble Protein and Chlorophyll Contents in a Few Plants as Indicators of Automobile Exhaust Pollution” (International Journal of Environmental Studies [1983]:
5.64 No tortilla chip lover likes soggy chips, so it is important to find characteristics of the production process that produce chips with an appealing texture.The accompanying data on x 5 frying
5.62 ● The paper “Aspects of Food Finding by Wintering Bald Eagles” (The Auk [1983]: 477–484) examined therelationship between the time that eagles spend aerially searching for food
5.61 The paper “Effects of Canine Parvovirus (CPV) on Gray Wolves in Minnesota” (Journal of Wildlife Management[1995]: 565–570) summarized a regression of y 5 percentage of pups in a capture on
5.60 ● The following table gives the number of organ transplants performed in the United States each year from 1990 to 1999 (The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, 2003):Year Number of
5.59 ● Percentages of public school students in fourth grade in 1996 and in eighth grade in 2000 who were at or above the proficient level in mathematics were given in the article“Mixed Progress
5.58 ● Researchers asked each child in a sample of 411 school-age children if they were more or less likely to purchase a lottery ticket at a store if lottery tickets were visible on the counter.
5.57 ● The following data on x 5 score on a measure of test anxiety and y 5 exam score for a sample of n 5 9 students are consistent with summary quantities given in the paper “Effects of Humor
5.56 ● The paper “A Cross-National Relationship Between Sugar Consumption and Major Depression?” (Depression and Anxiety [2002]: 118–120) concluded that there was a correlation between
5.55 ● The accompanying data represent x 5 amount of catalyst added to accelerate a chemical reaction and y 5 resulting reaction time:x 1 2 3 4 5 y 49 46 41 34 25a. Calculate r. Does the value of r
5. In the context of this activity, write a brief description of the danger of extrapolation.
4. If there appears to be a relationship between age and flexibility, fit a model that is appropriate for describing the relationship.
3. After your class has collected appropriate data, use them to construct a scatterplot. Comment on the interesting features of the plot. Does it look like there is a relationship between age and
2. Working as a class, decide on a reasonable way to collect data on the two variables of interest.
1. Age and the measure of flexibility just described will be measured for a group of individuals. Our goal is to determine whether there is a relationship between age and this measure of
9. If the relationship between two variables is nonlinear, it is preferable to model the relationship using a nonlinear model rather than fitting a line to the data. A plot of the residuals from a
8. The value of the correlation coefficient as well as the values for the intercept and slope of the least-squares line can be sensitive to influential observations in the data set, particularly if
7. It is not enough to look at just r2 or just se when assessing a linear model. These two measures address different aspects of the fit of the line. In general, we would like to have a small value
6. Remember that the least-squares line may be the “best” line (in that it has a smaller sum of squared deviations than any other line), but that doesn’t necessarily mean that the line will
5. Be careful in interpreting the value of the slope and intercept in the least-squares line. In particular, in many instances interpreting the intercept as the value of y that would be predicted
4. Beware of extrapolation. It is dangerous to assume that a linear model fit to data is valid over a wider range of x values. Using the least-squares line to make predictions outside the range of x
3. The least-squares line for predicting y from x is not the same line as the least-squares line for predicting x from y. The least-squares line is, by definition, the line that has the smallest
2. A correlation coefficient near 0 does not necessarily imply that there is no relationship between two variables. Before such an interpretation can be given, it is important to examine a
1. Correlation does not imply causation. A common media blunder is to infer a causeand-effect relationship between two variables simply because there is a strong correlation between them. Don’t
5.50 Determining the age of an animal can sometimes be a difficult task. One method of estimating the age of harp seals is based on the width of the pulp canal in the seal’s canine teeth. To
5.49 The paper “Population Pressure and Agricultural Intensity” (Annals of the Association of American Geographers [1977]: 384–396) reported a positive relationship between population density
5.48 The article “Organ Transplant Demand Rises Five Times as Fast as Existing Supply” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, February 23, 2001) included a graph that showed the number of people waiting for
5.47 A study, described in the paper “Prediction of Defibrillation Success from a Single Defibrillation Threshold Measurement” (Circulation [1988]:1144 –1149) investigated the relationship
5.46 Food intake of grazing animals is limited by the rate grass can be chewed and swallowed, as well as the rate at which food can be digested. The authors of the paper “What Constrains Daily
5.45 The paper “Aspects of Food Finding by Wintering Bald Eagles” (The Auk [1983]: 477– 484) examined the relationship between the time that eagles spend aloft searching for food (indicated by
5.44 The following data on x 5 frying time (in seconds)and y 5 moisture content (%) appeared in the paper“Thermal and Physical Properties of Tortilla Chips as a Function of Frying Time” (Journal
5.43 With a bit of algebra, we can show that SSResid 5 s1 2 r2d os y 2 yd2 from which it follows that se 5În 2 1 n 2 2Ï1 2 r2 sy Unless n is quite small, (n 2 1)/(n 2 2) < 1, so se < Ï1 2 r2 sya.
5.41 A study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the hardness of molded plastic (y, in Brinell units) and the amount of time elapsed since the plastic was molded (x, in hours).
5.40 ● The article referenced in the previous exercise also gave data on the percentage of operating costs covered by park revenues for the 2007–2008 fiscal year.Number of Employees, x Percent of

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