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Questions and Answers of Intro Stats

Eggs A student wants to investigate the effects of real vs.substitute eggs on his favorite brownie recipe. He enlists the help of 10 friends and asks them to rank each of 8 batches on a scale from 1
Smokestack scrubbers Particulate matter is a serious form of air pollution often arising from industrial production.One way to reduce the pollution is to put a filter, or scrubber, at the end of the
Yogurt An experiment to determine the effect of several methods of preparing cultures for use in commercial yogurt was conducted by a food science research group.Three batches of yogurt were prepared
ZIP codes, revisited The intern from the marketing department at the Holes R Us online piercing salon (Chapter 3, Exercise 55) has recently finished a study of the company’s 500 customers. He
Eye and hair color In Chapter 4, Exercise 32, we saw a survey of 1021 school-age children conducted by randomly selecting children from several large urban elementary schools. Two of the questions
Hearing A researcher investigated four different wordlists for use in hearing assessment. She wanted to know whether the lists were equally difficult to understand in the presence of a noisy
Tellers A bank is studying the time that it takes 6 of its tellers to serve an average customer. Customers line up in the queue and then go to the next available teller. Here is a boxplot of the last
Finger Lakes wines 2014 Here are bottle prices (in dollars)of wines produced by wineries along three of the Finger Lakes.a) What null and alternative hypotheses would you test for these data? Talk
Fuel economy by cylinders, revisited Here are boxplots, first seen in Chapter 4 Exercise 28, that show the relationship between the number of cylinders a car’s engine has and the car’s fuel
Frisbee throws A student performed an experiment with three different grips to see what effect it might have on the distance of a backhanded Frisbee throw. She tried it with her normal grip, with one
Activating baking yeast To shorten the time it takes him to make his favorite pizza, a student designed an experiment to test the effect of sugar and milk on the activation times for baking yeast.
Darts A student interested in improving her dart-throwing technique designs an experiment to test 4 different stances to see whether they affect her accuracy. After warming up for several minutes,
Gas mileage A student runs an experiment to study the effect of three different mufflers on gas mileage. He devises a system so that his Jeep Wagoneer uses gasoline from a one-liter container. He
Skating A figure skater tried various approaches to her Salchow jump in a designed experiment using 5 different places for her focus (arms, free leg, midsection, takeoff leg, and free). She tried
Popcorn A student runs an experiment to test four different popcorn brands, recording the number of kernels left unpopped. She pops measured batches of each brand 3 times, using the same popcorn
Contrast baths are a treatment commonly used in hand clinics to reduce swelling and stiffness after surgery. Patients’ hands are immersed alternately in warm and cool water. (That’s the contrast
Newspapers Who reads the newspaper more, men or women? Eurostat, an agency of the European Union (EU), conducts surveys on several aspects of daily life in EU countries. Recently, the agency asked
Hearing Fitting someone for a hearing aid requires assessing the patient’s hearing ability. In one method of assessment, the patient listens to a tape of 50 English words. The tape is played at low
Cramming Students in two basic Spanish classes were required to learn 50 new vocabulary words. One group of 45 students received the list on Monday and studied the words all week. Statistics
Diet Thirteen overweight women volunteered for a study to determine whether eating specially prepared crackers before a meal could help them lose weight. The subjects were randomly assigned to eat
Education vs. income 2009 The information below examines the median income and education level(percent of population with at least a Bachelor’s degree)for several large U.S. cities in 2009.a) Do
Infliximab In an article appearing in the journal The Lancet, medical researchers reported on the experimental use of the arthritis drug infliximab in treating Crohn’s disease. In a trial, 573
Dairy sales Peninsula Creameries sells both cottage cheese and ice cream. The CEO recently noticed that in months when the company sells more cottage cheese, it seems to sell more ice cream as well.
