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business
business statistics

Questions and Answers of Business Statistics

how researchers used descriptive statistics to talk about the changing prison population
how researchers used descriptive statistics to study the geography of the U.S. Senate
how to talk about variation, among groups and individuals
measures of variation for various types of variables
ways to find the center for various types of variables
Web-based exercise. The Harris Poll no longer provides a margin of error for their polls. The Harris Poll Web site is www.harrisinteractive.com/harris poll/. Visit the site, read the Methodology
Web-based exercise. The Web site for the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press is www.people-press.org. Go to the Web site and read the featured survey. Page 70 lists several “questions
Partial-birth abortion? Here are three opinion poll questions on the same issue, with the poll results:As you may know, President Bush and the U.S. Congress recently approved a new law that prohibits
Mall interviews. Example 1 in Chapter 2 (page 22) describes mall interviewing.This is an example of a convenience sample. Why do mall interviews not produce probability samples?AppendixLO1
Sampling students. You want to investigate the attitudes of students at your school toward the school’s policy on extra fees for lab courses. You have a grant that will pay the costs of contacting
Planning a survey of students. The student government plans to ask a random sample of students their opinions about on-campus parking. The university provides a list of the 20,000 enrolled students
Systematic isn’t simple. Exercise 4.27 describes a systematic random sample. Like an SRS, a systematic sample gives all individuals the same chance to be chosen. Explain why this is true, then
Systematic random samples. The last stage of the Current Population Survey (Example 7, page 66) uses a systematic random sample. An example will illustrate the idea of a systematic sample. Suppose
Birth control in schools? What do adults believe about the role of high schools in providing birth control? Are opinions different in urban, suburban, and rural areas? To find out, researchers wanted
Multistage sampling. An article in the journal Science looks at differences in attitudes toward genetically modified foods between Europe and the United States. This calls for sample surveys. The
Appraising a poll. Exercise 4.14 gives part of the description of a sample survey from the Wall Street Journal. It appears that the sample was taken in several stages. Why can we say this? The first
A sampling paradox? Example 8 compares two SRSs, of a university’s undergraduate and graduate students. The sample of undergraduates contains a smaller fraction of the population, 1 out of 90,
Sampling by accountants. Accountants use stratified samples during audits to verify a company’s records of such things as accounts receivable. The stratification is based on the dollar amount of
A stratified sample. A university has 1000 male and 500 female faculty members. The equal opportunity employment officer wants to poll the opinions of a random sample of faculty members. In order to
A stratified sample. A club has 20 student members and 10 faculty members. The students are Barrett Frazier Hickey Lucas Roy Blake Gibellato Kohlschmidt Modur Schuetter Chen Gulati Kumar Nicolet
A party poll. At a party there are 20 students over age 21 and 40 students under age 21. You choose at random 2 of those over 21 and separately choose at random 4 of those under 21 to interview about
Did you vote? When the Current Population Survey asked the adults in its sample of 50,000 households if they voted in the 2000 presidential election, 55% said they had. The margin of error was less
Telling the truth? Many subjects don’t give honest answers to questions about activities that are illegal or sensitive in some other way. One study divided a large group of white adults into thirds
Closed versus open questions. Two basic types of questions are closed questions and open questions. A closed question asks the subject for one or more of a fixed set of responses. An open question
Appraising a poll. A New York Times article on attitudes toward the political parties discussed the results of a sample survey that found, for example, that 44% of adults think the Democrats “have
Appraising a poll. In December 2006 the Wall Street Journal published an article on President Bush’s approval rating. It found, for example, that just 19% of Americans described themselves as more
Bad survey questions. Write your own examples of bad sample survey questions.(a) Write a biased question designed to get one answer rather than another.(b) Write a question that is confusing, so that
Wording survey questions. Comment on each of the following as a potential sample survey question. Is the question clear? Is it slanted toward a desired response?(a) Which of the following best
Paying taxes. In April 2007, a CBS News Poll and a Gallup Poll each asked a question about the amount one pays in federal income taxes. Here are the two questions:Do you feel you pay more than your
Amending the Constitution. You are writing an opinion poll question about a proposed amendment to the Constitution. You can ask if people are in favor of “changing the Constitution” or “adding
Stem cell research. Here are two opinion poll questions asked in 2007 about stem cell research.Do you support or oppose embryonic stem cell research?All in all, which is more important: conducting
