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The work function of molybdenum is 4.22 eV. (a) What is the threshold frequency for the photoelectric effect in molybdenum? (b) Will yellow light of wavelength 560 nm cause ejection of photoelectrons... (a) If 5 percent of the power of a 100 W bulb is radiated in the visible spectrum, how many visible photons are radiated per second? (b) If the bulb is a point source radiating equally in all... The wavelengths of visible light range from about 380 nm to about 750 nm. (a) What is the range of photon energies (in eV) in visible light? (b) A typical FM radio stations broadcast frequency is... The energy reaching Earth from the Sun at the top of the atmosphere is 1.36 x 10 3 W/m 2 , called the solar constant. Assuming that Earth radiates like a blackbody at uniform temperature, what do you... A certain very bright star has an effective surface temperature of 20,000 K. (a) Assuming that it radiates as a blackbody, what is the wavelength at which u() is maximum? (b) In what part of the... A Rydberg hydrogen atom is in the n = 45 energy state. (a) What is the energy difference (in eV) between this state and the n = 46 level? (b) What is the ionization energy of the atom in the n = 45... Geiger and Marsden used a particles with 7.7 MeV kinetic energy and found that when they were scattered from thin gold foil, the number observed to be scattered at all angles agreed with Rutherfords... In an a scattering experiment, the area of the a particle detector is 0.50 cm 2 . The detector is located 10 cm from a 1.0-m-thick silver foil. The incident beam carries a current of 1.0 nA, and the... The K a , L a , and M a x rays are emitted in the n = 2 n = 1, n = 3 n = 2, and n = 4 n = 3 transitions respectively. For calcium (Z = 20) the energies of these transitions are 3.69 keV, 0.341... Natural gas from a hydraulic fracturing process contains hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) gas that will be removed by absorption into a specialty solvent through an interphase mass transfer process. In the... (a) Draw accurately to scale and label completely a partial energy-level diagram for C 5+ including at minimum the energy levels for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and . (b) Compute the wavelength of the... A ladybug 5 mm in diameter with a mass of 1.0 mg being viewed through a low-power magnifier with a calibrated reticule is observed to be stationary with an uncertainty of 10 -2 mm. How fast might the... A particle moving in one dimension between rigid walls separated by a distance L has the wave function (x) = A sin(x/L). Since the particle must always be located between the walls, what must be the... In episode 5 of Star Wars the Empires spaceships launch probe droids throughout the galaxy to seek the base of the Rebel Alliance. Suppose a spaceship moving at 2.3 x 10 8 m/s toward Hoth (site of... In one series of measurements of the speed of light, Michelson used a path length L of 27.4 km (17 mi). (a) What is the time needed for light to make the round trip of distance 2L? (b) What is the... Comptons equation (Equation 3-25) indicates that a graph of 2 versus (1- cos ) should be a straight line whose slope h/mc allows a determination of h. Given that the wavelength of 1 in Figure 3-17... A Compton scattering experiment yielded the data in the table below. (a) Using Equation 3-25 as a guide, construct an appropriate graph that enables you to obtain a value for the Compton wavelength... Using apparatus similar to that in Figure 3-8, the photoelectric effect data below were measured. (a) From a graph of E k,max versus f, find a value for Plancks constant. (b) By what percentage (+ or... Use Comptons equation (Equation 3-25) to compute the value of in Figure 3-17d. To what percent shift in the wavelength does this correspond? Figure 3-17(d) - h muc (1 - cost) 3-25 Compute the kinetic energy of a proton whose de Broglie wavelength is 0.25 nm. If a beam of such protons is reflected from a calcite crystal with crystal plane spacing of 0.304 nm, at what angle will... Consider the Franck-Hertz experiment with Hg vapor in the tube and the voltage between the cathode and the grid equal to 4.0 V, that is, not enough to for the electrons to excite the Hg atoms first... Figure 3-15b shows the K a and K characteristic x rays emitted by a molybdenum (Mo) target in an x-ray tube whose accelerating potential is 35 kV. The wavelengths are K a = 0.071 nm and K = 0.063... A small shot of negligible radius hits a stationary smooth, hard sphere of radius R, making an angle with the normal to the sphere, as shown in Figure 4-25. It is reflected at an equal