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Questions and Answers of
Business Statistics
Job satisfaction of STEM faculty. Are university faculty in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM)disciplines more satisfied with their jobs than non-STEM faculty? And, if so, does this
Temptation in consumer choice. Are you willing to pay more for a tempting vice option (e.g., eating a hamburger, surfing the Internet) than a virtuous option (e.g., eating broccoli, reading the
Insomnia and education. Refer to the Journal of Abnormal Psychology (Feb. 2005) study of whether insomnia is related to education status, presented in Exercise 1.30(p. 50). A random-digit telephone
Purchase of fair-trade products. “Just-world” theory proposes that people receive the rewards and/or punishments that they deserve. Marketing researchers examined just-world theory in the context
Do video game players have superior visual attention skills? Refer to the Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis (Vol. 6, 2009) study of video game players, Exercise 9.22 (p. 478). In
Baiting traps to maximize beetle catch. A field experiment was conducted to compare the effectiveness of different traps for catching beetles (Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 94, 2011). Paraffin
Mowing effects on highway right-of-way. A vegetation height of greater than 30 centimeters on a highway right-of-way is generally considered a safety hazard to drivers. How often and at what height
Baker’s versus brewer’s yeast. The Electronic Journal of Biotechnology (Dec. 15, 2003) published an article on a comparison of two yeast extracts: baker’s yeast and brewer’s yeast. Brewer’s
Learning from picture book reading. Developmental Psychology (Nov. 2006) published an article that examined toddlers’ ability to learn from reading picture books. The experiment involved 36
Violent lyrics and aggressiveness. In the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (May 2003), psychologists investigated the potentially harmful effects of violent music lyrics. A total of 60
Impact of flavor name on consumer choice. Do consumers react favorably to products with ambiguous colors or names? Marketing professors investigated this phenomenon in the Journal of Consumer
A completely randomized design is utilized to compare four treatment means. The data are shown in the accompanying table.a. Given that SST = 36.95 and SS1Total2 = 62.55, complete an ANOVA table for
An experiment utilizing a randomized block design was conducted to compare the mean responses for four treatments, A, B, C, and D. The treatments were randomly assigned to the four experimental units
The following table shows a partially completed ANOVA table for a two-factor factorial experiment.a. Complete the ANOVA table.b. How many levels were used for each factor? How many treatments were
Impact of paper color on exam scores. A study published in Teaching Psychology (May 1998) examined how external clues influence student performance.Introductory psychology students were randomly
Rotary oil rigs. An economist wants to compare the average monthly number of rotary oil rigs running in three states: California, Utah, and Alaska. In order to account for month-to-month variation,
College tennis recruiting with a team Web site. Most university athletic programs have a Web site with information on individual sports and a Prospective Student Athlete Form that allows high school
Alcohol-and-marriage study. An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of alcohol on the marital interactions of husbands and wives (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Nov. 1998). A total of 135
Contaminated fish in the Tennessee River. Refer to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers data on contaminated fish, saved in the DDT file. The results of an ANOVA and Tukey multiple-comparison analysis to
Are you lucky? Parapsychologists define “lucky” people as individuals who report that seemingly chance events consistently tend to work out in their favor. A team of British psychologists
Income and road rage. The phenomenon of road rage has received much media attention in recent years.Is a driver’s propensity to engage in road rage related to his/her income? Researchers at
Endangered dwarf shrubs. Rugel’s pawpaw (yellow squirrel banana) is an endangered species of a dwarf shrub.Biologists conducted an experiment to determine the effects of fire on the shrub’s
Exposure to low-frequency sound. Infrasound refers to sound frequencies below the audibility range of the human ear. A study of the physiological effects of infrasound was published in the Journal of
Mussel settlement patterns on algae. Mussel larvae are in great abundance in the drift material that washes up on Ninety Mile Beach in New Zealand. These larvae tend to settle on algae.
Facial expression study. What do people infer from facial expressions of emotion? This was the research question of interest in an article published in the Journal of Nonverbal Behavior (Fall 1996).
