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fundamentals of statistics
Questions and Answers of
Fundamentals Of Statistics
118 Reading Japanese books. Refer to the Reading in a Foreign Language (Apr. 2004) experiment to improve the Japanese reading comprehension levels of 14 University of Hawaii students, presented in
119 Extinct New Zealand birds. Refer to the Evolutionary Ecology Research (July 2003) study of the patterns of extinction in the New Zealand bird population, first presented in Exercise 20 . Again,
121 Ranking Ph.D. programs in economics . Thousands of students apply for admission to graduate schools in economics each year with the intention of obtaining a Ph.D.The Southern Economic Journal
Refer to the Psychological Science experiment, called the “water-level task,”Examples 2 and 14 . Use statistical software to produce a box plot for the 40 water-level task deviation angles shown
A Ph.D. student in psychology conducted a stimulus reaction experiment as a part of her dissertation research. She subjected 50 subjects to a threatening stimulus and 50 to a nonthreatening
125 Define an outlier.
126 What is the interquartile range?
127 What are the hinges of a box plot?
128 With mound-shaped data, what proportion of the measurements have z -scores between 3 and 3?
129 A sample data set has a mean of 57 and a standard deviation of 11. Determine whether each of the following sample measurements is an outlier.a. 65b. 21c. 72d. 98
132 Consider the following two sample data sets, saved in the LM2_132 file: Sample A Sample B 121 171 158 171 152 170 173 184 163 168 169 171 157 85 145 190 183 185 165 172 196 140 173 206 170 159
Use the applet Standard Deviation to determine whether an item in a data set may be an outlier. Begin by setting appropriate limits and plotting the given data on the number line provided in the
133 Treating psoriasis with the “Doctorfish of Kangal.” Psoriasis is a skin disorder with no known cure and no proven effective pharmacological treatment. An alternative treatment for psoriasis
134 Dentists’ use of anesthetics. Refer to the Current Allergy &Clinical Immunology study of the use of local anesthetics in dentistry, presented in Exercise 99 . Recall that the mean number of
135 Research on brain specimens. Refer to the Brain and Language data on postmortem intervals (PMIs) of 22 human brain specimens, presented in Exercise 39.The data are saved in the BRAINPMI file. The
136 Estimating the age of glacial drifts. Tills are glacial drifts consisting of a mixture of clay, sand, gravel, and boulders.Engineers from the University of Washington’s Department of Earth and
137 Sanitation inspection of cruise ships. Refer to the data on sanitation levels of cruise ships, presented in Exercise 35. These data are saved in the SHIPSANIT file.a. Use the box plot method to
138 Characteristics of a rockfall . Refer to the Environmental Geology (Vol. 58, 2009) study of how far a block from a collapsing rockwall will bounce, Exercise 59 . The computersimulated rebound
139 Most powerful women in America. Refer to the Fortune ranking of the 50 most powerful women in America, presented in Exercise 60 . (These data are saved in the WPOWER50 file.) Use side-by-side box
140 Is honey a cough remedy? Refer to the Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (Dec. 2007) study of honey as a remedy for coughing, Exercise 62. Recall that coughing improvement scores were
141 Comparing SAT Scores. Refer to Exercise 42 , in which we compared state average SAT scores in 2009 and 2005. The data are saved in the SATSCORES file.a. Construct side-by-side box plots of the
142 Library book checkouts. A city librarian claims that books have been checked out an average of seven (or more)times in the last year. You suspect he has exaggerated the checkout rate (book usage)
A medical item used to administer to a hospital patient is called a factor . For example, factors can be intravenous (IV) tubing, IV fluid, needles, shave kits, bedpans, diapers, dressings,
143 Define a bivariate relationship.
144 For what types of variables, quantitative or qualitative, are scatterplots useful?
145 What is the difference between positive association and negative association as it pertains to the relationship between two variables?
