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chemistry and chemical reactivity

Questions and Answers of Chemistry And Chemical Reactivity

Boron and hydrogen form an extensive family of compounds, and the diagram below shows how they are related by reaction.The following table gives the weight percent of boron in each of the compounds.
In 1774, C. Scheele obtained a gas by reacting pyrolusite (MnO2) with sulfuric acid. The gas, which had been obtained that same year by Joseph Priestley by a different method, was an element, A.(a)
When palladium metal is exposed to H2 gas, the metal become brittle because H2 molecules dissociate and H atoms fill some of the octahedral holes in the face-centered cubic lattice. To find the value
Using enthalpy of formation data in Appendix L, determine whether the decomposition of NH4NO3(s) to give N2O(g) and H2O(g) is endothermic or exothermic.Data given in Appendix L TABLE
The chemistry of gallium:(a) Gallium hydroxide, like aluminum hydroxide, is amphoteric. Write a balanced equation to show how this hydroxide can dissolve in both HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq).(b) Gallium ion
Silicon-oxygen rings are a common structural feature in silicate chemistry. Draw the structure for the anion [Si3O9]6−, which is found in minerals such as benitoite. Is the ring expected to be
Metal sulfides roasted in air produce metal oxides.Use thermodynamics to decide if the reaction is product- or reactant-favored at equilibrium at 298 K. Will the reaction be more or less
Metals generally react with hydrogen halides to give the metal halide and hydrogen. Determine whether this is true for silver by calculating ΔrG° for the reaction with each of the hydrogen
One material needed to make silicones is dichlorodimethylsilane, (CH3)2SiCl2. It is made by treating silicon powder at about 300°C with CH3Cl in the presence of a copper-containing catalyst.(a)
A common analytical method for hydrazine involves its oxidation with iodate ion, IO3−, in acid solution. In the process, hydrazine acts as a four-electron reducing agent.Write the balanced equation
Sodium borohydride, NaBH4, reduces many metal ions to the metal.(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction of NaBH4 with AgNO3 in water to give silver metal, H2 gas, boric acid, and sodium
When 1.00 g of a white solid A is strongly heated, you obtain another white solid, B, and a gas. An experiment is carried out on the gas, showing that it exerts a pressure of 209 mm Hg in a 450-mL
Dinitrogen trioxide, N2O3, has the structure shown here.The oxide is unstable, decomposing to NO and NO2 in the gas phase at 25°C.(a) Draw resonance structures for N2O3 and explain why one N—O
A mixture of PCl5 (12.41 g) and excess NH4Cl was heated at 145°C for 6 hours. The two reacted in equimolar amounts and evolved 5.14 L of HCl (at STP). Three substances (A, B, and C) were isolated
Tin(IV) oxide, cassiterite, is the main ore of tin. It crystallizes in a rutile-like unit cell with tin(IV) ions taking the place of Ti4+ ions (Study Question 12.6). (The O2− ions marked x are
The density of lead is 11.350 g/cm3, and the metal crystallizes in a face-centered cubic unit cell. Estimate the radius of a lead atom.
How would you extinguish a sodium fire in the laboratory? What is the worst thing you could do?
The structure of nitric acid is illustrated on page 990.(a) Why are the N—O bonds the same length, and why are both shorter than the N—OH bond length?(b) Rationalize the bond angles in the
You are given a stoppered flask that contains hydrogen, nitrogen, or oxygen. Suggest an experiment you could do to identify the gas.
(a) Magnesium is obtained from seawater. If the concentration of Mg2+ in seawater is 0.050 M, what volume of seawater (in liters) must be treated to obtain 1.00 kg of magnesium metal? What mass of
The anion [NiCl4]2− is paramagnetic, but when CN− ions are added, the product, [Ni(CN)4]2−, is diamagnetic. Explain this observation. [NiCl₂]² (aq) + 4 CN- (aq) paramagnetic [Ni(CN).]² (aq)
For the low-spin complex [Co(en)(NH3)2Cl2]ClO4, identify the following:(a) The coordination number of cobalt(b) The coordination geometry for cobalt(c) The oxidation number of cobalt(d) The number of
For the high-spin complex [Fe(H2O)6]SO4, identify the following:(a) The coordination number of iron(b) The coordination geometry for iron(c) The oxidation number of iron(d) The number of unpaired
Boron nitride, BN, has the same solid state structure as ZnS (Figure 12.10).Data given in Figure 12.10The density of copper metal is 8.95 g/cm3. If the radius of a copper atom is 127.8 pm, is the
An aqueous solution of iron(II) sulfate is paramagnetic. If NH3 is added, the solution becomes diamagnetic. Why does the magnetism change?