Effectiveness of geese decoys. Using decoys is a common method of hunting waterfowl. A study in the Journal of Wildlife Management (July 1995) compared the effectiveness of three different types of
Impact of vitamin-B supplement. In the Journal of Nutrition(July 1995), University of Georgia researchers examined the impact of a vitamin-B supplement (nicotinamide) on the kidney. The experimental
Light-to-dark transition of genes. Refer to the Journal of Bacteriology (July 2002) study of the sensitivity of bacteria genes to light, presented in Exercise 9.142 (p. 520).Recall that scientists
The thrill of a close game. Do women enjoy the thrill of a close basketball game as much as men do? To answer this question, male and female undergraduate students were recruited to participate in an
Ranging behavior of Spanish cattle. The cattle inhabiting the Biological Reserve of Doñana (Spain), live under free-range conditions, with virtually no human interference.The cattle population is
Estimating the age of glacial drifts. Refer to the American Journal of Science (Jan. 2005) study of the chemical makeup of buried tills (glacial drifts) in Wisconsin, presented in Exercise 2.192 (p.
Therapy for binge eaters. Do you experience episodes of excessive eating accompanied by being overweight? If so, you may suffer from binge eating disorder. Cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT), in which
On the trail of the cockroach. Knowledge of how cockroaches forage for food is valuable for companies that develop and manufacture roach bait and traps. Many entomologists believe, however, that the
Exam performance study. Teaching of Psychology(Aug. 1998) published a study of whether a practice test helps students prepare for a final exam. Students in an introductory psychology class were
Anticorrosive behavior of steel coated with epoxy.Organic coatings that use epoxy resins are widely used to protect steel and metal against weathering and corrosion.Researchers at National Technical
Consider dot plots A and B (shown at the top of p. 551).Assume that the two samples represent independent random samples corresponding to two treatments in a completely randomized design.a. In which
Web-based exercise. Read the Gallup Organization’s own explanation of why surprisingly small samples can give trustworthy results about large populations at http://media.gallup.com/PDF/FAQ/HowAre
Web-based exercise. Go towww.gallup.com and read the Top Story.Click on the “More . . . ” link. What does the article tell you about the margin of error for 95% confidence?AppendixLO1
Simulation. Random digits can be used to simulate the results of random sampling. Suppose that you are drawing simple random samples of size 25 from a large number of college students and that 20% of
Honesty andWall Street? In April 2006, the Harris Poll asked a random sample of 1016 adults if they agreed with the following statement. “Most people on Wall Street would be willing to break the
The Current Population Survey. Though opinion polls usually make 95% confidence statements, some sample surveys use other confidence levels.The monthly unemployment rate, for example, is based on the
Satisfying Congress. Exercise 3.12 describes a sample survey of 1004 adults, with margin of error ±3% for 95% confidence.(a) A member of Congress thinks that 95% confidence is not enough. He wants
Smaller margin of error. Exercise 3.22 describes an opinion poll that interviewed 1010 people. Suppose you want a margin of error half as large as the one you found in that exercise. How many people
Roe v. Wade. A 2007 Harris Poll of 1052 adults found that 589 now favor the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade. This is the highest level since 1998 and an increase of 7 percentage points
Belief in God. A Harris Poll conducted in October 2006 reports that 42%of a sample of 2010 adults said they are not “absolutely certain” there is a God.Only 29% said they believe that God
Find the margin of error. Exercise 3.9 describes a sample survey of 61,239 adults living in Ontario. Estimate the margin of error for conclusions having 95% confidence about the entire adult
Find the margin of error. Exercise 3.22 concerns a Gallup Poll sample of 1010 people. Use the quick method to estimate the margin of error for statements about the population of all adults. Is your
Find the margin of error. Example 6 tells us that a SurveyUSA Poll asked 519 likely voters in Iowa which presidential candidate they would vote for; 50% said they would vote for John Kerry. Use the
The death penalty. In October 2007, the Gallup Poll asked a sample of 1010 adults, “Are you in favor of the death penalty for a person convicted of murder?” The proportion who said they were in
Explaining confidence. A student reads that we are 95% confident that the average score of young men on the quantitative part of the National Assessment of Educational Progress is 267.8 to 276.2.