Juvenile offenders According to a 2011 article in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Charles Borduin pioneered a treatment called Multisystemic Therapy (MST) as a way to prevent
Learning math Developers of a new math curriculum called “Accelerated Math” compared performances of students taught by their system with control groups of students in the same schools who were
Togetherness Are good grades in high school associated with family togetherness? A simple random sample of 142 high-school students was asked how many meals per week their families ate together.
Old Faithful Old Faithful eruptions do not occur at uniform intervals and may vary greatly. Can we improve our chances of predicting the time of the next eruption if we know how long the previous
Family planning A 1954 study of 1438 pregnant women examined the association between the woman’s education level and the occurrence of unplanned pregnancies, producing these data:Do these data
Pregnancy A San Diego reproductive clinic reported 42 live births to 157 women under the age of 38, but only 7 successes for 89 clients aged 38 and older. Is this evidence of a difference in the
Depression and the Internet The September 1998 issue of the American Psychologist published an article reporting on an experiment examining “the social and psychological impact of the Internet on
Eye and hair color A survey of 1021 school-age children was conducted by randomly selecting children from several large urban elementary schools. Two of the questions concerned eye and hair color. In
Age and party 2011 The Pew Research Center conducted a representative telephone survey during 2011. Among the reported results was the following table concerning the preferred political party
Retirement planning According to the 2011 Retirement Confidence Survey, run by the Employee Benefit Research Institute, 37% of men reported being “a lot behind schedule” while 43% of women
Twins, again After reading of the JAMA study in Exercise 34, a large city hospital examined their records of twin births for several years and found the data summarized in the table below. Is there
Twins In 2000, the Journal of the American Medical Association published a study that examined a sample of pregnancies that resulted in the birth of twins. Births were classified as preterm with
AP Statistics scores 2010 In 2010, almost 130,000 Statistics students nationwide took the Advanced Placement Examination in Statistics. The national distribution of scores and the results at Ithaca
Lefties and music In an experiment to see if left- and right-handed people have different abilities in music, subjects heard a tone and were then asked to identify which of several other tones
Wild horses Large herds of wild horses can become a problem on some federal lands in the West. Researchers hoping to improve the management of these herds collected data to see if they could predict
Wealth distribution The following table is based on a June 2011 Gallup Poll in which Americans were classified as high income (over $75,000), middle income($30k–$75k), or low income (less than
Hard water In an investigation of environmental causes of disease, data were collected on the annual mortality rate (deaths per 100,000) for males in 61 large towns in England and Wales. In addition,
Tableware Nambe Mills manufactures plates, bowls, and other tableware made from an alloy of several metals.Each item must go through several steps, including polishing.To better understand the
Genetics Two human traits controlled by a single gene are the ability to roll one’s tongue and whether one’s ear lobes are free or attached to the neck. Genetic theory says that people will have
Rainmakers? In an experiment to determine whether seeding clouds with silver iodide increases rainfall, 52 clouds were randomly assigned to be seeded or not.The amount of rain they generated was then
Insulin and diet A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association examined people to see if they showed any signs of IRS (insulin resistance syndrome)involving major risk factors
Irises Can measurements of the petal length of flowers be of value when you need to determine the species of a certain flower? Here are the summary statistics from measurements of the petals of two
Teach for America, part II The study described in Exercise 21 also looked at scores in mathematics and language. Here are software outputs for the appropriate tests. Explain what they show.
