Two resistors are connected in series with a battery as shown in the diagram. R 1 is less than R 2 . a. Which of the two resistors, if either, has the greater current flowing through it? Explain. b....
How does a bimetallic strip break a circuit when things heat up? Explain.
A charge of 30 C passes at a steady rate through a resistor in a time of 5s. What is the current through the resistor?
A current of 2.5 A flows through a battery for 1 min. How much charge passes through the battery in that time?
A 24- resistor in a circuit has a voltage difference of 6 V across its leads. What is the current through this resistor?
A current of 1.5 A is flowing through a resistance of 18 . What is the voltage difference across this resistance?
A current of 0.6 A flows through a resistor with a voltage difference of 120 V across it. What is the resistance of this resistor?
Three 20- resistors are connected in series to a 6-V battery of negligible internal resistance. a. What is the current flowing through each resistor? b. What is the voltage difference across each...
A 40- resistor and a 60- resistor are connected in series to a 12-V battery. a. What is the current flowing through each resistor? b. What is the voltage difference across each resistor?
Two resistors, each having a resistance of 8 , are connected in parallel. What is the equivalent resistance of this combination?
Three resistors of 3 , 6 , and 2 are connected in parallel with one another. What is the equivalent resistance of this combination?
A 9-V battery in a simple circuit produces a current of 1.5 A through the circuit. How much power is being delivered by the battery?
A 30- resistor has a voltage difference of 3 V across its leads. a. What is the current through the resistor? b. What is the power being dissipated in this resistor?
A 60-W light bulb operates on an effective ac voltage of 110 V. a. What is the effective current through the light bulb? b. From Ohms law, what is the resistance of the light bulb?
A toaster draws a current of 7 A when it is connected to a 110-V ac line. a. What is the power consumption of this toaster? b. What is the resistance of the heating element in the toaster?
In the circuit shown, the 1- resistance is the internal resistance of the battery and can be considered to be in series, as shown, with the battery and the 9- load. a. What is the current flowing...
Three resistors are connected to a 6-V battery as shown. The internal resistance of the battery is negligible. a. What is the current through the 15- resistance? b. Does this same current flow...
Three identical resistances, each 24 , are connected in parallel with one another as shown. The combination is connected to a 12-V battery whose internal resistance is negligible. a. What is the...
A clothes dryer uses 5500 W of power when connected to a 220-V ac line. How much current does the dryer draw from the line?
A longitudinal wave on a Slinky has a frequency of 5 Hz and a speed of 2.0 m/s. What is the wavelength of this wave?
A wave on a rope is shown in the diagram. a. What is the wavelength of this wave? b. If the frequency of the wave is 2 Hz, what is the wave speed? 6 m E4 Diagram
A wave on a string has a speed of 12 m/s and a period of 0.4 s. a. What is the frequency of the wave? b. What is the wavelength of the wave?
Suppose that a guitar string has a length of 0.8 m, a mass of 0.12 kg, and a tension of 135 N. a. What is the mass per unit of length of this string? b. What is the speed of a wave on this string?
Suppose that the string in exercise 7 is plucked so that there are two nodes along the string in addition to those at either end. What is the wavelength of the interfering waves for this mode?
What is the frequency of a sound wave with a wavelength of 0.85 m traveling in room-temperature air (v = 340 m/s)?
A certain pigment absorbs green light, while reflecting blue and red wavelengths. If a surface coated with this pigment is illuminated by white light, what is the color of the light reflected from...
Microwaves used in laboratory experiments often have a wavelength of about 1 cm. What is the frequency of these waves?
What is the wavelength of the radio waves from a station broadcasting at 600 kilohertz?
What is the frequency of green light waves with a wavelength of 520 nm?
X rays often have a wavelength of about 10 -10 m. What is the frequency of such waves?
The visible spectrum of colors ranges from approximately 380 nm in wavelength at the violet end to 750 nm at the far red end. a. What are the frequencies associated with these two wavelengths? b....