146 Construct a scatterplot for the data in the table that follows.Do you detect a trend? Variable #1: Variable #2: 52 .5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1 3. 4 6 10 9 12 17 17
147 Construct a scatterplot for the data in the table that follows.Do you detect a trend? Variable #1: 51 Variable #2: 14 3 79 -1 2 10 7 6 4 0 8 1 8 5 3 2 12
148 Does elevation impact hitting performance in baseball? The Colorado Rockies play their major league home baseball games in Coors Field, Denver. Each year, the Rockies are among the leaders in
149 Comparing SAT scores. Refer to Exercise 42 and the data on state SAT scores saved in the SATSCORES file.Consider a scatterplot for the data, with 2009 SAT score on the vertical axis and 2005 SAT
150 Feeding behavior of fish. Zoologists at the University of Western Australia conducted a study of the feeding behavior of black bream (a type of fish) spawned in aquariums.( Brain, Behavior and
151 New method for blood typing. In Analytical Chemistry(May 2010), medical researchers tested a new method of typing blood using low cost paper. Blood drops were applied to the paper and the rate of
152 Sound waves from a basketball. Refer to the American Journal of Physics (June 2010) study of sound waves in a spherical cavity, Exercise 37 . The frequencies of sound waves (estimated using a
153 College protests of labor exploitation. Refer to the Journal of World-Systems Research (Winter 2004) study of 14 student sit-ins for a “sweat-free campus,” presented in Exercise 41 . The
154 Are geography journals worth their cost? In Geoforum(Vol. 37, Nov. 2006), Simon Fraser University professor Nicholas Blomley assessed whether the price of a geography journal is correlated with
157 Ranking driving performance of professional golfers.Refer to The Sport Journal (Winter 2007) analysis of a new method for ranking the total driving performance of golfers on the PGA tour,
158 Spreading rate of spilled liquid. A contract engineer at DuPont Corp. studied the rate at which a spilled volatile liquid will spread across a surface ( Chemical Engineering Progress , Jan.
Suppose you’re considering working for a small law firm—one that currently has a senior member and three junior members. You inquire about the salary you could expect to earn if you join the
Problem Children Out of School in America is a report on the delinquency of school-age children written by the Children’s Defense Fund (CDF). Consider the following three reported results of the
159 Discuss conditions under which the median is preferred to the mean as a measure of central tendency.
160 Explain why we generally prefer the standard deviation to the range as a measure of variation.
161 Give a situation in which we would prefer using a stemand-leaf display over a histogram in describing quantitative data graphically.
162 Give a situation in which we would prefer using a box plot over z -scores to detect an outlier.
163 Give a technique that is used to distort information shown on a graph.
164 Construct a relative frequency histogram for the data summarized in the following table Measurement Class Relative Frequency Measurement Relative Class Frequency .00-.75 .02 5.25-6.00 .15
166 Refer to Exercise 165. For parts a–d , determine whether the three measurements 50, 70, and 80 are outliers.
167 Compute s2 for data sets with the following characteristics n n a. ? = 246, x = 63, = 22 n == n n = 106, n = 25 6. ? = 666, n i=1 n c. x = 76, x; = 11, n = 7 i=1 i=1
168 If the range of a set of data is 20, find a rough approximation to the standard deviation of the data set.
171 Construct a scatterplot for the data listed here. Do you detect any trends? Variable #1: 174 268 345 119 400 520 190 448 307 252 Variable #2: 8 10 15 7 22 31 15 20 11 9
172 Dates of pennies. Chance (Spring 2000) reported on a study to estimate the number of pennies required to fill a coin collector’s album. The data used in the study were obtained by noting the
173 Al Qaeda attacks on the United States. An article in Studies in Conflict & Terrorism (Vol. 29, 2006) conducted an empirical analysis of incidents involving suicide terrorist attacks. The data
175 Crash tests on new cars. Refer to Exercise 174 and the NHTSA crash test data. One quantitative variable recorded by the NHTSA is driver’s severity of head injury(measured on a scale from 0 to
176 Competition for bird nest holes. The Condor (May 1995) published a study of competition for nest holes among collared flycatchers, a bird species. The authors collected the data for the study by
177 Ratings of chess players . The United States Chess Federation (USCF) establishes a numerical rating for each competitive chess player. The USCF rating is a number between 0 and 4,000 that changes
179 “Made in the USA” survey. “Made in the USA” is a claim stated in many product advertisements or on product labels.Advertisers want consumers to believe that their product is manufactured
180 Achievement test scores. The distribution of scores on a nationally administered college achievement test has a median of 520 and a mean of 540.a. Explain why it is possible for the mean to
181 New-book reviews. Choice magazine provides new-book reviews in each issue. A random sample of 375 Choice book reviews in American history, geography, and area studies was selected, and the
182 Archaeologists’ study of ring diagrams. Archaeologists gain insight into the social life of ancient tribes by measuring the distance (in centimeters) of each artifact found at a site from the
183 Best-paid CEOs. Refer to the Forbes list of the 40 bestpaid chief executive officers, Exercise 17 . The salary and age of each CEO are saved in the FORBES40 file.a. Use a graph to portray the
184 Ammonia in car exhaust. Three-way catalytic converters have been installed in new vehicles in order to reduce pollutants from motor vehicle exhaust emissions.However, these converters
