5.55 Null hypotheses and research hypotheses: For each of the following studies, cite the likely null hypothesis and the likely research hypothesis.

a. A forensic cognitive psychologist wondered whether repetition of false information (versus no repetition) would increase the tendency to develop false memories, on average.

b. A clinical psychologist studied whether ongoing structured assessments of the therapy process (versus no assessment) would lead to better outcomes, on average, among outpatient therapy clients with depression.

c. A corporation recruited an industrial-organizational psychologist to explore the effects of cubicles (versus enclosed offices) on employee morale.

d. A team of developmental cognitive psychologists studied whether teaching a second language to children from birth affects children’s ability to speak their native language.