Polling men and women. The sample survey described in Exercise 3.18 interviewed 472 randomly selected men as well as 1025 women. The poll announced a margin of error of ±3 percentage points for 95%
The Zogby Poll. Here is the language used by the Zogby Poll to explain the accuracy of a recent poll: “The margin of error is plus or minus 1.2 percentage points. Zogby International’s sampling
Polling women. A New York Times Poll on women’s issues interviewed 1025 women randomly selected from the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. The poll found that 47% of the women said they
Sampling in the states. An agency of the federal government plans to take an SRS of residents in each state to estimate the proportion of owners of real estate in each state’s population. The
Take a bigger sample. A management student is planning a project on student attitudes toward part-time work while attending college. She develops a questionnaire and plans to ask 25 randomly selected
Predict the election. Just before a presidential election, a national opinion poll increases the size of its weekly sample from the usual 1000 people to 52 CHAPTER 3 What Do Samples Tell Us?4000
Is a larger sample size always better? In February 2004, USA Today conducted an online poll. Visitors to their Web site were asked the following question: “Should the U.S. pass a constitutional
Health care satisfaction. A November 2007 Gallup Poll of 1004 adults found that 572 are satisfied with the total cost they pay for their health care. The announced margin of error is plus or minus 3
Sampling variability. In thinking about Gallup’s sample of size 2527, we asked, “Could it happen that one random sample finds that 51% of adults favor an amendment and a second random sample
Bigger samples, please. Explain in your own words the advantages of bigger random samples in a sample survey.AppendixLO1
Canada’s national health care. The Ministry of Health in the Canadian province of Ontario wants to know whether the national health care system is achieving its goals in the province. Much
A sampling experiment. Let us illustrate sampling variability in a small sample from a small population. Ten of the 25 club members listed below are female. Their names are marked with asterisks in
A sampling experiment. Figures 3.1 and 3.2 show how the sample proportion^p behaves when we take many samples from the same population. You can follow the steps in this process on a small scale.
Each boldface number in the next paragraph is the value of either a parameter or a statistic. In each case, state which it is.A national polling organization uses a random digit dialing device to
Each boldface number in the next paragraph is the value of either a parameter or a statistic. In each case, state which it is.Voter registration records show that 15.5% of all voters in Philadelphia
Each boldface number in the next paragraph is the value of either a parameter or a statistic. In each case, state which it is.A carload lot of ball bearings has an average diameter of 2.503
The boldface number in the next paragraph is the value of either a parameter or a statistic. State which it is.The Bureau of Labor Statistics announces that last month it interviewed all members of
Cat and dog owners. In April 2007, the Gallup Poll asked a random sample of 1007 adults, “Thinking of your own situation, do you personally own a cat, a dog, both, or neither?” It found that 59%
Cat and dog owners. In April 2007, the Gallup Poll asked a random sample of 1007 adults, “Thinking of your own situation, do you personally own a cat, a dog, both, or neither?” It found that 59%
Testing normality. Suppose a random variable is hypothesized to be normally distributed with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. A random sample of 200 observations of the variable yields
Susceptibility to hypnosis. A standardized procedure for determining a person’s susceptibility to hypnosis is the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C(SHSS:C). Recently, a new method
Late-emerging reading disabilities. Studies of children with reading disabilities typically focus on “early-emerging” difficulties identified prior to the fourth grade. Psychologists at Haskins
Risk factor for lumbar disease. One of the most common musculoskeletal disorders is lumbar disk disease (LDD).Medical researchers reported finding a common genetic risk factor for LDD (Journal of the
Safety of hybrid cars. According to the Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI), “hybrid [automobiles] have a safety edge over their conventional twins when it comes to shielding their occupants from
True or False. Rejecting the null hypothesis in a chi-square test for independence implies that a causal relationship exists between the two categorical variables.