Ring-no-answer. A common form of nonresponse in telephone surveys is “ring-no-answer.” That is, a call is made to an active number but no one answers. The Italian National Statistical Institute
Polling customers. An online store chooses an SRS of 100 customers from its list of all people who have bought something from them in the last year. It asks those selected how satisfied they are with
Internet users. A survey of users of the Internet in 1995, when Internet use was much less common than now, found that males outnumbered females by nearly 2 to 1. This was a surprise, because earlier
What kind of error? Each of the following is a source of error in a sample survey. Label each as sampling error or nonsampling error, and explain your answers.(a) The telephone directory is used as a
What kind of error? Which of the following are sources of sampling error and which are sources of nonsampling error? Explain your answers.(a) The subject lies about past drug use.(b) A typing error
Not in the margin of error. According to a March 2007 USA Today/Gallup Poll, 43% of Americans identify themselves as baseball fans. That is low by recent standards, as an average of 49% of Americans
A stratified sample The statistics department at Stochastic University has 5 faculty and 10 undergraduate majors. Use Table A, starting at line 111, to choose a stratified sample of 1 faculty member
Should we recycle? Is the following question slanted toward a desired response?In view of escalating environmental degradation and incipient resource depletion, would you favor economic incentives
A “rigged” election? Chance (Spring 2004) presented data from a recent election held to determine the board of directors of a local community. There were 27 candidates for the board, and each of
Testing normality. Suppose a random variable is hypothesized to be normally distributed with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. A random sample of 200 observations of the variable yields
Goodness-of-fit test. A statistical analysis is to be done on a set of data consisting of 1,000 monthly salaries. The analysis requires the assumption that the sample was drawn from a normal
Guilt in decision making. The effect of guilt emotion on how a decision maker focuses on the problem was investigated in the Jan. 2007 issue of the Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. A total of
Susceptibility to hypnosis. A standardized procedure for determining a person’s susceptibility to hypnosis is the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C(SHSS:C). Recently, a new method
Coupon usage study. A hot topic in marketing research is the exploration of a technology-based self-service (TBSS)encounter, in which various technologies (e.g., ATMs, online banking, self-scanning
Orientation clue experiment. Human Factors (Dec. 1988)published a study of color brightness as a body orientation clue. Ninety college students reclining on their backs in the dark were disoriented
IQ and mental deficiency. A person is diagnosed with a mental deficiency if, before the age of 18, his/her score on a standard IQ test is no higher than 70 (two standard deviations below the mean of
Gangs and homemade weapons. The National Gang Crime Research Center (NGCRC) has developed a six-level gang classification system for both adults and juveniles. The six categories are shown in the
Defensible landscapes in archaeology. The defensibility of a given landscape in the Northwest United States was studied in the Journal of Anthropological Archaeology (May 2014).Archaeologists
Flight response of geese to helicopter traffic. Offshore oil drilling near an Alaskan estuary has led to increased air traffic—mostly large helicopters—in the area. The U.S.Fish and Wildlife
Multiple sclerosis drug. Interferons are proteins produced naturally by the human body that help fight infections and regulate the immune system. A drug developed from interferons, called Avonex, is
Masculinity and crime. Refer to the Journal of Sociology(July 2003) study on the link between the level of masculinity and criminal behavior in men, presented in Exercise 9.27 (p. 480). The
Sociology fieldwork methods. Refer to the Teaching Sociology (July 2006) study of the fieldwork methods used by qualitative sociologists, presented in Exercise 2.195(p. 136). Recall that fieldwork
Politics and religion. University of Maryland professor Ted R. Gurr examined the political strategies used by ethnic groups worldwide in their fight for minority rights (Political Science & Politics,
Late-emerging reading disabilities. Studies of children with reading disabilities typically focus on “early-emerging” difficulties identified prior to the fourth grade. Psychologists at Haskins
Risk factor for lumbar disease. One of the most common musculoskeletal disorders is lumbar disk disease (LDD).Medical researchers reported finding a common genetic risk factor for LDD (Journal of the
Safety of hybrid cars. According to the Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI), “hybrid [automobiles] have a safety edge over their conventional twins when it comes to shielding their occupants from
A random sample of 200 observations was classified into the categories shown in the following table:Category 1 2 3 4 5 ni 38 36 48 37 41a. Do the data provide sufficient evidence that the categories
A random sample of 250 observations was classified according to the row and column categories shown in the following table:Column 1 2 3 1 30 30 10 Row 2 10 20 60 3 20 60 10a. Do the data provide
True or False. Rejecting the null hypothesis in a chi-square test for independence implies that a causal relationship exists between the two categorical variables.
