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statistics for nursing a practical approach

Questions and Answers of Statistics For Nursing A Practical Approach

Reversal designs attempt to control for confounds by reversing the baseline and treatment conditions one or more times to assess the impact on behavior.
An ABAB design is considered more ethical than an ABA design because the final condition involves administering the treatment to the participant, rather than leaving the participant with no treatment
Single-case research is considered a variation of a within-participants design because it involves studying one or a few participants in both the control and experimental conditions.It is also
Pretest/posttest designs are an improvement because they allow us to assess whether the groups are similar or different before we introduce the treatment and how much they change after the treatment
This is a nonequivalent control group posttestonly design. The participants came to the study as either smokers or nonsmokers. We then took posttest measures on them. We cannot conclude that any
We have slightly more control in a quasiexperimental study than in a correlational study because we typically introduce some sort of treatment. However, because participants come to us as members of
Gender, religious affiliation, ethnicity, and visual acuity would all be participant variables.
When conducting single-case research, why do we look at graphs of data rather than statistically analyze the data as with other designs?
How does a multiple-baseline design differ from a reversal design?
Explain what a reversal design is. Identify advantages and disadvantages to using reversal designs.
Give three reasons a researcher might choose to use a single-case design.
What are the similarities and differences between cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential designs?
Identify some possible confounds in each of the studies you outlined in your answers to Exercises 2 and 3.
If the psychology professor in Exercise 2 had access to only one section of introductory psychology, describe how she might use a single-group design to assess the effectiveness of weekly quizzes.
A psychology professor is interested in whether implementing weekly quizzes improves student learning. She decides to use the weekly quizzes in one section of her introductory psychology class and
What is the difference between a true experimental design and a quasi-experimental design?
How do multiple-baseline designs attempt to control for confounds?
How do reversal designs attempt to control for confounds?
Why is an ABAB design considered more ethical than an ABA design?
Explain why single-case research is considered a variation of a within-participants design. Why might it also be considered a variation of a quasi-experimental design?
How are pretest/posttest designs an improvement over posttestonly designs?
Imagine I randomly select a group of smokers and a group of nonsmokers.I then measure lung disease in each group. What type of design is this? If I observe a difference between the groups in rate of
How does the quasi-experimental method allow us to draw slightly stronger conclusions than the correlational method? Why is it that the conclusions drawn from quasi-experimental studies cannot be
Which of the following variables are always participant variables(nonmanipulated independent variables)?gender ethnicity religious affiliation visual acuity amount of time spent studying amount of
The following ANOVA table corresponds to an experiment with two factors; 1) Time of Day(morning, afternoon, or evening) and 2) Type of Teaching Method (lecture only or lecture with small group
In a study with two levels of factor A, four levels of factor B, and 5 participants in each condition, the dfs for factors A and B, respectively, would be and .a. 2; 4b. 4; 4c. 1; 4d. 1; 3
In a study with two levels of factor A, four levels of factor B, and 5 participants in each condition, the df error would be:a. 39.b. 32.c. 8.d. 40.
How many conditions would there be in a factorial design with three levels of factor A and three levels of factor B?a. 6b. 3c. 9d. Unable to determine
When the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of the other independent variable we have observed a(n):a. main effect of one variable.b. main effect of a level of an independent
A two-way randomized ANOVA is to as a two-way repeated measures ANOVA is to .a. two independent variables manipulated between-participants; two dependent variables manipulated within-participantsb.
If the lines in a graph are not parallel, then there is most likely a(n):a. main effect of variable A.b. main effect of variable B.c. interaction effect.d. All of the above
An experiment with three independent variables, each with three levels is a design.a. 2 3b. 3 3c. 2 2 2d. 3 3 3
A 2 4 5 6 factorial design has potential main effects.a. 2b. 3c. 4d. 24
In a study examining the effects of time of day(morning, afternoon, or evening) and teaching style (lecture only versus lecture with small group discussion) on student attentiveness, the factorial
In a study examining the effects of time of day(morning, afternoon, or evening) and teaching style (lecture only versus lecture with small group discussion) on student attentiveness, how many
In a study examining the effects of time of day(morning, afternoon, or evening) and teaching style (lecture only versus lecture with small group discussion) on student attentiveness, how many main
When we manipulate more than one independent variable in a study, we:a. will have significant main effects.b. will have at least one significant interaction effect.c. are using a factorial design.d.