A man with a height of 1.8 m stands 3.0 m in front of a plane mirror viewing his image. How tall is the image, and how far from the man is the image located
A positive lens forms a real image of an object placed 8 cm to the left of the lens. The real image is found 16 cm to the right of the lens. What is the focal length of the lens?
If sodium (Na), with an atomic weight of 23, combines with oxygen (O), with an atomic weight of 16, to form the compound Na 2 O, what is the ratio of the mass of sodium to oxygen that you would...
The crew of a spaceship traveling with a velocity of 0.6c relative to the Earth measures the distance between two cities on earth (in a direction parallel to their motion) as 600 km. What is the...
Which electrons are represented by an electron-dot structure?
Why does the fluorine atom tend to gain only one electron?
Explain why, for these three substances, the solubility in 20C water goes down as the molecules get larger, but the boiling point goes up. Boiling point/ Solubility Substance 65C CH;-0 infinite 117C...
The mass of the J/ is m J = 3.097 GeV and its width is = 91 keV. What is its lifetime? If it is produced with p J = 5 GeV in the L reference frame, what is the distance travelled in a lifetime?...
Evaluate R (e + e - hadrons) /(e + e - + - ) At and at Vs = 2.5 GeV Vs = 4 GeV.
In a zero-gravity environment, can a rocket-propelled spaceship ever attain a speed greater than the relative speed with which the burnt fuel is exhausted?
A 110-lb woman puts all of her weight on one heel of her high-heel shoes. The heel has an area of 0.4 m 2 . What is the pressure that her heel exerts on the ground in pounds per square inch (psi)?
A member of the U.S. Congress proposed a scheme to produce energy as follows. Water molecules (H 2 O) are to be broken apart to produce hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is then burned (that is,...
For electronic devices such as amplifiers, what are some advantages of transistors compared to vacuum tubes? What are some disadvantages? Are there any situations in which vacuum tubes cannot be...
The energy required to remove the 3s electron from a sodium atom in its ground state is about 5 eV. Would you expect the energy required to remove an additional electron to be about the same, or...
The sun supplies electromagnetic energy to the earth. It appears to have an effective temperature of approximately 5800 K. On a clear summer day in North America, the energy incident on a surface...
A refrigerator using R-12 as the working fluid keeps the refrigerated space at 215C in an environment at 30C. You are asked to redesign this refrigerator by replacing R-12 with the ozone-friendly...
A light ray in air enters a block of clear plastic as shown in Figure 9.84. Which of the numbered paths represents the correct one for the ray in the plastic? Justify your choice by appealing to the...
Explain why the strings that play lower frequency notes on a guitar or violin are generally thicker and less tightly strung than the strings playing higher notes.
Explain why the optimal ratio of moderator to fuel is so much larger for a graphite-moderated (infinite, homogeneous) reactor than for a water-moderated reactor at the same enrichment.
The absorption coefficient for crystalline silicon at 300K for a photon of energy 1.3 eV is roughly 70 cm 1 .Compute the thickness of silicon needed to absorb 75%of incoming photons at this energy
Assuming that one half of the energy in solar radiation absorbed at the oceans surface is lost to latent heat flux (evaporation), give an order-of-magnitude estimate of the rate at which water vapor...
In contrast to traditional hydropower plants where water is stored behind large dams, run of the river (ROR) hydro-plants use flowing water with little or no water storage (pondage). Investigate and...
Investigate the production of helium. How was it formed? Why is it found in natural gas? How much of it is recovered? Discuss conservation of the worlds helium resources.
An electron of rest energy mc 2 = 0.511 MeV moves with respect to the laboratory at speed u = 0.6c. Find (a) , (b) P in units of MeV/c, (c) E, and (d) E k .
A burst of + mesons (pions) travels down an evacuated beam tube at Fermilab moving at = 0.92 with respect to the laboratory. (a) Compute for this group of pions. (b) The proper mean lifetime of...