Legionnaires’ disease In 1974, the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia was the scene of an outbreak of what later became known as legionnaires’ disease. The cause of the disease was finally
Teach for America Several programs attempt to address the shortage of qualified teachers by placing uncertified instructors in schools with acute needs—often in inner cities. A study compared
Cesareans Some people fear that differences in insurance coverage can affect healthcare decisions. A survey of several randomly selected hospitals found that 16.6% of 223 recent births in Vermont
Eating disorders A study conducted in the multicultural Spanish city of Ceuta investigated the relationship between religion and the prevalence of eating disorders.Students aged 12–20 were selected
Smoking In the depression and heart attack research described in Exercise 17, 32% of the diseased group were smokers, compared with only 23.7% of those free of heart disease.a) Create a 95%
Age In a study of how depression may affect one’s ability to survive a heart attack, the researchers reported the ages of the two groups they examined. The mean age of 2397 patients without cardiac
Driving fatalities 2011 The U.S. Census compiled data from each state in 2011 to record the number of deaths per 100 million vehicle miles traveled. Wondering if the death rate is different in New
Feeding fish In the midwestern United States, a large aquaculture industry raises largemouth bass. Researchers wanted to know whether the fish would grow better if fed a natural diet of fathead
Grant writing Does race matter when applying for National Institutes of Health grants? A new study found that of 58,148 applications submitted by white researchers, 15,700 were accepted and funded by
Pottery Archaeologists can use the chemical composition of clay found in pottery artifacts to determine whether different sites were populated by the same ancient people.They collected five samples
Mazes and smells Can pleasant smells improve learning?Researchers timed 21 subjects as they tried to complete paper-and-pencil mazes. Each subject attempted a maze both with and without the presence
Crawling A study found that babies born at different times of the year may develop the ability to crawl at different ages. The author of the study suggested that these differences may be related to
Preemies Among 242 Cleveland-area children born prematurely at low birth weights between 1977 and 1979, only 74% graduated from high school. Among a comparison group of 233 children of normal birth
More errors A corporation with a fleet of vehicles wanted to test the cost-effectiveness of using Motor Silk oil additive. For the study, 6100 delivery and passenger vehicles were tested for the same
Perfect pitch A recent study of perfect pitch tested 2700 students in American music conservatories. It found that 7% of non-Asian and 32% of Asian students have perfect pitch. A test of the
Eclampsia deaths Refer again to the research summarized in Exercise 6. Is there any evidence that when eclampsia does occur, the magnesium sulfide treatment may help prevent the woman’s death?a)
Eclampsia It’s estimated that 50,000 pregnant women worldwide die each year of eclampsia, a condition involving elevated blood pressure and seizures. A research team from 175 hospitals in 33
Twins There is some indication in medical literature that doctors may have become more aggressive in inducing labor or doing preterm cesarean sections when a woman is carrying twins. Records at a
Free throws 2011 During the 2010–2011 NBA season, Stephen Curry led the league by making 212 of 227 free throws, for a success rate of 93.39%. But Chauncey Billups was close behind, with 384 of 419
Surgery and germs Joseph Lister (for whom Listerine is named!) was a British physician who was interested in the role of bacteria in human infections. He suspected that germs were involved in
Birth days During a 2-month period, 72 babies were born at the Tompkins Community Hospital in upstate New York. The table shows how many babies were born on each day of the week.a) If births are
Herbal cancer A report in the New England Journal of Medicine notes growing evidence that the herb Aristolochia fangchi can cause urinary tract cancer in those who take it. Suppose you are asked to
Cost of higher education Are there fundamental differences between liberal arts colleges and universities? In this case, we have information on the top 25 liberal arts colleges and the top 25
Right-to-work laws Are so-called “right-to-work”laws related to the percent of public sector employees in unions and the percent of private sector employees in unions? This data set looks at
Property assessments The following software outputs provide information about the Size (in square feet) of 18 homes in Ithaca, New York, and the city’s assessed Value of those homes.a) Explain why
Education and mortality The following software output is based on the mortality rate (deaths per 100,000 people)and the education level (average number of years in school) for 58 U.S. cities.a)
All the efficiency money can buy 2011 A sample of 84 model-2011 cars from an online information service was examined to see how fuel efficiency(as highway mpg) relates to the cost (Manufacturer’s