In an ANOVA, we use to measure effect size.
In a two-way ANOVA, the sum of the squared deviations of each score minus its cell mean is the.
In a two-way randomized ANOVA, there is the possibility for main effect(s)and interaction effects.
In a 4 × 6 factorial design, there are independent variables, one with levels and one with levels.
An effect of a single independent variable is a.
The notation that indicates how many independent variables were used in a study and how many levels there were for each variable is called.
A researcher is attempting to determine the effects of practice and gender on a timed task. Participants in the experiment are given a computerized search task. They search a computer screen of
Assuming that there were two significant main effects in a hypothetical 2 4 design, would Tukey’s HSD need to be calculated for these main effects? Why or why not?
Draw a graph representing the following data from a study using the same independent variables as in the chapter example.Determine whether there are any main effects or an interaction effect.Rote
How many main effect(s) and interaction effect(s) are possible in a 4 6 factorial design?
What is the factorial notation for the following design? A pizza parlor owner is interested in what type of pizza is most preferred by his customers. He manipulates the type of crust for the pizzas
One advantage of a correlated-groups design is that the effects of have been removed.a. individual differencesb. experimenter effectsc. subject bias effectsd. measurement error
If a randomized one-way ANOVA produced MSbetween 25 and MSwithin 5, then the F-ratio would be:a 25/5 5.b. 5/25 .20.c. 25/30 .83.d. 30/5 6.
Systematic variance and error variance comprise the variance.a within-groupsb. totalc. between-groupsd. participant
If a researcher reported an F-ratio with df (2, 21) for a randomized one-way ANOVA, then there were conditions in the experiment and total participants.a. 2; 21b. 3; 23c. 2; 24d. 3; 24
For an F-ratio with df (3, 20), the Fcv for .05 would be:a. 3.10.b. 4.94.c. 8.66.d. 5.53.
In a randomized ANOVA, if there are four groups with 15 participants in each group, then the df for the F-ratio is equal to:a. 60.b. 59.c. 3, 56.d. 3, 57.
If the null hypothesis for an ANOVA is false, then the F-ratio should be:a. greater than 1.00.b. a negative number.c. 0.00.d. 1.00.
One reason to use an ANOVA over a t test is to reduce the risk of:a. a Type II error.b. a Type I error.c. confounds.d. error variance.
The larger the F-ratio, the greater the chance that:a. a mistake has been made in the computation.b. there are large systematic effects present.c. the experimental manipulation probably did not have
If the between-groups variance is large, then we have observed:a. experimenter effects.b. large systematic variance.c. large error variance.d. possibly both b and c.
The F-ratio is determined by dividing by .a. error variance; systematic varianceb. between-groups variance; within-groups variancec. within-groups variance; between-groups varianced. systematic
The ANOVA for use with one independent variable and a correlated-groups design is the.
For an ANOVA, we use to compare all possible pairs of groups to determine which ones differ significantly from each other.
is an inferential statistic for measuring effect size with an ANOVA.
When we divide an SS score by its degrees of freedom, we have calculated a .
The sum of squared deviations of each score from the grand mean is the .
The variance is an estimate of the effect of the independent variable, confounds, and error variance.
The mean performance across all participants is represented by the .
A(n) is an inferential statistical test for comparing the means of three or more groups.
A is an inert substance that participants believe is a treatment.
The provides a means of setting a more stringent alpha level for multiple tests to minimize Type I errors.
Identify other advantage(s) associated with using a withinparticipants design.
Explain why a repeated measures ANOVA is statistically more powerful than a simple randomized one-way ANOVA.
