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chemistry for engineering students

Questions and Answers of Chemistry For Engineering Students

Shrimp are usually labeled with a “count” that indicates the average number of shrimp per pound. The bigger the shrimp, the smaller the count. Suppose that your supermarket is offering 20-count
How many significant figures are there in each of the following? (a) 0.136 m,(b) 0.0001050 g,(c) 2.700 × 10–3 nm,(d) 6 × 10–4 L, (e) 56003 cm3
How many significant figures are present in these measured quantities? (a) 1374 kg, (b) 0.00348 s, (c) 5.619 mm, (d) 2.475 × 10–3 cm, (e) 33.1 mL
The chlorine present in PVC has two stable isotopes. 35Cl with a mass of 34.97 amu makes up 75.77% of the natural chlorine found. The other isotope is 37Cl, whose mass is 36.95 amu. What is the
We cannot generally produce a polymer by simply mixing a large sample of the desired monomers. Instead, additional compounds called initiators or catalysts are almost always needed to start a
A 245.3-g sample of glutamic acid, C5H9NO4, is recovered from an experiment using fermentation to convert biomass. How many moles of C5H9NO4 are in this sample? How many molecules is this?Strategy We
One goal of biomass conversion is the development of feedstocks, chemicals that can be easily converted to raw materials for chemical processes like the synthesis of polymers. One important feedstock
In Section 3.2, we considered the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to form water. How many grams of water can be produced if sufficient hydrogen reacts with 26.0 g of oxygen?Strategy First, it
A solution of hydrochloric acid contains 5.22 g of HCl. When it is allowed to react with 3.25 g of solid K2CO3, the products are KCl, CO2, and H2O. Which reactant is in excess?Strategy As for any
In Example Problem 4.3, we used the reaction that produces P4S3, one of the reactants in the combustion of a match:If 28.2 g of P4 is allowed to react with 18.3 g of S8, which is the limiting
MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) has been used as an additive in gasoline. The compound is produced by reacting methanol and isobutene, according to the following equation:If 45.0 kg of methanol is
The Draco thrusters on SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft are based on the following reaction between monomethylhydrazine (CH6N2) and dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4):If either reactant is in excess,
The Solvay process is important in the commercial production of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), which is used in the manufacture of most glass. The last step in the Solvay process is the conversion of
The fuel hydrazine, N2H4, can be produced by the reaction of solutions of sodium hypochlorite and ammonia. The relevant chemical equation isIf 750.0 mL of 0.806 M NaClO is mixed with excess ammonia,
MTBE, C5H12O, is one of the additives that replaced tetraethyl-lead in gasoline. (See Example Problem 4.6 and Section 4.6.) How many moles of O2 are needed for the complete combustion of 1.50 mol of
Many common titrations involve the reaction of an acid with a base. If 24.75 mL of 0.503 M NaOH solution is used to titrate a 15.00-mL sample of sulfuric acid, H2SO4, what is the concentration of the
Blood alcohol levels are usually reported in mass percentages: A level of 0.10 means that 0.10 g of alcohol (C2H5OH) was present in 100 g of blood. This is just one way of expressing the
One way of determining blood alcohol levels is by performing a titration on a sample of blood. In this process, the alcohol from the blood is oxidized by dichromate ions (Cr2O7 2-) according to the
Ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) is a common fertilizer that can be produced by the reaction of ammonia (NH3) with sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Each year about 1 × 1010 kg of ammonium sulfate is produced
Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) is used as a catalyst in the production of polyisobutylene, which is used in automobile tires. Scrap aluminum metal reacts with chlorine gas (Cl2) to produce AlCl3. Suppose
In the cold vulcanization of rubber, disulfur dichloride (S2Cl2) is used as a source of sulfur atoms, and those sulfur atoms form “bridges,” or cross-links, between polymer chains. S2Cl2 can be
A quality control technician needs to determine the percentage of arsenic (As) in a particular pesticide. The pesticide is dissolved, and all of the arsenic present is converted to arsenate ions
Calcium carbonate (limestone, CaCO3) dissolves in hydrochloric acid, producing water and carbon dioxide as shown in the following unbalanced net ionic equation:Suppose 5.0 g of CaCO3 is added to 700.