Examining the “Monty Hall Dilemma.” In Exercise 3.195(p. 209) you solved the game show problem of whether to switch your choice of three doors, one of which hides a prize, after the host reveals
Interactions in a children’s museum. Refer to the Early Childhood Education Journal (Mar. 2014) study of interactions in a children’s museum, Exercise 13.19 (p. 809).Summary information for the
Versatility with resistor-capacitor circuits. Research published in the International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education (Oct. 2012) investigated the versatility of engineering students’
Reading comprehension of Texas students. An analysis of reading test scores of students at a rural Texas school district was carried out in Current Issues in Education(Jan. 2014). Students were
Classifying air threats with heuristics. The Journal of Behavioral Decision Making (Jan. 2007) published a study on the use of heuristics to classify the threat level of approaching aircraft. Of
Mobile device typing strategies. Refer to the Applied Ergonomics (Mar. 2012) study of mobile device typing strategies, Exercise 13.14 (p. 808). Recall that typing style of mobile device users was
Detecting Alzheimer’s disease at an early age. Refer to the Neuropsychology (Jan. 2007) study of whether the cognitive effects of Alzheimer’s disease can be detected at an early age, Exercise
Job satisfaction of women in construction. The hiring of women in construction and construction-related jobs has steadily increased over the years. A study was conducted to provide employers with
Influencing performance in a serial addition task.Refer to the Advances in Cognitive Psychology (Jan.2013) study of performance in a classic psychological test involving adding a set of numbers,
“Cry wolf” effect in air traffic controlling. Researchers at Alion Science Corporation and New Mexico State University collaborated on a study of how air traffic controllers respond to false
Package design influences taste. Can the package design of a food product influence how the consumer will rate the taste of the product? A team of experimental psychologists reported on a study that
Eyewitnesses and mug shots. Refer to the Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice (Apr. 2010) study of mug shot choices by eyewitnesses to a crime, Exercise 10.107(p. 598). Recall that a sample of 96
Refer to Exercise 13.29. Convert the responses to percentages by calculating the percentage of each B class total falling into each A classification. Also, calculate the percentage of the total
Test the null hypothesis of independence of the two classifications A and B of the 3 * 3 contingency table shown here. Use a = .05.B B1 B2 B3 A1 40 72 42 A A2 63 53 70 A3 31 38 30
Refer to Exercise 13.27.a. Convert the frequency responses to percentages by calculating the percentage of each column total falling in each row. Also, convert the row totals to percentages of the
Consider the following 2 * 3 (i.e., r = 2 and c = 3) contingency table.Column 1 2 3 Row 1 9 34 53 2 16 30 25a. Specify the null and alternative hypotheses that should be used in testing the
Find the rejection region for a test of independence of two classifications where the contingency table contains r rows and c columns.a. r = 5, c = 6, a = .05b. r = 5, c = 3, a = .10c. r = 2, c = 5,
What conditions are required for a valid chi-square test of data from a contingency table?
True or False. One goal of a contingency table analysis is to determine whether the two classifications are independent or dependent.
What is a contingency table with fixed marginals?
What is a two-way (contingency) table?
A social scientist wants to determine whether the marital status (divorced or not divorced) of U.S. men is independent of their religious affiliation (or lack thereof). A sample of 500 U.S. men is
Analysis of a Scrabble game. In the board game Scrabble™, a player initially draws a “hand” of seven tiles at random from 100 tiles. Each tile has a letter of the alphabet, and the player
Interactions in a children’s museum. Refer to the Early Childhood Education Journal (Mar. 2014) study of interactions in a children’s museum, Exercise 2.19 (p. 69). Recall that interactions by
Traffic sign maintenance. Refer to the Journal of Transportation Engineering (June 2013) study of traffic sign maintenance, Exercise 9.71 (p. 500). Recall that civil engineers estimated the
Detecting Alzheimer’s disease at an early age. Geneticists at Australian National University are studying whether the cognitive effects of Alzheimer’s disease can be detected at an early age
Curbing street gang gun violence. Refer to the Journal of Quantitative Criminology (Mar. 2014) study of street gun violence in Boston, Exercise 2.18 (p. 69). Recall that over a 5-year period
Mobile device typing strategies. Researchers estimate that in a typical month about 75 billion text messages are sent in the United States. Text messaging on mobile devices(e.g., cell phones,
Gender in two-child families. Refer to the Human Biology(Feb. 2009) study on the gender of children in two-child families, Exercise 4.29 (p. 222). The article reported on the results of the National
Do social robots walk or roll? Refer to the International Conference on Social Robotics (Vol. 6414, 2010) study of how engineers design social robots, Exercise 2.7 (p. 66).Recall that a social (or
Beetles and slime molds. Myxomycetes are mushroomlike slime molds that are a food source for insects. The Journal of Natural History (May 2010) published the results of a study that investigated
Jaw dysfunction study. A report on dental patients with temporomandibular (jaw) joint dysfunction (TMD) was published in General Dentistry (Jan/Feb. 2004). A random sample of 60 patients was selected
A multinomial experiment with k = 4 cells and n = 400 produced the data shown in the accompanying table. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to contradict the null hypothesis that p1 = .2, p2 =
A multinomial experiment with k = 4 cells and n = 191 produced the data shown in the following table.Cell 1 2 3 4 ni 51 47 56 37a. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the
A multinomial experiment with k = 3 cells and n = 400 produced the data shown in the accompanying table. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to contradict the null hypothesis that p1 = .50, p2
Find the rejection region for a one-dimensional x2@test of a null hypothesis concerning p1, p2,c, pk ifa. k = 11; a = .01b. k = 9; a = .01c. k = 6; a = .05
Use Table IV of Appendix B to find the following probabilities:a. P1x2 … 20.59922 for df = 30b. P1x2 7 36.78072 for df = 22c. P1x2 Ú 53.54002 for df = 80d. P1x2 6 14.68372 for df = 9
Use Table IV of Appendix B, to find each of the following x2 values:a. x2 .995 for df = 28b. x2 .950 for df = 2c. x2 .050 for df = 23d. x2 .025 for df = 13
What conditions must n satisfy to make the x2 test for a one-way table valid?
Suppose an educational television station in a state that has not legalized marijuana has broadcast a series of programs on the physiological and psychological effects of smoking marijuana. Now that

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