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statistics for nursing a practical approach

Questions and Answers of Statistics For Nursing A Practical Approach

Name two diseases in which there can be no herd immunity.
From Section 9.2, extract and list the major steps in the evolution of epidemiologic methodology.
How is epidemiology similar to clinical diagnosis? How is it different?
Two types of medication exist to treat a certain medical condition. Medicine A costs x dollars for a course of treatment and has always been successful.Medicine B costs y dollars but is unsuccessful
What is the coefficient of determination for the data of Exercise 8.5? How is this coefficient of determination interpreted?
What is the equation for the straight-line regression prediction of eNO20 by eNO0 for Exercise 8.5? Lay a thin paper over the scattergram of respiration rate by age and sketch in this line.
Summary statistics for the data in Exercise 8.5 (where subscripts 0 and 20 represent preexercise eNO [0 minutes] and eNO at 20 minutes, respectively)are approximately m0 = 29.3; me0 = 28.1; so =
In DB14, we investigate if the change in exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) caused by exercise is related to the initial (preexercise) eNO, or if they are independent. The scatter diagram is shown (see
What is the coefficient of determination? How is this coefficient of determination interpreted?
What is the equation for the straight-line regression of r on a for Exercise 8.1? Lay a thin paper over the scattergram of respiration rate by age and sketch in this line.
Summary statistics for the data in Exercise 8.1 (where subscripts a and r represent age and respiration rate, respectively) are ma -- 10.9; mr = 39.0;Sa = 6.7; Sr = 11.8; and Sar = -15.42. What is
It is believed that respiration rate in infants decreases with age. To exam- ine that belief, respiration rate was recorded for 232 infants from 0 to 24 months.50 The scatter diagram of respiration
In DB3, the mean for the 16 patients' differences between baseline and 5-day serum theophylline level is 0.993 mg/dl, with standard deviation 3.485. For such a difference to be significant with a =
Suppose we did not have the exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and exhaled nitric oxide data as in DB14 but found a 5-minute difference standard deviation of 7 parts per billion (ppb) for both
Suppose we could take a set of International Normalized Ratio (INR) readings from the clinic and another set from the laboratory, as in DB13, but not paired. We want to test for a two-sided
In DB12, the extent (in centimeters) of the carinal resection appears to affect survival. Using the standard deviations given for surviving (died - 0)and dying (died - 1) patients, estimate the
DB7 contains very small samples of bone density measures for men and women. On the basis of the standard deviations of those samples, estimate the minimum sample size required to detect a difference
Assess the clinical effects of false-positive and false-negative outcomes and specify whether I3 should be the usual 4c~ in estimating minimum sample size for a test of (a) the effect of ondansetron
Should minimum sample size estimation be based on a one-sided or a two-sided test, assuming the underlying distributions are normal, of (a) a difference in nausea scores between ondansetron
In DB7, perform a t test to learn if there is evidence that the mean bone density is different between men and women. Compare the result with the result of Exercise 6.6.
In DB3, use the difference between theophylline levels at baseline minus at 5 days and perform a t test to learn if there is evidence that the mean reduction in level caused by the drug differs
In DB12, the sample is large enough to take the sample standard deviation as if it were a population standard deviation ~r. For convenience, carry the calculations to only two decimal places. Perform
Using DB14, plot the frequency distributions of the 5-minute exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) differences for male and female subjects. Is this distribution close enough to normal in shape to use a t test?
In DB7, rank bone density and perform the rank-sum test to learn if there is evidence that the bone density is different between men and women.
In DB3, calculate the difference: serum theophylline level at baseline minus at 5 days; assign ranks to this new variable and perform the ranksum test to learn if there is evidence that the reduction
Using the results of Exercise 6.4, term a patient in range as negative and out of range as positive. The laboratory results are taken as "truth," so the properly formatted result forms a truth table.
A general surgeon noted a number of errors in his hospital's diagnosis of appendicitis. Of the next 200 patients with abdominal pain, 104 turned out to have had appendicitis and 96 turned out not to
In DB13, combine below-range with above-range result categories (last two columns) to form an out-of-range category. Form an in-range versus out-of-range 2 • 2 contingency table and use )~2 to
In DB2, test the 2 x 2 contingency table using chi-square to decide whether or not nausea score is reduced by the drug.
In DB6, test the contingency table using chi-square to decide whether or not titanium-containing tattoo ink is harder to remove than other inks.
In DB4, test the contingency table using chi-square to decide whether or not access to protease inhibitors has reduced the rate of pulmonary admissions.
From DB13, we want to learn if our clinic results agree with those of the laboratory. Follow the first nine steps of Section 5.5 in setting up a test.
