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physics
university physics

Questions and Answers of University Physics

A 10.0-L gas tank containing 3.20 moles of ideal He gas at 20.0°C is placed inside a completely evacuated, insulated bell jar of volume 35.0 L. A small hole in the tank allows the He to leak out
A certain heat engine operating on a Carnot cycle absorbs 150 J of heat per cycle at its hot reservoir at 135°C and has a thermal efficiency of 22.0%. (a) How much work does this engine do per
An average sleeping person metabolizes at a rate of about 80 W by digesting food or burning fat. Typically, 20% of this energy goes into bodily functions, such as cell repair, pumping blood, and
Digesting fat produces 9.3 food calories per gram of fat, and typically 80% of this energy goes to heat when metabolized. (One food calorie is 1000 calories and therefore equals 4186 J.) The body
A large cylindrical tank contains 0.750 m3 of nitrogen gas at 27oC and 7.50 × 103 (absolute pressure). The tank has a tight-fitting piston that allows the volume to be changed. What will be the
(a) Calculate the density of the atmosphere at the surface of Mars (where the pressure is 650 Pa and the temperature is typically 253 K, with a CO2atmosphere), Venus (with an average temperature of
A cylindrical tank has a tight-fitting piston that allows the volume of the tank to be changed. The tank originally contains 0.110 m3 of air at a pressure of 0.355 atm. The piston is slowly pulled
Helium gas with a volume of 2.60 L, under a pressure of 0.180 atm and at a temperature of 41.0oC, is warmed until both pressure and volume are doubled.a. What is the final temperature?b. How many
A 20.0-L tank contains 4.86 × 10–4 of helium at 18.0oC. The molar mass of helium is 4.00 g/mol.(a) How many moles of helium are in the tank?(b) What is the pressure in the tank, in pascals and in
A person who has skin of surface area and temperature 30.0°C is resting in an insulated room where the ambient air temperature is 20.0°C. In this state, a person gets rid of excess heat by
You decide to use your body as a Carnot heat engine. The operating gas is in a tube with one end in your mouth (where the temperature is 37.0°C) and the other end at the surface of your skin, at
“Freeze-drying” food involves the same process as “freezer burn,” referred to in Discussion Question 18.6. For freeze-drying, the food is usually frozen first, and then placed in a vacuum
Unwrapped food placed in a freezer experiences dehydration, known as “freezer burn.” Why?
The coolant in an automobile radiator is kept at a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure. Why is this desirable? The radiator cap will release coolant when the gauge pressure of the coolant
When a car is driven some distance, the air pressure in the tires increases. Why? Should you let out some air to reduce the pressure? Why or why not?
On a chilly morning you can “see your breath.” Can you really? What are you actually seeing? Does this phenomenon depend on the temperature of the air, the humidity, or both? Explain.
In the ideal-gas equation, could an equivalent Celsius temperature be used instead of the Kelvin one if an appropriate numerical value of the constant R is used? Why or why not?
Section 18.1 states that ordinarily, pressure, volume, and temperature cannot change individually without one affecting the others. Yet when a liquid evaporates, its volume changes, even though its
A violinist is tuning her instrument to concert A (440 Hz). She plays the note while listening to an electronically generated tone of exactly that frequency and hears a beat of frequency 3 Hz, which
(a) By how much would the body temperature of the bicyclist in the preceding problem increase in an hour if he were unable to get rid of the excess heat?(b) Is this temperature increase large enough
(a) The average normal body temperature measured in the mouth is 310 K. What would Celsius and Fahrenheit thermometers read for this temperature?(b) During very vigorous exercise, the body’s
Suppose that both ends of the rod in Fig. 17.23a are kept at a temperature of 0oC, and that the initial temperature distribution along the rod is given by T = (100oC) sin Ï€x/L where x is
In the northern hemisphere, June 21 (the summer solstice) is both the longest day of the year and the day on which the sun’s rays strike the earth most vertically, hence delivering the greatest
(a) If the jogger in the preceding problem were not able to get rid of the excess heat, by how much would his body temperature increase above the normal 37°C in a half hour of jogging? The specific
You have probably seen people jogging in extremely hot weather and wondered Why? As we shall see, there are good reasons not to do this! When jogging strenuously, an average runner of mass 68 kg and