Iron metal can be refined from the mineral hematite (Fe2O3). One way of converting the mineral to iron is to react it with carbon monoxide, as shown below:Because the hematite is obtained from
Calcium sulfate is the essential component of plaster and sheet rock. Waste calcium sulfate can be converted into quicklime, CaO, by reaction with carbon at high temperatures. The following two
Iron–aluminum alloys are useful in some applications because they become magnetized in a magnetic field but are easily demagnetized when the field is removed. The composition of an iron–aluminum
A mixture of methane (CH4) and propane (C3H8) has a total mass of 29.84g. When the mixture is burned completely in excess oxygen, the CO2 and H2O products have a combined mass of 142.97g. Calculate
A mixture of hydrochloric and sulfuric acids is prepared so that it contains 0.100 M HCl and 0.200 M H2SO4. What volume of 0.250 M NaOH would be required to completely neutralize all of the acid in
A solution contains both Ca2+ and Pb2+ ions. A 50.0-mL sample of this solution was treated with 0.528 M NaF, and 53.8 mL of the NaF solution was needed to precipitate all of the Ca2+ and Pb2+ as
The carbon dioxide exhaled by astronauts must be removed from the air. One way to do this is through the use of CO2 “scrubbers” based on metal hydroxides. CO2 reacts with the hydroxide to form
You are designing a process for a wastewater treatment facility intended to remove aqueous HCl from the input water. Several bases are being considered for use, and their costs are listed in the
Iron(II) ions react with phenanthroline (C12H8N2) to form a complex ion with the general formula Fex(C12H8N2)y 2x+. A student uses the method of continuous variation to determine the number of
Chromium metal is found in ores as an oxide, Cr2O3. This ore can be converted to metallic Cr by the Goldschmidt process, Cr2O3(s) + 2 Al(s) → 2 Cr (ℓ) + Al2O3(s). Suppose that you have 4.5 tons
Hydrochloric acid reacts with many metals to form hydrogen gas, H2. If you needed to produce hydrogen as a source of fuel in some design, how would you determine which metal—Mg, Al, or Zn—would
Benzopyrene is a hydrocarbon that is known to cause cancer. Combustion analysis (see Problem 4.108) of a 2.44-g sample of this compound shows that combustion produces 8.54 g of CO2 and 1.045 g of
People sometimes use the terms natural gas and methane interchangeably. Explain why this is not completely correct.
For homes or businesses in some rural areas, natural gas pipelines may not be available. In such cases, methane might be obtained in a compressed gas cylinder. A common laboratory cylinder of methane
What gases, other than methane, are most likely to be found in natural gas when it is first recovered in mining operations?
What possible uses exist for the natural gas liquids that are removed from natural gas during its processing?
About 60% of annual U.S. ethane production is recovered during the processing of natural gas. A sample of ethane (C2H6) gas has a volume of 575 cm3 at 752 torr and 72°F. What is the mass of ethane
How does hydraulic fracturing differ from previously used techniques for the recovery of natural gas from the earth?
Natural gas wells are not the only source of gases emerging from the earth. Volcanoes, for example, are a naturally occurring source of various gases. A scientist tries to generate a mixture of gases
An experiment is designed to test a component in a natural gas processing plant. To mimic the raw natural gas, a mixture is prepared with the mole fractions given in the following table.If the
What is meant by horizontal drilling, and how does it differ from traditional drilling methods for natural gas and oil recovery?
Hydrogen sulfide, H2S, is present in many oil products, including natural gas from many sources. The removal of this sulfur-containing molecule involves several steps, including the following
Use the Internet to determine what areas of the United States have made the widest use of hydraulic fracturing. Is the current production of natural gas from these areas smaller, greater, or about
One observable property of gases is the variability of density based on conditions. Use this observation to explain why hot air balloons rise.
If you are pounding a nail and miss it, the hammer may dent the wood, but it does not penetrate it. Use the concept of pressure to explain this observation.