angle to the... A free proton moves back and forth between rigid walls separated by a distance L = 0.01 nm. (a) If the proton is represented by a one-dimensional standing de Broglie wave with a node at each wall,... Find the de Broglie wavelength of a neutron of kinetic energy 0.02 eV (this is of the order of magnitude of kT at room temperature). In the lithium atom (Z = 3) two electrons are in the n = 1 orbit and the third is in the n = 2 orbit. (Only two are allowed in the n = 1 orbit because of the exclusion principle, which will be... De Broglie developed Equation 5-2 initially for photons, assuming that they had a small but finite mass. His assumption was that RF waves with = 30 m traveled at a speed of at least 99 percent of... The wave function describing a state of an electron confined to move along the x axis is given at time zero by Find the probability of finding the electron in a region dx centered at (a) x = 0, (b) x... If the angular momentum of Earth in its motion around the Sun were quantized like a hydrogen electron according to Equation 4-17, what would Earths quantum number be? How much energy would be... Compute the angle between L and S in (a) The d 5/2 and (b) The d 3/2 states of atomic hydrogen. A hydrogen atom is in the 3d state (n = 3, = 2). (a) What are the possible values of j? (b) What are the possible values of the magnitude of the total angular momentum? (c) What are the possible z... Suppose the outer electron in a potassium atom is in a state with = 2. Compute the magnitude of L. What are the possible values of j and the possible magnitudes of J? The spin-orbit effect removes a symmetry in the hydrogen atom potential, splitting the energy levels. (a) Considering the state with n = 4, write down in spectroscopic notation the identification of... (a) The angular momentum of the yttrium atom in the ground state is characterized by the quantum number j = 3/2. How many lines would you expect to see if you could do a Stern-Gerlach experiment with... How many lines would be expected on the detector plate of a Stern-Gerlach experiment (see Figure 7-15) if we use a beam of (a) Potassium atoms, (b) Calcium atoms, (c) Oxygen atoms, and (d) Tin atoms? Assuming the electron to be a classical particle, a sphere of radius 10 -15 m and a uniform mass density, use the magnitude of the spin angular momentum |S|= [s (s + 1) ] 1/2 = (3/4) 1/2 to compute... A hydrogen atom electron is in the 6f state. (a) What are the values of n and ? (b) Compute the energy of the electron. (c) Compute the magnitude of L. (d) Compute the possible values of L z in this... If a classical system does not have a constant charge-to-mass ratio throughout the system, the magnetic moment can be written where Q is the total charge, M is the total mass, and g 1. (a) Show that... Draw an accurately scaled vector model diagram illustrating the possible orientations of the angular momentum vector L for (a) = 1, (b) = 2, (c) = 4. (d) Compute the magnitude of L in each case. The moment of inertia of a compact disc is about 10 -5 kg-m 2 . (a) Find the angular momentum L = I when the disc rotates at /2 = 735 rev/min and (b) Find the approximate value of the quantum number ... Determine the minimum angle that L can make with the z axis when the angular momentum quantum number is (a) = 4 and (b) = 2. Consider a particle moving in a two-dimensional space defined by V = 0 for 0 < x < L and 0 < y < L and V = elsewhere. (a) Write down the wave functions for the particle in this well. (b) Find the... For = 2, (a) What is the minimum value of L 2 x + L 2 y ? (b) What is the maximum value of L 2 x + L 2 y ? (c) What is L 2 x + L 2 y for = 2 and m = 1? Can either L x or L y be determined from... Find the energies E 311 , E 222 , and E 321 and construct an energy-level diagram for the three-dimensional cubic well that includes the third, fourth, and fifth excited states. Which of the states... A particle of mass m is confined to a tube of length L. (a) Use the uncertainty relationship to estimate the smallest possible energy. (b) Assume that the inside of the tube is a force-free region... A particle with mass m and total energy zero is in a particular region of space where its wave function is (x) = Ce -x2/L 2 . (a) Find the potential energy V(x) versus x and (b) Make a sketch of... A particle is in an infinite square well of size L. Calculate the ground-state energy if (a) The particle is a proton and L = 0.1 nm, a typical size for a molecule; (b) The particle is a proton and L... The allowed energies for a particle of mass m in a one-dimensional infinite square well are given by Equation 6-24. Show that a level with n = 0 violates the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. En =... Show that (x, t) = Ae i(kx - t) satisfies both the time dependent Schrdinger equation and the classical wave equation (Equation 6-1). 