Verify by calculation that the result of the Michelson-Morley experiment places an upper limit on Earths speed relative to the ether of about 5 km/s.
Consider the flow conditions of Example 6.4 for two situations, one in which the flow is completely laminar, and the second for flow that is tripped to turbulence at the leading edge of the plate....
Consider the rotating disk of Problem 6.16. A diskshaped, stationary plate is placed a short distance away from the rotating disk, forming a gap of width g. The stationary plate and ambient air are...
Assume that the train shown in Figure 1-14 is 1.0 km long as measured by the observer at C' and is moving at 150 km/h. What time interval between the arrival of the wave fronts at C' is measured by...
The x-ray spectrometer on board a satellite measures the wavelength at the maximum intensity emitted by a particular star to be m = 82.8 nm. Assuming that the star radiates like a blackbody, (a)...
Consider the photovoltaic solar panel of Example 3.3. The heat transfer coefficient should no longer be taken to be a specified value. (a) Determine the silicon temperature and the electric power...
Cooling of outdoor electronic equipment such as in telecommunications towers is difficult due to seasonal and diurnal variations of the air temperature, and potential fouling of heat exchange...
Prove that the photoelectric effect cannot occur with a completely free electron, that is, one not bound to an atom.
Show that the maximum kinetic energy E k , called the Compton edge, that a recoiling electron can carry away from a Compton scattering event is given by Ex = 2E hf 1+ mc/2hf 2E + mc
When light of wavelength 450 nm is incident on potassium, photoelectrons with stopping potential of 0.52 V are emitted. If the wavelength of the incident light is changed to 300 nm, the stopping...
Compute for photons scattered at 120 from (a) Free protons, (b) Free electrons, and (c) N 2 molecules in air.
Gamma rays emitted by radioactive nuclei also exhibit measurable Compton scattering. Suppose a 0.511 MeV photon from a positron-electron annihilation scatters at 110 from a free electron. What are...
Find the momentum of a photon in eV/c and in kgm/s if the wavelength is (a) 400 nm, (b) 1 = 0.1 nm, (c) 3 cm, and (d) 2 nm.
x-ray tubes currently used by dentists often have accelerating voltages of 80 kV. What is the minimum wavelength of the x rays they produce?
The longest wavelength of light that will cause emission of electrons from cesium is 653 nm. (a) Compute the work function for cesium. (b) If light of 300 nm (ultraviolet) were to shine on cesium,...
Under optimum conditions, the eye will perceive a flash if about 60 photons arrive at the cornea. How much energy is this in joules if the wavelength of the light is 550 nm?
The work function of molybdenum is 4.22 eV. (a) What is the threshold frequency for the photoelectric effect in molybdenum? (b) Will yellow light of wavelength 560 nm cause ejection of photoelectrons...
(a) If 5 percent of the power of a 100 W bulb is radiated in the visible spectrum, how many visible photons are radiated per second? (b) If the bulb is a point source radiating equally in all...
The wavelengths of visible light range from about 380 nm to about 750 nm. (a) What is the range of photon energies (in eV) in visible light? (b) A typical FM radio stations broadcast frequency is...
The energy reaching Earth from the Sun at the top of the atmosphere is 1.36 x 10 3 W/m 2 , called the solar constant. Assuming that Earth radiates like a blackbody at uniform temperature, what do you...
A certain very bright star has an effective surface temperature of 20,000 K. (a) Assuming that it radiates as a blackbody, what is the wavelength at which u() is maximum? (b) In what part of the...
A Rydberg hydrogen atom is in the n = 45 energy state. (a) What is the energy difference (in eV) between this state and the n = 46 level? (b) What is the ionization energy of the atom in the n = 45...
Geiger and Marsden used a particles with 7.7 MeV kinetic energy and found that when they were scattered from thin gold foil, the number observed to be scattered at all angles agreed with Rutherfords...