Using the 2 x 2 table in DB2, follow the first nine steps of Section 5.5 in setting up a test to learn if the drug reduces nausea score.
From DB14, set up tables as in Section 5.4: (a) EIB frequency by sex;(b) for the six EIB patients, 5-minute eNO differences by sex as ranks;(c) for the six EIB patients, 5-minute eNO differences by
In DB10, rank the seconds to perform the triple hop for the operated leg, small to large.
Of what data type is: (a) The variable Respond versus Not Respond in DB6? (b) The variable Nausea Score in DB2? (c) The variable Platelet Count in DB9?
In DB14, healthy subjects showed a mean decrease of 2.15 ppb exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) from before exercise to 20 minutes after exercise.A 5 % significant test of this mean against a theoretical
A clinical hypothesis arising from DB5 might be: The variances (or standard deviations) of plasma silicon level before and after implant are different. (a) What probability distribution is associated
A clinical hypothesis arising from DB9 might be: The standard deviation of platelet counts is 60,000 which gives an approximate 95% confidence range of 240,000 [mean +2 • 60,000]); this hypothesis
A clinical hypothesis arising from DB3 might be: The mean serum theophylline level is greater at the end of the antibiotic course than at baseline.(a) What probability distribution is associated with
In DB14, we ask if the mean ages of patients with and without exerciseinduced bronchoconstriction (EIB) are different. Write down the null and alternate hypotheses.
In DB4, a hypothesis to be investigated is that protease inhibitors reduce pulmonary admissions. Is this a clinical or a statistical hypothesis? What would be a statement of the other type of
Using the sample sizes and standard deviations given in Exercise 4.9, find 95% confidence intervals on the standard deviation of the baseline data for each treatment. Are they similar?
The emergency department physician of Exercise 4.8 is concerned not only about the average heart rate of the trauma patients but also about the variability. Even if the mean is satisfactory, if the
The surgeon referenced in Exercise 4.3 is concerned about the variability of time to full feeding in neonates. Even if the mean is satisfactory, if the variability is too large, the outlying neonates
In the kidney cooling data of DB15, the baseline (time 0) means are ml =34.40 for saline infusion and m2 = 36.12 for ice slush, each based on 12 readings. (Use two decimal places throughout for
An emergency medicine physician samples the heart rate of n = 8 patients after a particular type of trauma. The mean is m - 67.75 beats/min, and the standard deviation is s - 9.04 beats/min. What is
Among the indicators of patient condition after pyloromyotomy (correction of stenotic pylorus) in neonates is time (hours) to full feeding. 21 A surgeon wants to place a 95 % confidence interval on
For the laboratory INR values of Exercise 4.4, find the 95% confidence interval on the mean.
The orthopedist in the Nitronox example in Section 4.5 also is interested in the patients' pain, which he has measured using the CHEOPS rating form.For his n = 50 patients, m = 9.16 and a = 2.04.
In DB13, let us take the standard deviation of the 104 laboratory International Normalized Ratio (INR) values as the populationa. Find m anda. Find the 95% confidence interval on an individual
In DB12, the age distribution of patients undergoing carinal resections is approximately normal with mean = 47.8 years and standard deviation =14.8 years. The sample is large enough to take the
For the N(2,9) distribution, what are the values on the x-axis (horizontal)that enclose 95 % of the area under the curve?
A probability distribution for variable x is expressed as N(2,9). How would you transform it to N(0,1), the standard normal distribution for variable z?
From DB14, construct a 3-D bar chart of 20-minute eNO change by age using 5-year intervals for age and 10-unit intervals for eNO change.
From DB14, construct a scattergram of 20-minute eNO change by age.
From DB3, construct a scattergram of serum theophylline level at 10 days depending on level at baseline.
From DB14, construct (a) a mean-and-standard-error chart (4-1.96 SEM)and (b) a box-and-whisker chart of eNO for EIB patients across time.
From DB3, construct (a) a mean-and-standard-error chart (+1.96 SEM)and (b) a box-and-whisker chart for serum theophylline levels at baseline, 5 days, and 10 days.
From DB14, construct a line chart for eNO means over time for groups with and without EIB.
From DB11, construct a line chart of number rats surviving malaria by day number for the three treatments.
From DB14, construct a pie chart ofthe four categories: male with exerciseinduced bronchoconstriction (EIB), female with EIB, male without EIB, and female without EIB.
From DB14, construct a histogram of the 20-minute eNO change with all values greater than 5 in one interval.
From DB14, construct a bar chart of the 20-minute eNO change.
From DB7, construct pie charts of patients' (a) sexes and (b) ages (grouped 17-19, 20-22, 23-25, >25).