The basal metabolic rate is the rate at which energy is produced in the body when a person is at rest. A 75-kg (165-lb) person of height 1.83 m (6 ft) has a body surface area of approximately 2.0
Animals in cold climates often depend on two layers of insulation: a layer of body fat (of thermal conductivity 0.20 W/m ‧ K) surrounded by a layer of air trapped inside fur or down. We can model a
A Styrofoam bucket of negligible mass contains 1.75 kg of water and 0.450 kg of ice. More ice, from a refrigerator at -15.0oC, is added to the mixture in the bucket, and when thermal equilibrium has
A steel rod 0.450 m long and an aluminum rod 0.250 m long, both with the same diameter, are placed end to end between rigid supports with no initial stress in the rods. The temperature of the rods is
(a) Equation (17.12) gives the stress required to keep the length of a rod constant as its temperature changes. Show that if the length is permitted to change by an amount Î”L when its
On a cool (4.0oC) Saturday morning, a pilot fills the fuel tanks of her Pitts S-2C (a two-seat aerobatic airplane) to their full capacity of 106.0 L. Before flying on Sunday morning, when the
A surveyor’s 30.0-m steel tape is correct at a temperature of 20.0oC. The distance between two points, as measured by this tape on a day when its temperature is 5.00oC, is 25.970 m. What is the
You are making pesto for your pasta and have a cylindrical measuring cup 10.0 cm high made of ordinary glass [β = 2.7 × 10–5 (Co)–1] that is filled with olive oil [β = 6.8 × 10–4 (Co)–1]
The blood plays an important role in removing heat from the body by bringing this heat directly to the surface where it can radiate away. Never the-less, this heat must still travel through the skin
Two rods, one made of brass and the other made of cop-per, are joined end to end. The length of the brass section is 0.200 m and the length of the copper section is 0.800 m. Each segment has
An insulated beaker with negligible mass contains 0.250 kg of water at a temperature of 75.0oC. How many kilograms of ice at a temperature of – 20.0oC must be dropped into the water to make the
A 6.00-kg piece of solid copper metal at an initial temperature T is placed with 2.00 kg of ice that is initially at – 20.0oC. The ice is in an insulated container of negligible mass and no heat is
In a container of negligible mass, 0.200 kg of ice at an initial temperature of – 40.0oC is mixed with a mass m of water that has an initial temperature of 80.0oC. No heat is lost to the
If the air temperature is the same as the temperature of your skin (about 30°C), your body cannot get rid of heat by transferring it to the air. In that case, it gets rid of the heat by evaporating
A copper pot with a mass of 0.500 kg contains 0.170 kg of water, and both are at a temperature of 20.0°C. A 0.250-kg block of iron at 85.0°C is dropped into the pot. Find the final temperature of
One suggested treatment for a person who has suffered a stroke is immersion in an ice-water bath at 0°C to lower the body temperature, which prevents damage to the brain. In one set of tests,
A 15.0-g bullet traveling horizontally at 865 m/s passes through a tank containing 13.5 kg of water and emerges with a speed of 534 m/s. What is the maximum temperature increase that the water could
Conventional hot-water heaters consist of a tank of water maintained at a fixed temperature. The hot water is to be used when needed. The drawbacks are that energy is wasted because the tank loses
A circular saw blade with radius 0.120 m starts from rest and turns in a vertical plane with a constant angular acceleration of 3.00 rev/s2. After the blade has turned through 155 rev, a small piece
(a) The range of audible frequencies is from about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. What is the range of the wavelengths of audible sound in air?(b) The range of visible light extends from 400 nm to 700 nm. What
A fisherman notices that his boat is moving up and down periodically, owing to waves on the surface of the water. It takes 2.5 s for the boat to travel from its highest point to its lowest, a total
The upper end of a 3.80-m-long steel wire is fastened to the ceiling, and a 54.0-kg object is suspended from the lower end of the wire. You observe that it takes a transverse pulse 0.0492 s to travel
One string of a certain musical instrument is 75.0 cm long and has a mass of 8.75 g. It is being played in a room where the speed of sound is 344 m/s.(a) To what tension must you adjust the string so
A wave pulse on a string has the dimensions shown in Fig. E15.30 at t = 0. The wave speed is 40 cm/s.(a) If point O is a fixed end, draw the total wave on the string at t = 15 ms, 20 ms, 25 ms, 30
A horizontal wire is stretched with a tension of 94.0 N, and the speed of transverse waves for the wire is 492 m s. What must the amplitude of a traveling wave of frequency 69.0 Hz be in order for