In an a scattering experiment, the area of the a particle detector is 0.50 cm 2 . The detector is located 10 cm from a 1.0-m-thick silver foil. The incident beam carries a current of 1.0 nA, and the...
The K a , L a , and M a x rays are emitted in the n = 2 n = 1, n = 3 n = 2, and n = 4 n = 3 transitions respectively. For calcium (Z = 20) the energies of these transitions are 3.69 keV, 0.341...
Natural gas from a hydraulic fracturing process contains hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) gas that will be removed by absorption into a specialty solvent through an interphase mass transfer process. In the...
(a) Draw accurately to scale and label completely a partial energy-level diagram for C 5+ including at minimum the energy levels for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and . (b) Compute the wavelength of the...
In episode 5 of Star Wars the Empires spaceships launch probe droids throughout the galaxy to seek the base of the Rebel Alliance. Suppose a spaceship moving at 2.3 x 10 8 m/s toward Hoth (site of...
A ladybug 5 mm in diameter with a mass of 1.0 mg being viewed through a low-power magnifier with a calibrated reticule is observed to be stationary with an uncertainty of 10 -2 mm. How fast might the...
A particle moving in one dimension between rigid walls separated by a distance L has the wave function (x) = A sin(x/L). Since the particle must always be located between the walls, what must be the...
In one series of measurements of the speed of light, Michelson used a path length L of 27.4 km (17 mi). (a) What is the time needed for light to make the round trip of distance 2L? (b) What is the...
Comptons equation (Equation 3-25) indicates that a graph of 2 versus (1- cos ) should be a straight line whose slope h/mc allows a determination of h. Given that the wavelength of 1 in Figure 3-17...
A Compton scattering experiment yielded the data in the table below. (a) Using Equation 3-25 as a guide, construct an appropriate graph that enables you to obtain a value for the Compton wavelength...
Using apparatus similar to that in Figure 3-8, the photoelectric effect data below were measured. (a) From a graph of E k,max versus f, find a value for Plancks constant. (b) By what percentage (+ or...
Use Comptons equation (Equation 3-25) to compute the value of in Figure 3-17d. To what percent shift in the wavelength does this correspond? Figure 3-17(d) - h muc (1 - cost) 3-25
Consider the Franck-Hertz experiment with Hg vapor in the tube and the voltage between the cathode and the grid equal to 4.0 V, that is, not enough to for the electrons to excite the Hg atoms first...
Figure 3-15b shows the K a and K characteristic x rays emitted by a molybdenum (Mo) target in an x-ray tube whose accelerating potential is 35 kV. The wavelengths are K a = 0.071 nm and K = 0.063...
Compute the kinetic energy of a proton whose de Broglie wavelength is 0.25 nm. If a beam of such protons is reflected from a calcite crystal with crystal plane spacing of 0.304 nm, at what angle will...
A small shot of negligible radius hits a stationary smooth, hard sphere of radius R, making an angle with the normal to the sphere, as shown in Figure 4-25. It is reflected at an equal angle to the...
In the lithium atom (Z = 3) two electrons are in the n = 1 orbit and the third is in the n = 2 orbit. (Only two are allowed in the n = 1 orbit because of the exclusion principle, which will be...
A free proton moves back and forth between rigid walls separated by a distance L = 0.01 nm. (a) If the proton is represented by a one-dimensional standing de Broglie wave with a node at each wall,...
Find the de Broglie wavelength of a neutron of kinetic energy 0.02 eV (this is of the order of magnitude of kT at room temperature).
De Broglie developed Equation 5-2 initially for photons, assuming that they had a small but finite mass. His assumption was that RF waves with = 30 m traveled at a speed of at least 99 percent of...
The wave function describing a state of an electron confined to move along the x axis is given at time zero by Find the probability of finding the electron in a region dx centered at (a) x = 0, (b) x...