Strike two Remember the Little League instructional video discussed in Chapter 23? Ads claimed it would improve the performances of Little League pitchers. To test this claim, 20 Little Leaguers
Grades? The professor teaching the Introductory Statistics class discussed in Exercise 55 wonders whether performance on homework can accurately predict midterm scores.a) To investigate it, she fits
Grades The data set below shows midterm scores from an Introductory Statistics course.a) Fit a model predicting the second midterm score from the first.b) Comment on the model you found, including a
Body fat, again Use the data from Exercise 53 to examine the association between Weight and %Body Fat.a) Find a 90% confidence interval for the slope of the regression line of %Body Fat on Weight.b)
Body fat Do the data shown in the table below indicate an association between Waist size and %Body Fat?a) Test an appropriate hypothesis and state your conclusion.b) Give a 95% confidence interval
Crawling Researchers at the University of Denver Infant Study Center wondered whether temperature might influence the age at which babies learn to crawl.Perhaps the extra clothing that babies wear in
Tablet computers 2014 cnet.com tests tablet computers and continuously updates its list. As of January 2014, the list included the battery life (in hours) and luminous intensity (i.e., screen
More sales and profits Consider again the relationship between the sales and profits of Fortune 500 companies that you analyzed in Exercise 48.a) Find a 95% confidence interval for the slope of the
Ozone, again Consider again the relationship between the population and ozone level of U.S. cities that you analyzed in Exercise 47.a) Give a 90% confidence interval for the approximate increase in
Sales and profits A business analyst was interested in the relationship between a company’s sales and its profits.She collected data (in millions of dollars) from a random sample of Fortune 500
Ozone and population The Environmental Protection Agency is examining the relationship between the ozone level (in parts per million) and the population (in millions)of U.S. cities. Part of the
Climate change 2013 Data collected from around the globe show that the earth is getting warmer. The most common theory relates climate change to an increase in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide
Streams Biologists studying the effects of acid rain on wildlife collected data from 172 streams in the Adirondack Mountains. They recorded the pH (acidity) of the water and the BCI, a measure of
Winter The output shows an attempt to model the association between average January Temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) and Latitude (in degrees north of the equator)for 59 U.S. cities. Which of the
Cereals, part 2 Further analysis of the data for the breakfast cereals in Exercise 41 looked for an association between Fiber content and Calories by attempting to construct a linear model. Here are
Brain size Does your IQ depend on the size of your brain? A group of female college students took a test that measured their verbal IQs and also underwent an MRI scan to measure the size of their
Cereals A healthy cereal should be low in both calories and sodium. Data for 77 cereals were examined and judged acceptable for inference. The 77 cereals had between 50 and 160 calories per serving
SATs, again Consider the high school SAT scores data from Exercise 36 once more.a) Find a 90% confidence interval for the mean SAT-Math score for all students with an SAT-Verbal score of 500.b) Find
Fuel economy, part III Consider again the data in Exercise 35 about the gas mileage and weights of cars.a) Create a 95% confidence interval for the average fuel efficiency among cars weighing 2500
SATs, part II Consider the high school SAT scores data from Exercise 36.a) Find a 90% confidence interval for the slope of the true line describing the association between Math and Verbal scores.b)
Fuel economy, part II Consider again the data in Exercise 35 about the gas mileage and weights of cars.a) Create a 95% confidence interval for the slope of the regression line.b) Explain in this
SAT scores How strong was the association between student scores on the Math and Verbal sections of the old SAT? Scores on each ranged from 200 to 800 and were widely used by college admissions
Fuel economy A consumer organization has reported T test data for 50 car models. We will examine the association between the weight of the car (in thousands of pounds) and the fuel efficiency (in
Used cars 2010, again Based on the analysis of used car prices you did for Exercise 32, create a 95% confidence interval for the slope of the regression line and explain what your interval means in
Marriage age 2011, again Based on the analysis of marriage ages since 1975 given in Exercise 31, find a 95% confidence interval for the rate at which the age gap is closing. Explain what your
Used cars 2010 Vehix.com offered several used Toyota Corollas for sale. Listed below are the ages of the cars and the advertised prices.a) Make a scatterplot for these data.b) Do you think a linear
Marriage age 2011 The scatterplot suggests a decrease in the difference in ages at first marriage for men and women since 1975. We want to examine the regression to see if this decrease is

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