From DB7, construct a histogram of bone density in the intervals 80 to
From DB7, construct a bar chart of patient ages.
From DB14, find the correlation coefficient of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO)between before exercise and 20 minutes after.
From DB10, find (a) the covariance and (b) the correlation coefficient of seconds to perform the hops between the operated and nonoperated legs.
From DB10, find (a) the covariance and (b) the correlation coefficient of distance covered between the operated and nonoperated legs.
From DB10, find the two-sample SEM of distance covered using the operated leg sample and the nonoperated leg sample.
From DB12, find the mode age.
From DB15, find the (a) mean, (b) median, (c) variance, (d) standard deviation, (e) 1st quartile, (f) 3rd quartile, and (g) SEM of temperatures at depth I for each treatment.
From DB10, find the (a) mean, (b) median, (c) variance, (d) standard deviation, (e) 1st quartile, (f) 3rd quartile, and (g) SEM of the distance covered in a triple hop on the operated leg.
From DB7, find the (a) mean, (b) median, (c) variance, (d) standard deviation, (e) 1st quartile, (f) 3rd quartile, and (g) SEM of the bone density.Round all answers to one decimal place after
In DB3, the two related variables baseline and 5-day theophylline levels vary jointly. If we were to calculate a measure of how one varies relative to the other, what would it be called?
In DB10, the difference in time to perform between legs has mean = 0.16 and standard deviation - 0.2868. Calculate the SEM.
Calculate the sample SEM of the rounded GAG levels (0.7, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2)for type i assay in DB8.
If we wished to make an inference about the proportion of patients in DB12 who died after 2 cm or less of carinal resection, what distribution would we be using?
If we wished to make an inference about the proportion of patients experiencing any nausea in DB2, what distribution would we be using in this inference?
Assign ranks (small to large) to the bone density values in DB7. Patient 18 has a bone density reading far less than that for the others. What effect does this have on the distribution of readings?
Assign ranks (small to large) to the platelet counts in DB9.
If we were to make an inference about the mean of differences between clinic and laboratory INR readings in DB13, what would be the dr?
If we were to make an inference about the mean of differences between preoperative and postoperative plasma silicon levels in DB5, what would be the dr? To make this mean into a t statistic, we
For INR readings from the clinic in DB13, plot the frequency distribution in intervals of 0.25 in width. (This may have been done in Exercise 2.3.)Is it more similar to a normal or a chi-square
The squares of the 60 plasma silicone levels in DB5 are (• 9 225, 169, 1521, 400, 1521, 1764, 576, 324, 144, 676, 100, 121,225, 361,729, 784, 121, 121, 324, 324, 576, 2304, 484, 729, 361,324, 1024,
As an investigator, you wish to make an inference from DB14 about whether or not the difference in exhaled nitric oxide from before exercise to 20 minutes after is zero. From Section 2.7, what steps
As an investigator, you wish to make an inference from DB3 about whether or not the drug affects serum theophylline level (5 days). From Section 2.7, what steps would you go through?
For computational ease, use the glycosaminoglycans (GAG) levels for type 2 assay in DB8 rounded to 1 decimal place: 0.5, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3. Calculate(a) the variance and (b) the standard deviation.
Calculate(a) the variance and (b) the standard deviation.
For computational ease, use the glycosaminoglycans (GAG) levels for type 1 assay in DB8 rounded to 1 decimal place: 0.7, 0.4, 0.3,
For INR readings from the laboratory in DB13, (a) select intervals for a tally, (b) tally the data, (c) find the median, and (d) convert the tally into a relative frequency distribution. (e) What
For International Normalized Ratio (INR) readings from the clinic in DB13, (a) select intervals for a tally, (b) tally the data, (c) find the median, and (d) convert the tally into a relative
Does the median converge to the final median? (d) Convert the tally into a relative frequency distribution. (e) Comment on whether the distribution appears by eye to be near normal. If not, in what
For patient age in DB12, (a) select intervals for a tally and (b) tally the data. In tallying, (c) record the median when data for 25 patients have been tallied, then for 50, 75, 100, and all
For extent of carinal resection in DB12, (a) select intervals for a tally,(b) tally the data, (c) find the median, and (d) convert the tally into a relative frequency distribution. (e) Comment on
In the tattoo removal database (DB6), to what population would the dermatologist prefer to generalize his results? From the information given, is he justified in doing so?
Which database contains ratings that could be treated as categorical, ranked, or continuous data?
In the warfarin International Normalized Ratio (INR) database (DB13), which variables are (a) categorical and (b) continuous? (c) Can the differences in INR be ranked?
In the femoral neck fracture database (DB7), which variables are (a) categorical and (b) continuous? (c) Can bone density be ranked?

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