A light wire is tightly stretched with tension F. Trans-verse traveling waves of amplitude A and wavelength λ1 carry average power Pav,1 = 0.400 W. If the wavelength of the waves is doubled,
A 1750-N irregular beam is hanging horizontally by its ends from the ceiling by two vertical wires (A and B), each 1.25 m long and weighing 0.360 N. The center of gravity of this beam is one-third of
You are designing a two-string instrument with metal strings 35.0 cm long, as shown in Fig. P15.58. Both strings are under the same tension. String S1has a mass of 8.00 g and produces the note middle
The lower end of a uniform bar of mass 45.0 kg is attached to a wall by a friction-less hinge. The bar is held by a horizontal wire attached at its upper end so that the bar makes an angle of 30.0o
You are exploring a newly discovered planet. The radius of the planet is 7.20 × 107 m. You suspend a lead weight from the lower end of a light string that is 4.00 m long and has mass 0.0280 kg. You
Two small stereo speakers are driven in step by the same variable-frequency oscillator. Their sound is picked up by a microphone arranged as shown in Fig. E16.38. For what frequencies does their
The motors that drive airplane propellers are, in some cases, tuned by using beats. The whirring motor produces a sound wave having the same frequency as the propeller.(a) If one single-bladed
Two swift canaries fly toward each other, each moving at 15.0 m/s relative to the ground, each warbling a note of frequency 1750 Hz.(a) What frequency note does each bird hear from the other one?(b)
The siren of a fire engine that is driving northward at 30.0 m/s emits a sound of frequency 2000 Hz. A truck in front of this fire engine is moving northward at 20.0 m/s.(a) What is the frequency of
A uniform 165-N bar is supported horizontally by two identical wires A and B (Fig. P16.62). A small 185-N cube of lead is placed three-fourths of the way from A to B. The wires are each 75.0 cm long
A bat flies toward a wall, emitting a steady sound of frequency 1.70 kHz. This bat hears its own sound plus the sound reflected by the wall. How fast should the bat fly in order to hear a beat
A person leaning over a 125-m-deep well accidentally drops a siren emitting sound of frequency 2500 Hz. Just before this siren hits the bottom of the well, find the frequency and wavelength of the
A turntable 1.50 m in diameter rotates at 75 rpm. Two speakers, each giving off sound of wavelength 31.3 cm, are attached to the rim of the table at opposite ends of a diameter. A listener stands in
Two loudspeakers, A and B (see Fig. E16.33), are driven by the same amplifier and emit sinusoidal waves in phase. Speaker B is 2.00 m to the right of speaker A. The frequency of the sound waves
You live on a busy street, but as a music lover, you want to reduce the traffic noise.(a) If you install special sound-reflecting windows that reduce the sound intensity level (in dB) by 30 dB, by
Many opera singers (and some pop singers) have a range of about 2 ½ octaves or even greater. Sup-pose a soprano’s range extends from A below middle C (frequency 220 Hz) up to -flat above high C
(a) If two sounds differ by 5.00 dB, find the ratio of the intensity of the louder sound to that of the softer one.(b) If one sound is 100 times as intense as another, by how much do they differ in
At point A, 3.0 m from a small source of sound that is emitting uniformly in all directions, the sound intensity level is 53 dB.(a) What is the intensity of the sound at A?(b) How far from the source
(a) Blue whales apparently communicate with each other using sound of frequency 17 Hz, which can be heard nearly 1000 km away in the ocean. What is the wavelength of such a sound in seawater, where
A fan at a rock concert is 30 m from the stage, and at this point the sound intensity level is 110 dB.(a) How much energy is transferred to her eardrums each second?(b) How fast would a 2.0-mg
Sound is detected when a sound wave causes the tympanic membrane (the eardrum) to vibrate. Typically, the diameter of this membrane is about 8.4 mm in humans.(a) How much energy is delivered to the
(a) Show that for a wave on a string, the kinetic energy per unit length of string is where is the mass per unit length of string is(b) Calculate for a sinusoidal wave given by Eq. (15.7).(c) There
A deep-sea diver is suspended beneath the surface of Loch Ness by a 100-m-long cable that is attached to a boat on the surface (Fig. P15.84). The diver and his suit have a total mass of 120 kg and a
A large rock that weighs 164.0 N is suspended from the lower end of a thin wire that is 3.00 m long. The density of the rock is 3200 kg/m3. The mass of the wire is small enough that its effect on the
A continuous succession of sinusoidal wave pulses are produced at one end of a very long string and travel along the length of the string. The wave has frequency 70.0 Hz, amplitude 5.00 mm, and