2-12 c at 6-1 The nuclei listed below have filled j shells plus or minus one nucleon. (For example, 29 14 Si has the 1d 5/2 shell filled for both neutrons and protons plus one neutron in the 2s 1/2 shell.) Use the... The repulsive force that results in the hard core of the nucleus might be due to the exchange of a particle, just as the strong attractive force is. Compute the mass of such an exchange particle if... Compute the energy carried by the neutrino in the electron capture decay of 67 Ga to the ground state of 67 Zn. The decay constant of 22 Na is 0.266 y -1 . (a) Compute the half-life. (b) What is the activity of a sample containing 1.0 g of 22 Na? (c) What is the activity of the sample after 3.5 years have... The decay constant of 235 U is 9.8 x 10 -10 y -1 . (a) Compute the half-life. (b) How many decays occur each second in a 1.0 g sample of 235 U? (c) How many 235 U atoms will remain in the 1.0 mg... The magnetic moment of 14 N is 0.4035 N. Show that this value is not compatible with a model of the nucleus that consists of protons and electrons. The spin of the ground state of Li, which constitutes 7.5 percent of natural lithium, is zero. Show that this value is not compatible with a model of the nucleus that consists of protons and... Use dimensional analysis to show that the expression for the energy levels of hydrogenlike atoms given by Equation 7-25 has the units of energy. 22 kZe E. - (46) +- 2 2n n 7-25 Using Figure 11-16, find the parameters A and B in Equation 11-30. Figure 11-16 a decay half-life, s 10:20 1015 1010 105 10 10-5 10-10 4 5 1 7 6 8 a kinetic energy, MeV 9 10% y 10 y 10 y 1y 1 d 1h 1... 39 Ca and 39 K are a mirror pair, 39 Ca decaying into 39 K. Use Equations 11-1 and 11-2 to compute the radius of 40 Ca. U = 319 3 1 q 5 4 R 11-1 Compute the wavelength and frequency of the series limit for the Lyman, Balmer, and Paschen spectral series of hydrogen. Compute the charge distribution radius from Equation 11-5 and the nuclear force radius from Equation 11-7 for the following nuclides: (a) 16 O, (b) 63 Cu, and (c) 208 Pb. R= (1.07 0.02) 4/ fm t=2.4... Suppose that the deuteron really did consist of two protons and one electron. (It doesnt!) Compute the spin and magnetic moment of such a deuterons ground state and compare the results with the... At what values of r/a 0 is the radial function R 30 equal to zero? (See Table 7-2.) Table 7-2 n=1 n=2 n=3 Table 7-2 Radial functions for hydrogen l=0 e = 0 l=1 l = 0 l = 1 l = 2 R10 R0 R1 R31 = R32 =... The force on a magnetic moment with z component z moving in an inhomogeneous magnetic field is given by Equation 7-51. If the silver atoms in the Stern- Gerlach experiment traveled horizontally 1 m... FIGURE Q2.14 shows the velocity-versus-time graph for a moving object. At which lettered point or points: a. Is the object speeding up? b. Is the object slowing down? c. Is the object moving to the... Is the particle in FIGURE Q1.3 speeding up? Slowing down? Or can you tell? Explain. Figure Q1.3 .. Does the object represented in FIGURE Q1.5 have a positive or negative value of α y ? Explain. Figure Q1.5 Determine the signs (positive, negative, or zero) of the position, velocity, and acceleration for the particle in FIGURE Q1.6. Figure Q1.6 Determine the signs (positive, negative, or zero) of the position, velocity, and acceleration for the particle in FIGURE Q1.7. Figure Q1.7 0- FIGURE EX1.9 shows five points of a motion diagram. Use Tactics Box 1.3 to find the average acceleration vectors at points 1, 2, and 3. Draw the completed motion diagram showing velocity vectors and... A goose flies toward a pond. It lands on the water and slides for some distance before it comes to a stop. Draw the motion diagram of the goose, starting shortly before it hits the water and assuming... You use a long rubber band to launch a paper wad straight up. Draw a complete motion diagram of the paper wad from the moment you release the stretched rubber band until the paper wad reaches its... A roof tile falls straight down from a two-story building. It lands in a swimming pool and settles gently to the bottom. Draw a complete motion diagram of the tile? Write a short description of the motion of a real object for which FIGURE EX1.19 would be a realistic position-versus-time graph. Figure EX 1.19 x (m) 300 200 100 - 1 (s) 600 200 400 Write a short description of the motion of a real object for which FIGURE EX1.20 would be a realistic position-versus-time