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chemistry for engineering students

Questions and Answers of Chemistry For Engineering Students

Use information from Section 6.7 to estimate which form of electromagnetic radiation is the lowest energy ionizing radiation.Data from section 6.7 When we first introduced the concept of the periodic
A piece of cloth is discovered in a burial pit in the southwestern United States. A tiny sample of the cloth is burned to CO2, and the 14C/12C ratio is 0.250 times the ratio in today’s atmosphere.
How much energy is released in the fission of 1 kg of 235U according to the equation below? The experimentally determined masses of the products are 136.92532 u and 96.91095 u, respectively. (The
Glenn Seaborg was a leader in the search for the heaviest elements, and element 106 is named Seaborgium (Sg) in his honor. In an article in the Journal of Chemical Education, Seaborg summarized the
For the system in the preceding problem, show the equilibrium condition in terms of the rates of the forward and reverse reactions.Data from Preceding Problem In the figure, orange fish are placed in
Calculate the energy released by a nucleus of uranium-235 if it splits into a barium-141 nucleus and a krypton-92 nucleus according to the equation above.Strategy Einstein’s equation (E = mc 2)
137Cs has a half-life of 30.2 years. How many years will it take for a 100.0-g sample to decay to 0.01 g?
You are a biologist studying Cu2+ absorption from water in certain legumes. You have a small quantity of 67CuSO4 and a Geiger counter. (67Cu is a β– emitter with a half-life of 61 h.) Design and
According to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, in 2015 there were 99 commercial nuclear reactors operating in the United States. In 2015, 4.1 × 106 gigawatt hours of electricity were generated
(a) How does 14C enter a living plant?(b) Write the chemical equation for this reaction.
Refer to Figure 14.1 and describe the experiment in which Ernest Rutherford demonstrated that different types of radiation emanate from uranium.Figure 14.1 a Alpha (a) Beta (3) Gamma (y)- Aluminum
Explain the following:(a) The ratio of 14C to 12C in a living plant is constant.(b) The constant ratio cited in part (a) is a steady-state condition, not an equilibrium.
List two ways in which a gamma ray differs from an alpha or beta particle.
Match the following forms of radioactive decay with the appropriate result.(a) Alpha 1. No change in mass number or atomic number(b) Positron 2. Atomic number decreases by 1(c) Gamma 3. Atomic number
What is the product nucleus for each of the following decay processes?(a) 67Ga decays by electron capture.(b) 38K undergoes positron emission.(c) 56Mn decays by emission.(d) 222Rn undergoes alpha
Write equations for the following nuclear reactions.(a) Alpha decay by 188Bi (b) Beta emission by 87Rb (c) Positron emission by 40K (d) Electron capture by 138La
Write equations for the following nuclear reactions.(a) 94Tc undergoes electron capture.(b) 89Nb ejects a positron.(c) 217Fr emits an alpha particle.(d) 220Ra is formed by alpha emission.
By what processes do these transformations occur?(a) 230Th to 226Ra(b) 137Cs to 137Ba(c) 38K to 38Ar(d) 97Zr to 97Nb
One way to convert lead into gold is to irradiate 206Pb with neutrons. There are several steps in the process, and three neutrons are required for each lead atom. In addition to gold, three beta
What fraction of a radioactive sample remains after eight half-lives?
What is the half-life of a radioisotope if it decays to 12.5% of its radioactivity in 12 years?
60Co is used extensively in medicine as a source of -rays. Its half-life is 5.27 years.(a) How long will it take a 60Co source to decrease to 18% of its original activity?(b) What percent of its
The half-life of 110Sb is 23.0 s.(a) Determine its decay constant in s–1.(b) Compute the activity of a 1.000-g sample of 110Sb in Bq and Ci.
The half-life of 19O is 29 s. Suppose that a scientist wishes to incorporate 19O into a molecule and then use its radioactivity to trace the fate of that molecule in a reaction. To make an accurate
Archaeologists use the year 1950 as the date of the present. So 1000 b.c. is 2950 b.p. (Before the Present). An archaeologist finds that the 14C content of a wooden needle is 11% of that of trees
A wooden artifact is burned and found to contain 21 g of carbon. The 14C activity of the sample is 105 disintegrations/ min. What is the age of the artifact?
A piece of a spear handle is found in an archaeological dig in Central America. It contains 12.5% as much 14C as a tree living today. Based only on the half-life of 14C, how old is the spear handle?