In water, the titanium(III) ion, [Ti(H2O)6]3+, has a broad absorption band centered at about 500 nm. What color light is absorbed by the ion?
In water, the chromium(II) ion, [Cr(H2O)6]2+, absorbs light with a wavelength of about 700 nm. What color is the solution?
Describe an experiment that would determine whether nickel in K2[NiCl4] is square-planar or tetrahedral.
Which of the following high-spin complexes has the greatest number of unpaired electrons?(a) [Cr(H2O)6]3+(b) [Mn(H2O)6]2+(c) [Fe(H2O)6]2+(d) [Ni(H2O)6]2+
How many unpaired electrons are expected for high-spin and low-spin complexes of Fe2+?
Excess silver nitrate is added to a solution containing 1.0 mol of [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl. What amount of AgCl (in moles) will precipitate?
Which of the following complex ions is (are) square-planar?(a) [Ti(CN)4]2−(b) [Ni(CN)4]2−(c) [Zn(CN)4]2−(d) [Pt(CN)4]2−
Which of the following complex ions containing the oxalate ion is (are) chiral?(a) [Fe(C2O4)Cl4]2−(b) Cis-[Fe(C2O4)2Cl2]2−(c) Trans-[Fe(C2O4)2Cl2]2−
How many geometric isomers are possible for the square-planar complex ion [Pt(NH3)(CN)Cl2]−?
For a tetrahedral complex of a metal in the first transition series, which of the following statements concerning energies of the 3d orbitals is correct?(a) The five d orbitals have the same
A transition metal coordination compound absorbs 425-nm light. What is its color?(a) Red(b) Green(c) Yellow(d) Blue
For the low-spin coordination compound [Fe(en)2Cl2]Cl, identify the following.(a) The oxidation number of iron(b) The coordination number for iron(c) The coordination geometry for iron(d) The number
For the high-spin coordination compound Mn(NH3)4Cl2, identify the following.(a) The oxidation number of manganese(b) The coordination number for manganese(c) The coordination geometry for
A platinum-containing compound, known as Magnus’s green salt, has the formula [Pt(NH3)4][PtCl4] (in which both platinum ions are Pt2+). Name the cation and the anion.
Early in the 20th century, coordination compounds sometimes were given names based on their colors. Two compounds with the formula CoCl3 ∙ 4 NH3 were named praseo-cobalt chloride (praseo = green)
Give the formula and name of a square-planar complex of Pt2+ with one nitrite ion (NO2−, which binds to Pt2+ through N), one chloride ion, and two ammonia molecules as ligands. Are isomers
How many geometric isomers of the complex ion [Cr(dmen)3]3+ can exist? (dmen is the bidentate ligand 1,1-dimethylethylenediamine.) (CH₂)₂NCH₂CH₂NH₂ 1,1-Dimethylethylenediamine, dmen
Give the formula of the coordination complex formed from one Co3+ ion, two ethylenediamine molecules, one water molecule, and one chloride ion. Is the complex neutral or charged? If charged, give the
Diethylenetriamine (dien) is capable of serving as a tridentate ligand.(a) Draw the structures of fac-Cr(dien)Cl3 and mer- Cr(dien)Cl3.(b) Two different geometric isomers of mer- Cr(dien)Cl2Br are
From experiment, we know that [CoF6]3− is paramagnetic and [Co(NH3)6]3+ is diamagnetic. Using the ligand field model, depict the electron configuration for each ion, and use this model to explain
Three geometric isomers are possible for [Co(en)(NH3)2(H2O)2]3+. One of the three is chiral; that is, it has a nonsuperimposable mirror image. Draw the structures of the three isomers. Which one is
The square-planar complex Pt(en)Cl2 has chloride ligands in a cis configuration. No trans isomer is known. Based on the bond lengths and bond angles of carbon and nitrogen in the ethylenediamine
The complex [Mn(H2O)6]2+ has five unpaired electrons, whereas [Mn(CN)6]4− has only one. Using the ligand field model, depict the electron configuration for each ion. What can you conclude about the
Experiments show that K4[Cr(CN)6] is paramagnetic and has two unpaired electrons. The related complex K4[Cr(SCN)6] is paramagnetic and has four unpaired electrons. Account for the magnetism of each
Give a systematic name or the formula for the following:(a) (NH4)2[CuCl4](b) Tetraaquadichlorochromium(III) chloride(c) Aquabis(ethylenediamine) thiocyanatocobalt(III) nitrate
When CrCl3 dissolves in water, three different species can be obtained.(a) [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3, violet(b) [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2, pale green(c) [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl, dark greenIf diethyl ether is added, a fourth