How do gases exert atmospheric pressure?
Why do mountain climbers need to wear breathing apparatuses at the tops of high mountains such as Denali in Alaska?
If you had a liquid whose density was half that of mercury, how tall would you need to build a barometer to measure atmospheric pressure in a location where the record pressure recorded was 750 mm Hg?
Water has a density that is 13.6 times less than that of mercury. If an undersea vessel descends to 1.5 km, how much pressure does the water exert in atm?
Does the vacuum above the mercury in the column of a barometer affects the reading it gives? Why or why not?
Gas pressures can be expressed in units of mm Hg, atm, torr, and kPa. Convert these pressure values.(a) 722 mm Hg to atm, (b) 1.25 atm to mm Hg, (c) 542 mm Hg to torr, (d) 745 mm Hg to kPa, (e)
If the atmospheric pressure is 97.4 kPa, how much is it in mm Hg? In atm?
Why do your ears “pop” on occasion when you swim deep underwater?
When helium escapes from a balloon, the balloon’s volume decreases. Based on your intuition about stretching rubber, explain how this observation is consistent with the gas law.
A gas has an initial volume of 39 mL at an unknown pressure. If the same sample occupies 514 mL at 720 torr, what was the initial pressure?
When you buy a Mylar® balloon in the winter months in colder places, the shopkeeper will often tell you not to worry about it losing its shape when you take it home (outside) because it will return
Calculate the missing variable in each of these sets:V1 = 2.0 L, T1 = 15°C, V2 =? T2 = 34°CV1 =? T1 = 149°C, V2 = 310 mL, T2 = 54°CV1 = 150 L, T1 = 180 K, V2 = 57 L, T2 =?
A gas bubble forms inside a vat containing a hot liquid. If the bubble is originally at 68°C and a pressure of 1.6 atm with a volume of 5.8 mL, what will its volume be if the pressure drops to 1.2
A bicycle tire is inflated to a pressure of 3.74 atm at 15°C. If the tire is heated to 35°C, what is the pressure in the tire? Assume the tire volume doesn’t change.
A balloon filled with helium has a volume of 1.28 × 103 L at sea level where the pressure is 0.998 atm and the temperature is 31°C. The balloon is taken to the top of a mountain where the pressure
How many moles of an ideal gas are there if the volume of the gas is 158 L at 14°C and a pressure of 89 kPa?
A newly discovered gas has a density of 2.39 g/L at 23.0°C and 715 mm Hg. What is the molar mass of the gas?
Calculate the mass of each of the following gases at STP:(a) 1.4 L of SO2, (b) 3.5 × 105 L of CO2
What are the densities of the following gases at STP?(a) CF2Cl2,(b) CO2, (c) HCl
Cylinders of compressed gases are often labeled to show how many “SCF” or “standard cubic feet” of gas they contain. 1 SCF of gas occupies a volume of 1 ft3 at a standard temperature and
Define the term partial pressure.
Define the term mole fraction.
How does the mole fraction relate to the partial pressure?
What is the total pressure exerted by a mixture of 1.50 g of H2 and 5.00 g of N2 in a 5.00-L vessel at 25°C?
What is the total pressure (in atm) of a 15.0-L container at 28.0°C that contains 3.5 g of N2, 4.5 g of O2, and 13.0 g of Cl2?
For a gas sample whose total pressure is 740 torr, what are the partial pressures if the gas present consists of 1.3 mol of N2, 0.33 mol of O2, and 0.061 mol of Ar?