Beginning in the late 19th century and continuing into the 20th century, the Industrial Revolution was fueled by coal and spewed enormous volumes of 14C-depleted CO2 into the atmosphere.(a) Why is
The carbon from the center of a giant sequoia tree gives 11.3 14C counts per minute per gram of carbon. Wood near the outside of the tree has a 14C count rate of 15.1 counts per minute per gram of
What is the N/Z ratio for each of the following nuclides?(a) 14 7N (b) 114 50Sn (c) 234 90Th
The following successive decays occur, starting with 24F, which has a half-life of 0.3 s, and ending at a stable isotope:(a) Identify each of the decay products.(b) Using the chart of the nuclides,
Starting with 238U and ending with an isotope of Pb, write a decay scheme in which every nuclide emits only an particle. Compare your scheme to the decay series in Figure 14.5 and suggest a reason
Write a nuclear equation for the type of decay each of these unstable isotopes is most likely to undergo.(a) 19Ne(b) 230Th(c) 82Br(d) 212Po
The 238U series can be used to date minerals containing uranium by measuring the ratio of 238U to 206Pb, but all of the decay products have to remain in the mineral through several of their
Both 238U and 232Th decay to stable isotopes of lead. 222Rn (t1/2 = 3.8 d) is an intermediate nuclide in the 238U series. 218Rn (t1/2 = 56 s) is an intermediate in the 232Th decay series. In which
Calculate the binding energy of 1 mole of 14C nuclei. The experimentally determined mass of a 14C atom (including its six electrons) is 14.003242 u.
Compute the binding energy of the 7Li nucleus, who's experimentally determined mass is 7.016004 u.
Find the mass defect in the reaction in which a neutron decays to a proton and an electron.
Compute the binding energy of the 14N nucleus, which has an experimentally determined mass of 14.003074 u.
The actual mass of a 108Pd atom is 107.90389 amu. (a) Calculate the mass defect in amu per atom and in g per mole for this isotope. (b) What is the nuclear binding energy in kilojoules per mole for
It takes 360 kJ to keep a 100-watt lightbulb burning for 1 hour. Assuming that the lightbulb won’t burn out, for how many years could the energy of the mass defect of 1 mole of 14C keep a 100-W
4He is among the most abundant isotopes in the universe, and 208Pb is the heaviest stable isotope. Explain how nuclear stability helps account for these observations.
Lead has a magic number of protons. A doubly magic nuclide should be exceptionally stable. Why isn’t 164Pb stable?
Ernest Rutherford carried out the first artificial transmutation in 1919 when he bombarded 14N with alpha particles. The result was an oxygen nucleus:Radiochemists use a shorthand notation to
Tin has a magic number of protons. One of its isotopes, 132Sn, has a magic number of neutrons, as well, but it is unstable. Explain.
Use the web to identify the heaviest element that has been observed to form a chemical compound. What element is it and what compound does it form? Are heavier elements incapable of forming compounds?
(a) Write the equation for the reaction that occurs when a 200Hg atom is bombarded by a proton. One of the products is an alpha particle. (Include the compound nucleus.)(b) Represent the reaction
What is the missing product in each of these fission equations? (a) 235U + n →→? + Sr + 3 n 93 38 (b) 235U + n→→? + ¹32Sb + 3 n 51 (c) 235U + n →→? + ¹4Ba + 3 n 92 56-
Slow neutrons can be absorbed by some nuclei to produce new elements. Why does a neutron make a better projectile for a transmutation reaction than an alpha or beta particle?
Identify each of the following and indicate its purpose in a fission reactor.(a) Moderator(c) Control rods (b) Fuel (d) Cool
Because the fissionable nucleus of uranium is 235U, the large quantity of 238U in a nuclear reactor isn’t used. However, it is possible to produce fissionable 239Pu from 238U by the reaction 238U
(a) What mass of octane, C8H18, would have to undergo combustion to provide the same quantity of energy as that released by the fission of one kilogram of 235U to produce 90Sr and 143Xe?(b) How many
(a) Write the equation for the reaction of deuterium and tritium that could be used in a fusion reactor.(b) What are two obstacles to this reaction as a viable source of energy?
A fusion reaction that has been proposed involves bombarding 11B with a proton and producing a single, stable product.(a) Write the equation for the reaction.(b) Which of the obstacles in the
Use the Internet and other resources to find an estimate of the amount of electrical energy that may be required worldwide by the year 2025. Write a 2- to 3-page essay in which you briefly discuss
In 1998, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission suggested that residents who live near a nuclear power plant should have a supply of potassium iodide on hand in the event of a nuclear plant emergency.
The Yucca Mountain nuclear waste burial site was touted as a potential solution to the problem of storing high-level nuclear waste. Using the Internet, find information about the site and, in a
A nuclear waste storage facility like the Yucca Mountain site must last for roughly 10,000 years. What engineering uncertainties are introduced for the design of such a facility compared to a design
Is it the production of ions that makes ionizing radiation dangerous to living tissue or some other effect? Explain your answer.
Rank the most common forms of radioactivity in order of increasing penetrating power.
Both penetrating power and ionizing power are important in determining the danger of radiation to living tissue. The goal of understanding damage to living tissues is to limit that damage. If you
How is the damage from the possible impact of ionizing cosmic rays on an electronic device in a satellite related to the materials from which electronic devices are constructed?
A radioactive sample used in medicine registers an activity of 10 μCi. What is its activity in Bq?