graph. Figure EX 1.20 x (mi) 120- 80- 40- (h) 3 4 5 2 Draw a pictorial representation for the following problem. Do not solve the problem. The light turns green, and a bicyclist starts forward with an acceleration of 1.5 m/s 2 . How far must she travel... Convert the following to SI units: a. 75 in b. 3.45 10 6 yr c. 62 ft/day d. 2.2 10 4 mi 2 Using the approximate conversion factors in Table 1.5, convert the following SI units to English units without using your calculator. Table 1.5 1 cm 1/2 in 10 cm 4 in 1 m 1 yard 1 m 3 feet 1 km ... Using the approximate conversion factors in Table 1.5, convert the following to SI units without using your calculator. Table 1.5 1 cm 1/2 in 10 cm 4 in 1 m 1 yard 1 m 3 feet 1 km 0.6 mile 1 m/s... Compute the following numbers, applying the significant figure rules adopted in this textbook. a. 33.3 25.4 b. 33.3 25.4 c. 33.3 d. 333.3 25.4 Perform the following calculations with the correct number of significant figures. a. 159.31 204.6 b. 5.1125 + 0.67 + 3.2 c. 7.662 - 7.425 d. 16.5/3.45 Estimate (dont measure!) the length of a typical car. Give your answer in both feet and meters. Briefly describe how you arrived at this estimate? Estimate the height of a telephone pole. Give your answer in both feet and meters. Briefly describe how you arrived at this estimate? Estimate the average speed with which the hair on your head grows. Give your answer in both m/s and mm/hour. Briefly describe how you arrived at this estimate? Motor neurons in mammals transmit signals from the brain to skeletal muscles at approximately 25 m/s. Estimate how long in ms it takes a signal to get from your brain to your hand? A jet plane is cruising at 300 m/s when suddenly the pilot turns the engines up to full throttle. After traveling 4.0 km, the jet is moving with a speed of 400 m/s. What is the jets acceleration as... You would like to stick a wet spit wad on the ceiling, so you toss it straight up with a speed of 10 m/s. How long does it take to reach the ceiling, 3.0 m above? Draw a complete pictorial... A speed skater moving across friction less ice at 8.0 m/s hits a 5.0-m-wide patch of rough ice. She slows steadily, then continues on at 6.0 m/s. What is her acceleration on the rough ice? Draw a... Sam is recklessly driving 60 mph in a 30 mph speed zone when he suddenly sees the police. He steps on the brakes and slows to 30 mph in three seconds, looking nonchalant as he passes the officer. How... A motorist is traveling at 20 m/s. He is 60 m from a stoplight when he sees it turn yellow. His reaction time, before stepping on the brake, is 0.50 s. What steady deceleration while braking will... A car traveling at 30 m/s runs out of gas while traveling up a 10 slope. How far up the hill will the car coast before starting to roll back down? Draw a complete pictorial representation. Do not... Ice hockey star Bruce Blades is 5.0 m from the blue line and gliding toward it at a speed of 4.0 m/s. You are 20 m from the blue line, directly behind Bruce. You want to pass the puck to Bruce. With... David is driving a steady 30 m/s when he passes Tina, who is sitting in her car at rest. Tina begins to accelerate at a steady 2.0 m/s 2 at the instant when David passes. How far does Tina drive... Nicole throws a ball straight up. Chad watches the ball from a window 5.0 m above the point where Nicole released it. The ball passes Chad on the way up, and it has a speed of 10 m/s as it passes him... David is driving a steady 30 m/s when he passes Tina, who is sitting in her car at rest. Tina begins to accelerate at a steady 2.0 m/s 2 at the instant when David passes. a. How far does Tina drive... A cat is sleeping on the floor in the middle of a 3.0-m-wide room when a barking dog enters with a speed of 1.50 m/s. As the dog enters, the cat (as only cats can do) immediately accelerates at 0.85... Water drops fall from the edge of a roof at a steady rate. A fifth drop starts to fall just as the first drop hits the ground. At this instant, the second and third drops are exactly at the bottom... A rock is thrown from a bridge at an angle 30 below horizontal. Immediately after the rock is released, is the magnitude of its acceleration greater than, less than, or equal to g? Explain. An electromagnet on the ceiling of an airplane holds a steel ball. When a button is pushed, the magnet releases the ball. The experiment is first done while the plane is parked on the ground, and the... Santa loses his footing and slides down a frictionless, snowy roof that is tilted at an angle of 30. If Santa slides 10 m before reaching the edge, what is his speed as he leaves the roof?
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