185 Whistling dolphins. Marine scientists who study dolphin communication have discovered that bottlenose dolphins exhibit an individualized whistle contour known as their signature whistle. A study
187 Freckling of superalloy ingots. Freckles are defects that sometimes form during the solidification of alloy ingots. A freckle index has been developed to measure the level of freckling on the
189 Oil spill impact on seabirds. The Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics (Sept. 2000) published a study on the impact of the Exxon Valdez tanker oil spill on the
190 Benford’s Law of Numbers. According to Benford’s law , certain digits (1, 2, 3, . . . , 9) are more likely to occur as the first significant digit in a randomly selected number than are other
191 Speed of light from galaxies. Refer to The Astronomical Journal study of galaxy velocities, presented in Exercise 186 .A second cluster of galaxies, named A1775, is thought to be a double cluster
194 Risk of jail suicides. Suicide is the leading cause of death of Americans incarcerated in correctional facilities. To determine what factors increase the risk of suicide in urban jails, a group
198 No Child Left Behind Act. According to the government, federal spending on K–12 education has increased dramatically over the past 20 years, but student performance has stayed essentially the
Demonstrate how statistics applies to real-world problems
Differentiate between population and sample data (3)
• Identify the different types of data and data collection methods (4–5)
• Discover how critical thinking through statistics can help improve our quantitative literacy
According to Variety (Aug. 27, 2009), the average age of viewers of live television programs broadcast on CBS, NBC, and ABC is 51 years. Suppose a rival network (e.g., Fox) executive hypothesizes
Problem “Cola wars” is the popular term for the intense competition between Coca-Cola and Pepsi displayed in their marketing campaigns, which have featured movie and television stars, rock
Chemical and manufacturing plants often discharge toxic-waste materials such as DDT into nearby rivers and streams. These toxins can adversely affect the plants and animals inhabiting the river and
Problem Refer to Example 2 , in which the preferences of 1,000 cola consumers were indicated in a taste test. Describe how the reliability of an inference concerning the preferences of all cola
Problem What percentage of Web users are addicted to the Internet?To find out, a psychologist designed a series of 10 questions based on a widely used set of criteria for gambling addiction and
Problem Psychologists at the University of Tennessee carried out a study of the susceptibility of people to hypnosis ( Psychological Assessment , Mar. 1995). In a random sample of 130 undergraduate
1 What is statistics?
6 Explain how populations and variables differ.
7 Explain how populations and samples differ.
8 What is a representative sample? What is its value?
10 Define statistical thinking.
15 Going online for health information. A cyberchondriac is defined as a person who regularly searches the Web for health care information. Each year a Harris Poll is conducted to determine the
18 Extinct birds. Biologists at the University of California(Riverside) are studying the patterns of extinction in the New Zealand bird population. ( Evolutionary Ecology Research , July 2003.) At
20 Herbal medicines. The American Association of Nurse Anesthetists Journal (Feb. 2000) published the results of a study on the use of herbal medicines before surgery.Of 500 surgical patients
21 National Bridge Inventory. All highway bridges in the United States are inspected periodically for structural deficiency by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA).Data from the FHWA inspections
22 Annual survey of computer crimes. The Computer Security Institute (CSI) conducts an annual survey of computer crime committed at U.S. businesses. CSI sends survey questionnaires to computer
23 CT scanning for lung cancer. According to the American Lung Association, lung cancer accounts for 28% of all cancer deaths in the United States. A new type of screening for lung cancer, computed
24 Satellite radio in cars. A recent survey conducted for the National Association of Broadcasters investigated satellite radio subscriber service and usage. The June 2007 survey, conducted by Wilson
28 Object recall study. Are men or women more adept at remembering where they leave misplaced items (such as car keys)? According to University of Florida psychology professor Robin West, women show
30 Success/failure of software reuse. The PROMISE Software Engineering Repository, hosted by the University of Ottawa, is a collection of publicly available data sets to serve researchers in building
32 Poll on alien spacecraft. “Have you ever seen anything that you believe was a spacecraft from another planet?” This was the question put to 1,500 American adults in a national poll conducted
33 20/20 survey exposés. The popular prime-time ABC television program 20/20 presented several misleading (and possibly unethical) surveys in a segment titled “Facts or Fiction? Exposés of
Scan your daily newspaper or weekly news magazine, or search the Internet for articles that contain data. The data might be a summary of the results of a public opinion poll, the results of a vote by
In creating a bar chart for a categorical variable, why would you choose to have each bar represent a percentage (%) rather than a frequency (f)?
Why is it inappropriate to calculate the mean and standard deviation for categorical variables?
What is the difference between an observed frequency and an expected frequency?
What is the main purpose of the chi-square statistic (χ2)?
What are the main characteristics of the distribution of chi-square statistics?
What are some assumptions underlying the chi-square statistic?
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