A sample containing only NO2 and SO2 has a total pressure of 120. torr. Measurements show that the partial pressure of NO2 is 43 torr. If the vessel has a volume of 800.0 mL and the temperature is
A sample of gas is made up entirely of carbon dioxide and water, and there are 259 moles of CO2 and 513 moles of water. If the total pressure of the sample is 21 atm, what is the partial pressure of
A sample of a smokestack emission was collected into a 1.25-L tank at 752 mm Hg and analyzed. The analysis showed 92% CO2, 3.6% NO, 1.2% SO2, and 4.1% H2O by mass. What is the partial pressure
Air is often modeled as dry air, ignoring the water present. The mole fractions of nitrogen and oxygen in dry air are 0.7808 and 0.2095, respectively. If the atmospheric pressure outside is 0.944 atm
In an experiment, a mixture of gases occupies a volume of 30.00 L at a temperature of 122.5°C. The mixture contains 14.0 g of water, 11.5 g of oxygen, and 37.3 g of nitrogen. Calculate the total
An experiment is being carried out to test the removal of sulfur dioxide from gases being released by a power plant. The initial sample, which contains only carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide,
Use the web to determine the range of partial pressures that oxygen sensors must measure in the exhaust manifold of automobile engines. Why is it important for an engineer to know the amount of
Use the web to research the types of fuel-to-air mixtures present in regular consumer driven automobiles. Calculate the partial pressures of the gases present based on the information you find.
HCl(g) reacts with ammonia gas, NH3(g), to form solid ammonium chloride. If a sample of ammonia occupying 250 mL at 21°C and a pressure of 140 torr is allowed to react with excess HCl, what mass of
Hydrogen gas is generated when acids come into contact with certain metals. When excess hydrochloric acid reacts with 2.5 g of Zn (the metal product is Zn2+), what volume of hydrogen gas is collected
The first step in processing zinc metal from its ore, ZnS, is to react it with O2 according to the reactionIf 620 kg of ZnS is to be reacted, what volume of oxygen at 0.977 atm and 34.0°C is needed
If you need 400.0 mL of hydrogen gas to conduct an experiment at 20.5°C and 748 torr, how many grams of Zn should be reacted with excess HCl to obtain this much gas?
What volume of oxygen at 24°C and 0.88 atm is needed to completely react via combustion with 45 g of methane gas?
If tetraborane, B4H10, is treated with pure oxygen, it burns to give B2O3 and H2O:If a 0.050-g sample of tetraborane burns completely in O2, what will be the pressure of the gaseous water in a 4.25-L
In Example Problem 5.1, we considered a CH4 storage tank with a volume of 49.0l. When empty, the tank has a mass of 55.85 kg, and when filled, its mass is 62.07 kg.Calculate the pressure of CH4 in
N2O5 is an unstable gas that decomposes according to the following reaction:What would be the total pressure of gases present if a 10.0-L container at 22.0°C begins with 0.400 atm of N2O5 and the
One way to generate oxygen is to heat potassium chlorate, KClO3. (The other product is potassium chloride.) If 386 mL of oxygen at 41°C and 97.8 kPa is generated by this reaction, what is the
What volume of hydrogen gas, in liters, is produced by the reaction of 3.43 g of iron metal with 40.0 mL of 2.43 M HCl? The gas is collected at 2.25 atm of pressure and 23°C. The other product is
Magnesium will burn in air to form both Mg3N2 and MgO. What mass of each product would be found if burning a 3.11-g sample of magnesium to completion produces a combined total of 5.09 g of the two
During a collision, automobile air bags are inflated by the N2 gas formed by the explosive decomposition of sodium azide, NaN3:What mass of sodium azide would be needed to inflate a 30.0-L bag to a
Automakers are always investigating alternative reactions for the generation of gas to inflate air bags, in part because the sodium produced in the decomposition of NaN3 (see Problem 5.59) presents
As one step in its purification, nickel metal reacts with carbon monoxide to form a compound called nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni (CO)4, which is a gas at temperatures above about 316 k.A 2.00-L flask is
Ammonium dinitramide (ADN), NH4N(NO2)2, was considered as a possible replacement for aluminum chloride as the oxidizer in the solid fuel booster rockets used to launch the space shuttle. When
Clouds of hydrogen molecules have been detected deep in interstellar space. It is estimated that these clouds contain about 1 × 1010 hydrogen molecules per m3 and have a temperature of just 25k.
State the postulates of the kinetic theory of gases.
Place these gases in order of increasing average molecular speed at 25°C: Kr, CH4, N2, CH2Cl2.

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