The following ANOVA summary table represents the results from a study of the effects of exercise on stress. There were three conditions in the study: a control group, a moderate exercise group, and a
Of the following four F-ratios, which appears to indicate that the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable?1.25/1.11 0.91/1.25 1.95/0.26 0.52/1.01
Imagine that the following data are from the study just described(the effects of type of rehearsal on number of words recalled). Do you think that the between-groups and within-groups variances are
Imagine that a researcher wants to compare four different types of treatment. The researcher decides to conduct six individual studies to make these comparisons. What is the probability of a Type I
You notice at the gym that it appears that more women tend to work out together, whereas more men tend to work out alone. To determine whether this difference is significant, you collect data on the
Researchers at a food company are interested in how a new ketchup made from green tomatoes(and green in color) will compare to their traditional red ketchup. They are worried that the green color
A researcher is interested in whether studying with music helps or hinders the learner. To control for differences in cognitive ability, the researcher decides to use a within-participants design. He
A college student is interested in whether there is a difference between male and female students in the amount of time spent doing volunteer work each week. The student gathers information from a
Wilcoxon rank-sum test is to design as Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks T test is to design.a. between-participants; within-participantsb. correlated-groups; within-participantsc.
The Wilcoxon rank-sum test is used with data.a. intervalb. ordinalc. nominald. ratio
The is a measure of effect size for the.a. phi coefficient; 2 goodness-of-fit testb. eta-squared; 2 goodness-of-fit testc. phi coefficient; 2 test of independenced. eta-squared; Wilcoxon rank-sum
The calculation of the df for the is(r 1)(c 1).a. independent-groups t testb. correlated-groups t testc. 2 test of independenced. Wilcoxon rank-sum test
Which of the following is an assumption of2 tests?a. It is a parametric test.b. It is appropriate only for ordinal data.c. The frequency in each expected cell should be less than 5.d. The sample
Parametric is to nonparametric as is to.a. z test; t testb. t test; z testc. 2 test; z testd. t test; 2 test
Error variance due to is when using the correlated-groups t test.a. the independent variable; decreasedb. the independent variable; increasedc. individual difference; increased.d. individual
If researchers reported that, for a correlatedgroups design, t(15) = 2.57, p .05, you can conclude that:a. a total of 16 people participated in the study.b. a total of 17 people participated in the
If a correlated-groups t test and an independentgroups t test both have df 10, which experiment used fewer participants?a. both used the same number of participants(n 10)b. both used the same
tcv 2.15 and tobt 2.20. Based on these results we:a. reject H0.b. fail to reject H0.c. accept H0.d. reject Ha.
Cohen’s d is a measure of for a .a. significance; t testb. significance; 2 testc. effect size; t testd. effect size; 2 test
Ha: 1 2 is the hypothesis for a-tailed test.a. null; twob. alternative; twoc. null; oned. alternative; one
If a researcher reported for an independentgroups t test that t(26) = 2.90, p .005, how many participants were there in the study?a. 13b. 26c. 27d. 28
Imagine that you conducted an independentgroups t test with 10 participants in each group.For a one-tailed test, the tcv at .05 would be:a. ±1.729.b. ±2.101.c. ±1.734.d. ±2.093.
If the null hypothesis is false, then the t test should be:a. equal to 0.00.b. greater than 1.c. greater than .05.d. greater than .95.
Which of the following t test results has the greatest chance of statistical significance?a. t(28) = 3.12b. t(14) = 3.12c. t(18) = 3.12d. t(10) = 3.12
The value of the t test will as sample variance decreases.a. increaseb. decreasec. stay the samed. not be affected
When comparing the sample means for two unrelated groups we use the:a. correlated-groups t test.b. independent-groups t test.c. Wilcoxon rank-sum test.d. 2 test of independence.
Chi-square tests use data, whereas Wilcoxon tests use data.
The Wilcoxon rank-sum test is used with designs.
The Wilcoxon test is used with within-participants designs.

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