The glycinate ion, H2NCH2CO2−, formed by deprotonation of the amino acid glycine, can function as a bidentate ligand, coordinating to a metal through the nitrogen of the amino group and one of the
The complex ion [Co(CO3)3]3−, an octahedral complex with bidentate carbonate ions as ligands, has one absorption in the visible region of the spectrum at 640 nm. From this information,(a) Predict
Draw structures for the five possible geometric isomers of Cu(H2NCH2CO2)2(H2O)2. Are any of these species chiral? (See the structure of the ligand in Study Question 78.)Data given in Question 78The
A manganese compound has the formula Mn(CO)x(CH3)y. To find the empirical formula of the compound, you burn 0.225 g of the solid in oxygen and isolate 0.283 g of CO2 and 0.0290 g of H2O. What is the
Nickel and palladium both form complexes of the general formula M(PR3)2Cl2. (The ligand PR3 is a phosphine such as P(C6H5)3, triphenylphosphine. It is a Lewis base.) The nickel(II) compound is
The transition metals form a class of compounds called metal carbonyls, an example of which is the tetrahedral complex Ni(CO)4. Given the following thermodynamic data (at 298 K):(a) Calculate the
A 0.213-g sample of uranyl(VI) nitrate, UO2(NO3)2, is dissolved in 20.0 mL of 1.0 M H2SO4 and shaken with Zn. The zinc reduces the uranyl ion, UO22+, to a uranium ion, Un+. To determine the value of
Cerium, as noted in Applying Chemical Principles: 22.3 The Rare Earths, is a relatively abundant lanthanide element that has some important uses. Cerium(IV) oxide, CeO2, is widely used as a polishing
Neodymium is a component of powerful magnets.(a) Neodymium has three common oxidation states: +2, +3, and +4. Give the electron configurations for Nd and its three positive oxidation states.(b) Are
Two different coordination compounds containing one cobalt(III) ion, five ammonia molecules, one bromide ion, and one sulfate ion exist. The dark violet form (A) gives a precipitate upon addition of
Three different compounds of chromium(III) with water and chloride ion have the same composition: 19.51% Cr, 39.92% Cl, and 40.57% H2O. One of the compounds is violet and dissolves in water to give a
Determine how many structural isomers and geometric isomers are possible for compounds having the formula C4H10. Are any of the possible isomers chiral?
Compounds with the same attachment of atoms but different orientation in space are called: (a) Stereoisomers,(b) Structural isomers, (c) Cis-trans isomers,(d) Optical isomers.
Compounds with the same elemental composition but a different arrangement of atoms are called: (a) Stereoisomers,(b) Structural isomers,(c) Geometric isomers,(d) Optical isomers.
Ethene, C2H4, is unstable with respect to decomposition to the elements (ΔfH° = 52.47 kJ/mol). It is also unstable with respect to polymerization to polyethylene. Nevertheless, samples of ethane
Is violet light (with a wavelength of 400 nm) sufficiently energetic to break a carbon-carbon single bond (the average C-C bond energy is 346 kJ/mol)?
Identify the hybridization and the bond angles for the following: (a) Carbon bonded via four single bonds to adjacent atoms. (b) Carbon bonded to adjacent atoms via two single bonds and one pi
In carbon compounds, the carbon atom can achieve an octet configuration in several ways. Draw the Lewis structure of a hydrocarbon compound in which: (a) Carbon is bonded via four single bonds to
In this question, we explore the differences between metal coordination by monodentate and bidentate ligands. Formation constants, Kf, for [Ni(NH3)6]2+(aq) and [Ni(en)3]2+(aq) are as follows:The
Fireworks contain KClO3. To analyze a sample for the amount of KClO3 a chemist first reacts the sample with excess iron(II),and then titrates the resulting solution with Ce4+ [in the form of
Nitinol, a nickel-titanium alloy, is used in eyeglass frames or orthodontics. If you bend a pair of eyeglass frames out of shape, they snap back to the proper fit. That is the reason nitinol is often
Determine how many non-cyclic structural isomers and geometric isomers are possible for compounds having the formula C4H8. Are any of the possible isomers chiral?
