The GSS measures political ideology on a seven-point scale, starting with 1 = extremely liberal, to 4 = moderate, to 7 = extremely conservative. The following table shows results from an ANOVA analysis about political ideology, with sex (female, male) and race (black, white) as two factors, using 2014 GSS data.

a. State the null hypothesis to which the F test statistic in the race row refers.
b. Show how to use mean squares to construct the F test statistic for the race main effect, report its P-value, and interpret.
c. Is there evidence that the mean political ideology in the United States differs between females and males, for either blacks or whites? Explain.

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MS Source DF F 3.0 1.4 0.229 Sex 24 3.0 17.4 Race 36.5 36.5 0.000 2203 Error 2.1 4524.3 4563.8 2205 Total