A Geiger counter is set to click once for every 100 disintegrations that it detects. The counter registers 20 clicks per second for a sample of an unknown isotope. What is the activity of the sample
An average person is exposed to about 360 millirem of background radiation per year from a variety of natural and man-made sources. About two-thirds of that typically comes from inhalation of 222Rn
In the early part of the 20th century, watches were produced with hand-painted dials that glowed in the dark. The paint contained ZnS phosphor and radium, which decayed to produce alpha particles
Concern over radiation exposure has led some local, state, and federal agencies to propose a zero dose limit above background radiation. A zero dose limit means that industry could not allow anyone
239Pu is produced in breeder reactors by successive reactions in which 238U is bombarded by neutrons and the product decays by two successive beta emissions.(a) Write the equations for the three
Write the equation for the nuclear decay of each of the following isotopes used in positron emission tomography (PET). (a) 18F (b) 11C (c) 13N
In nuclear medicine, radioactive isotopes are often ingested or otherwise introduced into the human body. Discuss the properties you would expect medical radioisotopes to exhibit.
Write the nuclear equation for the antimatter annihilation of an electron by a positron to produce two gamma rays.
In boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), 10B absorbs a neutron, producing a nucleus that decays by alpha emission.(a) Write the equations for these two successive events, including the compound
Osteoporosis (bone loss) is a growing medical problem as the average age of the U.S. population increases. It can be diagnosed using the isotope 153Gd. Using the Internet and other resources,
(a) Explain why tritium, 3H, cannot undergo alpha decay.(b) What type of decay would you expect tritium to undergo?(c) Write the nuclear equation for the expected decay.
Why does positron decay have the same effect on the nucleus as electron capture?
Tritium, 3H, is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere, where it oxidizes and becomes part of the water cycle. Its half-life is 12.33 yr. Which of the following
Explain why uranium can be used for geological dating but not for dating artifacts from human activity on Earth.
Based on their positions relative to the band of stability, predict the type of decay that each of the following will undergo. Write equations for the expected
Predict the type of decay that each of the following unstable isotopes will undergo. Write equations for the expected decays.(a) 7336Kr (b) 138O (c) 12650Sn
What is the critical feature of nuclear fusion that requires special containment ideas, such as magnetic or inertial containment?
210Po is an alpha-emitting nuclide found in cigarette smoke. How is the fact that it is found in such smoke related to its health hazard?
Why is ionizing cosmic radiation of greater concern for engineering designs on satellites than for ground-based electronics designs?
Fission reactions in the three operating reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant were shut down immediately when the earthquake struck on March 11, 2011. Three days later, on March 14, decay
Several radioactive isotopes of cesium are produced in the fission of 235U, including those listed in the table below. These cesium isotopes can pose significant health concerns, in large part
Recall that the definition of the curie is 1 Ci = 3.70 × 1010 disintegrations per second and that this value was originally chosen so that the activity of 1.0 g of 226Ra would be equal to 1 Ci.
128Te undergoes an extremely rare form of radioactive decay know as double beta decay:This is an extremely low probability event; its half-life of 2.2 × 1024 years is among the longest half-lives
Both 192Ir and 137Cs are used in brachytherapy, the use of radioactive isotopes to treat various cancers. Both are beta emitters.(a) Explain how this observation is consistent with the information
Radioactivity is commonly measured by counting events, and the activity of a particular sample can be reported as a count rate (counts per second, etc.). Suppose a sample of gallium contains 70Ga
Tailings from uranium mining contain radium, which decays to produce radon. The radon is also radioactive and undergoes further decay. Assume the radium present is all 226Ra, and write the pair of
Two radioactive isotopes of iron, 52Fe and 53Fe, are both positron emitters with half-lives of 8.28 hours and 8.51 minutes, respectively. A particular sample of iron initially emits positrons at a
One decay series for radon is α, α, β, α, β, α, β, β(a) What is the final isotope produced by this decay series?(b) Another possible decay series for radon is α, β, β α, α, β, β,
Both 192Ir and 137Cs are used in cancer treatments. The half-life of 192Ir is 74 days and that of 137Cs is 137 days. Suppose you work for a company that produces medical isotopes. If the radiation
233U is another fissile isotope of uranium. It can be produced through neutron absorption by 232Th. 233Pa is formed along the way to the production of 233U. Propose a set of nuclear reactions for
An interesting application of nuclear decay is the radioisotope thermoelectric generator, or RTG. In such a device, energy from radioactive decay is initially converted to heat in a manner similar to
One pathway for the decay of 26Al is positron emission to form 26Mg. The half-life of 26Al is 7.17 × 105 years.(a) How many 26Al nuclei would decay per second in a 1-mol sample of 26Al? (b) The
The half-life of 237Np is 2.14 × 106 years, and Earth is 4.54 × 109 years old. If there was some amount of 237Np present when Earth was formed, and no 237Np has been formed since, what fraction of
A researcher wants to use radioactive metals to label an enzyme that is found in high concentration in cancer cells. Either 64Cu or 68Ga will bind with the enzyme. Suppose that you are the engineer
201Tl has a long history of use in nuclear medicine. Suppose that a customer requires 140 mg of the isotope, but delivery will take 18 hours by an express courier service. You are assigned to
A customer has ordered 70 mg of 18F radioisotope from your company. The delivery truck that normally would have made the trip from your factory to the customer in 15 minutes is delayed by a major
Suppose that you want to use radioactive iodine to run an experiment to treat a tumor. You can choose either 123I or 125I for this work. What do you need to know about these isotopes? What design

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