Give the systematic name for the following alkane: CH CH₂CHCHCH₂ CH₂
Isooctane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, is one of the possible structural isomers with the formula C8H18. Draw the structure of this isomer, and draw and name structures of two other isomers of C8H18 in
Give the systematic name for the following alkane. Draw a structural isomer of the compound, and give its name. CH₂ CH₂CHCH₂CH₂CHCH, CH₂CH₂
Draw the structure of each of the following compounds:(a) 2,3-dimethylhexane(b) 2,3-dimethyloctane(c) 3-ethylheptane(d) 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane
Draw structures for the following compounds.(a) 3-ethylpentane(b) 2,3-dimethylpentane(c) 2,4-dimethylpentane(d) 2,2-dimethylpentane
Four (of six possible) dimethylhexanes are named below. Draw the structures of each, and determine which of these isomers has a chiral carbon center.(a) 2,2-dimethylhexane(b) 2,3-dimethylhexane(c)
Draw Lewis structures and name all possible alkanes that have a seven-carbon chain with one methyl substituent group. Which of these isomers has a chiral carbon center?
Draw the structure of the chair form of cyclohexane. Identify the axial and equatorial hydrogen atoms in this drawing.
Draw a structure for cycloheptane. Is the seven member ring planar? Explain your answer.
There are two ethylheptanes (compounds with a seven carbon chain and one ethyl substituent). Draw the structures, and name these compounds. Is either isomer chiral?
Among the 18 structural isomers with the formula C8H18 are two with a five-carbon chain having one ethyl and one methyl substituent group. Draw their structures, and name these two isomers.
List several typical physical properties of C4H10. Predict the following physical properties of dodecane, C12H26: color, state (s, ℓ, g), solubility in water, solubility in a nonpolar solvent.
Write balanced equations for the following reactions of alkanes.(a) The reaction of methane with excess chlorine.(b) Complete combustion of cyclohexane, C6H12, with excess oxygen.
Draw structures for the cis and trans isomers of 4-methyl-2-hexene.
What structural requirement is necessary for an alkene to have cis and trans isomers? Can cis and trans isomers exist for an alkane? For an alkyne?
A hydrocarbon with the formula C5H10 can be either an alkene or a cycloalkane.(a) Draw a structure for each of the six isomers possible for C5H10, assuming it is an alkene. Give the systematic name
Draw the structure and give the systematic name for the products of the following reactions: (a) CH₂CH=CH₂ + Br₂ → (b) CH3CH₂CH=CHCH3 + H₂ →
Five alkenes have the formula C7H14 and a seven-carbon chain. Draw their structures and name them.
Draw the structure and give the systematic name for the products of the following reactions: (a) H₂C. H₂C C=C CH₂CH, H + H₂ (b) CH₂C=CCH₂CH₂ + 2 Br₂ -
The compound 2-bromobutane is a product of addition of HBr to three different alkenes. Identify the alkenes and write an equation for the reaction of HBr with one of the alkenes.
The compound 2,3-dibromo-2-methylhexane is formed by addition of Br2 to an alkene. Identify the alkene, and write an equation for this reaction.
Draw structures for the four alkenes that have the formula C3H5Cl, and name each compound. (These are derivatives of propene in which a chlorine atom replaces one hydrogen atom.)
There are seven possible dichloropropene isomers (molecular formula C3H4Cl2). Draw their structures and name each isomer. (Hint: Don’t overlook cis-trans isomers.)
Hydrogenation is an important chemical reaction of compounds that contain double bonds. Write a chemical equation for the hydrogenation of 1-hexene. Hydrogenation reactions are used extensively in
Elemental analysis of a colorless liquid has given its formula as C5H10. You recognize that this could be either a cycloalkane or an alkene. A chemical test to determine the class to which this
Give the systematic name for each of the following compounds: (a) Cl NO₂ (b) NO₂ (c) NO₂ C₂H5
Draw structural formulas for the following compounds:(a) 1,3-dichlorobenzene (alternatively called m-dichlorobenzene)(b) 1-bromo-4-methylbenzene (alternatively called p-bromotoluene)

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