A 1.80-m-long uniform bar that weighs 536 N is suspended in a horizontal position by two vertical wires that are attached to the ceiling. One wire is aluminum and the other is cop-per. The aluminum
For a string stretched between two supports, two successive standing-wave frequencies are 525 Hz and 630 Hz. There are other standing-wave frequencies lower than 525 Hz and higher than 630 Hz. If the
(a) Music. When a person sings, his or her vocal cords vibrate in a repetitive pattern that has the same frequency as the note that is sung. If someone sings the note B flat, which has a frequency of
An object is undergoing SHM with period 0.900 s and amplitude 0.320 m. At t = 0 the object is at x = 0.320 m and is instantaneously at rest. Calculate the time it takes the object to go(a) From x =
A small block is attached to an ideal spring and is moving in SHM on a horizontal, friction less surface. When the block is at x = 0.280 m, the acceleration of the block is –5.30 m/s2. What is the
The point of the needle of a sewing machine moves in SHM along the x-axis with a frequency of 2.5 Hz. At t = 0 its position and velocity components are +1.1 cm –15 cm/s. and respectively.(a) Find
A small block is attached to an ideal spring and is moving in SHM on a horizontal, frictionless surface. When the amplitude of the motion is 0.090 m, it takes the block 2.70 s to travel from x =
In February 2004, scientists at Purdue University used a highly sensitive technique to measure the mass of a vaccinia virus (the kind used in smallpox vaccine). The procedure involved measuring the
For the oscillating object in Fig. E14.4, what are(a) Its maximum speed and(b) Its maximum acceleration?Figure E14.4: х (ст) 10.0 t (s) A0.0 15.0 5.0 -10.0
A small block is attached to an ideal spring and is moving in SHM on a horizontal, friction-less surface. The amplitude of the motion is 0.120 m. The maximum speed of the block is 3.90 m s. What is
A mass m is attached to a spring of force constant 75 N m and allowed to oscillate. Figure E14.34 shows a graph of its velocity as a function of time t. Find(a) The period,(b) The frequency,(c) The
A small block is attached to an ideal spring and is moving in SHM on a horizontal, friction-less surface. The amplitude of the motion is 0.250 m and the period is 3.20 s. What are the speed and
A mass is oscillating with amplitude A at the end of a spring. How far (in terms of A) is this mass from the equilibrium position of the spring when the elastic potential energy equals the kinetic
A 2.50-kg rock is attached at the end of a thin, very light rope 1.45 m long. You start it swinging by releasing it when the rope makes an 11° angle with the vertical. You record the observation
The motion of an under-damped oscillator is described by Eq. (14.42). Let the phase angle ɸ be zero.(a) According to this equation, what is the value of x at t = 0?(b) What are the magnitude and
A mass is vibrating at the end of a spring of force constant 225 N/m. Figure E14.62 shows a graph of its position x as a function of time t.(a) At what times is the mass not moving?(b) How much
A sinusoidally varying driving force is applied to a damped harmonic oscillator.(a) What are the units of the damping constant b?(b) Show that the quantity ˆškm has the same units as
Four passengers with combined mass 250 kg compress the springs of a car with worn-out shock absorbers by 4.00 cm when they get in. Model the car and passengers as a single body on a single ideal
A child with poor table manners is sliding his 250-g dinner plate back and forth in SHM with an amplitude of 0.100 m on a horizontal surface. At a point 0.060 m away from equilibrium, the speed of
Tarzan spies a 35-kg chimpanzee in severe danger, so he swings to the rescue. He adjusts his strong, but very light, vine so that he will first come to rest 4.0 s after beginning his swing, at which
A square object of mass m is constructed of four identical uniform thin sticks, each of length L, attached together. This object is hung on a hook at its upper corner (Fig. P14.79). If it is rotated
Two uniform solid spheres, each with mass and radius R = 0.0800 m, are connected by a short, light rod that is along a diameter of each sphere and are at rest on a horizontal tabletop. A spring with
A rifle bullet with mass 8.00 g and initial horizontal velocity 280 m/s strikes and embeds itself in a block with mass 0.992 kg that rests on a friction-less surface and is attached to one end of an
The most efficient way to send a spacecraft from the earth to another planet is by using a Hohmann transfer orbit (Fig. P13.87). If the orbits of the departure and destination planets are circular,
An unmanned spacecraft is in a circular orbit around the moon, observing the lunar surface from an altitude of 50.0 km (see Appendix F). To the dismay of scientists on earth, an electrical fault

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