“Cry wolf” effect in air traffic controlling. Researchers at Alion Science Corporation and New Mexico State University collaborated on a study of how air traffic controllers respond to false
Eyewitnesses and mug shots. Refer to the Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice (Apr. 2010) study of mug shot choices by eyewitnesses to a crime, Exercise 10.107(p. 598). Recall that a sample of 96
Refer to Exercise 13.29. Convert the responses to percentages by calculating the percentage of each B class total falling into each A classification. Also, calculate the percentage of the total
Refer to Exercise 13.27.a. Convert the frequency responses to percentages by calculating the percentage of each column total falling in each row. Also, convert the row totals to percentages of the
Find the rejection region for a test of independence of two classifications where the contingency table contains r rows and c columns.a. r = 5, c = 6, a = .05b. r = 5, c = 3, a = .10c. r = 2, c = 5,
What conditions are required for a valid chi-square test of data from a contingency table?
True or False. One goal of a contingency table analysis is to determine whether the two classifications are independent or dependent.
What is a contingency table with fixed marginals?
What is a two-way (contingency) table?
Traffic sign maintenance. Refer to the Journal of Transportation Engineering (June 2013) study of traffic sign maintenance, Exercise 9.71 (p. 500). Recall that civil engineers estimated the
Curbing street gang gun violence. Refer to the Journal of Quantitative Criminology (Mar. 2014) study of street gun violence in Boston, Exercise 2.18 (p. 69). Recall that over a 5-year period
Mobile device typing strategies. Researchers estimate that in a typical month about 75 billion text messages are sent in the United States. Text messaging on mobile devices(e.g., cell phones,
Do social robots walk or roll? Refer to the International Conference on Social Robotics (Vol. 6414, 2010) study of how engineers design social robots, Exercise 2.7 (p. 66).Recall that a social (or
Jaw dysfunction study. A report on dental patients with temporomandibular (jaw) joint dysfunction (TMD) was published in General Dentistry (Jan/Feb. 2004). A random sample of 60 patients was selected
Find the rejection region for a one-dimensional x2@test of a null hypothesis concerning p1, p2,c, pk ifa. k = 11; a = .01b. k = 9; a = .01c. k = 6; a = .05
Use Table IV of Appendix B to find the following probabilities:a. P1x2 … 20.59922 for df = 30b. P1x2 7 36.78072 for df = 22c. P1x2 Ú 53.54002 for df = 80d. P1x2 6 14.68372 for df = 9
Use Table IV of Appendix B, to find each of the following x2 values:a. x2 .995 for df = 28b. x2 .950 for df = 2c. x2 .050 for df = 23d. x2 .025 for df = 13
What conditions must n satisfy to make the x2 test for a one-way table valid?
What are the characteristics of a multinomial experiment?Compare the characteristics with those of a binomial experiment.
FLAG study of bid collusion. Road construction contracts in the state of Florida are awarded on the basis of competitive, sealed bids; the contractor who bids the lowest price wins the contract.
IQ and The Bell Curve. In Exercise 5.157 (p. 306), we introduced The Bell Curve (New York: Free Press, 1994) by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray(H&M), a controversial book about race, genes, IQ,
Abundance of bird species. Multiple-regression analysis was used to model the abundance y of an individual bird species in transects in the United Kingdom (Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 32, 1995).
Processed straw as thermal insulation. An article published in Engineering Structures and Technologies (Sept.2012) presented the results of a study on the use of processed straw as thermal insulation
Child abuse report. Licensed therapists are mandated by law to report child abuse by their clients. This law requires the therapist to breach confidentiality and possibly lose the client’s trust. A
Characteristics of sea-ice melt ponds. Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of solar energy directed upward from a surface over energy incident upon the surface. Surface albedo is a critical
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