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Questions and Answers of Intro Stats

Shoes A running-shoe manufacturer wants to test the effect of its new sprinting shoe on 100-meter dash times. The company sponsors 5 athletes who are running the 100-meter dash in the 2012 Summer
Tomatoes II Describe a strategy to randomly split 24 tomato plants into the three groups for the completely randomized single-factor experiment of Exercise 4.
Injuries Exercise 33 describes an experiment that studies hamstring injuries. Describe a strategy to randomly assign injured athletes to the two exercise programs. What should be done if one of the
Insomnia, at last Exercises 24, 36, and 38 describe an experiment investigating the effectiveness of exercise in combating insomnia. Suppose some of the 40 subjects had maintained a healthy weight,
Omega-3, finis Exercises 21, 35, and 37 describe an experiment investigating the effectiveness of omega-3 fats in treating bipolar disorder. Suppose some of the 30 subjects were very active people
Insomnia, again Exercises 24 and 36 describe an experiment investigating the effectiveness of exercise in combating insomnia.Researchers randomly assigned half of the 40 volunteers to an exercise
Omega-3, revisited Exercises 21 and 35 describe an experiment investigating a dietary approach to treating bipolar disorder. Researchers randomly assigned 30 subjects to two treatment groups, one
Insomnia Exercise 24 describes an experiment showing that exercise helped people sleep better. The experiment involved other groups of subjects who didn’t exercise. Why didn’t the experimenters
Omega-3 Exercise 21 describes an experiment that showed that high doses of omega-3 fats might be of benefit to people with bipolar disorder. The experiment involved a control group of subjects who
Pew Research compared respondents to an ordinary 5-day telephone survey with respondents to a 4-month-long rigorous survey designed to generate the highest possible response rate. They were
Athletes who had suffered hamstring injuries were randomly assigned to one of two exercise programs. Those who engaged in static stretching returned to sports activity in a mean of 50.2 days faster
A pet supply company wants to compare a new lower-calorie food with their standard horse food to see if it’s effective in helping inactive horses lower blood pressure. They have found several horse
Some people claim they can get relief from sharp neck pain by drinking a large glass of ice-cold water. Researchers plan to enlist several people who suffer from sharp neck pain in a test. When a
Some people who race greyhounds give the dogs large doses of vitamin C in the belief that the dogs will run faster. Investigators at the University of Florida tried three different diets in random
A science journal reported that, contrary to popular belief, depressed individuals cry no more often in response to sad situations than nondepressed people. Researchers studied 65 women and 32 men
They found no evidence of benefits associated with the medicine.
Scientists at a major pharmaceutical firm investigated the effectiveness of a new medicine to treat the measles. They exposed each subject to a measles virus, then gave him or her either the new
A popular science magazine reported that a study of women in Finland indicated that having sons shortened the life spans of mothers by about 25 weeks per son, but that daughters helped to lengthen
Medical records showed that they had heightened concentrations of dioxin in their blood and that each tenfold increase in dioxin level was associated with a doubling of the risk of breast cancer.
Researchers have linked an increase in the incidence of breast cancer in Italy to dioxin released by an industrial accident in 1976. The study identified 981 women who lived near the site of the
There is some concern that if women over the age of 57 who take supplemental hormones also drink alcohol, their hormone levels will drop too low. Twelve volunteers who were receiving supplemental
Is diet or exercise effective in combating insomnia? Some believe that cutting out desserts can help alleviate the problem, while others recommend exercise. Forty volunteers suffering from insomnia
In a test of roughly 560 widows, those with moderately high blood pressure (averaging 164/89 mm Hg) did worse on tests of memory and reaction time than those with normal blood pressure.
Among a group of disabled women aged 60 and older who were tracked for several years, those who had a vitamin B12 deficiency were twice as likely to suffer severe depression as those who did not.
Over a five-month period, among 72 people with bipolar disorder, patients who were given a 626 mg/day dose of omega-3 fats from fish oil improved more than those given a placebo.
Honesty Coffee stations in offices often just ask users to leave money in a tray to pay for their coffee, but many people cheat.Researchers at Newcastle University replaced the picture of flowers on
Menopause Researchers studied the herb black cohosh as a treatment for hot flashes caused by menopause. They randomly assigned 393 women aged 45 to 55 who reported at least two hot flashes a day to
Super Bowl commercials When spending large amounts to purchase advertising time, companies want to know what audience they’ll reach. In January 2011, a poll asked 1008 adults whether they planned
MS and vitamin D Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that strikes more often the farther people live from the equator. Could vitamin D—which most people get from the sun’s
Heart attacks and height Researchers who examined health records of thousands of males found that men who died of myocardial infarction (heart attack) tended to be shorter than men who did not.a) Is
Standardized test scores For his statistics class experiment, researcher J. Gilbert decided to study how parents’ income affects children’s performance on standardized tests like the SAT. He
Tomatoes finis What factors might confound the results of the experiment in Exercise 4?
Confounded tips For the experiment of Exercise 3, name some confounding variables that might influence the experiment’s results.
Blocking tomatoes To obtain enough plants for the tomato experiment of Exercise 4, experimenters have to purchase plants from two different garden centers. They then randomly assign the plants from
Block that tip The driver of Exercise 3 wants to know about tipping in general. So he recruits several other drivers to participate in the experiment. Each driver randomly decides whether to phone
More tomatoes If the tomato taster doesn’t know how the tomatoes have been treated, is the experiment single- or doubleblind?How might the blinding be improved further?
More tips Is the experiment of Exercise 3 blind? Can it be double-blind? Explain.
Tomatoes again For the experiment of Exercise 4, discuss variables that could be controlled or that could not be controlled.Is the experiment randomized and replicated?
Tips again For the experiment of Exercise 3, name some variables the driver did or should have controlled. Was the experiment randomized and replicated?
Tomatoes II For the experiment described in Exercise 4, name the factor and its levels. How might the response be measured?
Tips II For the experiment described in Exercise 3, list the factor, the levels, and the response variable.
Tomatoes You want to compare the tastiness and juiciness of tomatoes grown with three amounts of a new fertilizer: none, half the recommended amount, and the full recommended amount. You allocate 24
Tips A pizza delivery driver, always trying to increase tips, runs an experiment on his next 40 deliveries. He flips a coin to decide whether or not to call a customer from his mobile phone when he
E-commerce A business student conjectures that the Internet caused companies to become more profitable, since many transactions previously handled “face-to-face” could now be completed online.
Steroids The 1990s and early 2000s could be considered the steroids era in Major League Baseball, as many players have admitted to using the drug to increase performance on the field.If a sports
More sampling methods Consider each of these situations. Do you think the proposed sampling method is appropriate? Explain.a) We want to know if there is neighborhood support to turn a vacant lot
Sampling methods Consider each of these situations. Do you think the proposed sampling method is appropriate? Explain.a) We want to know what percentage of local doctors accept patients who avail
Another fish story In recent years, beaches around the world have seen fish washing up on shore in large numbers. One group of scientists thought that leakage from the damaged Fukushima nuclear power
A fish story Concerned about reports of discolored scales on fish caught downstream from a newly sited chemical plant, scientists set up a field station in a shoreline public park. For one week, they
Quality control Sammy’s Salsa, a small local company, produces 20 cases of salsa a day. Each case contains 12 jars and is imprinted with a code indicating the date and batch number.To help maintain
Happy workers? A manufacturing company employs 14 project managers, 370 supervisors, and 388 laborers. In an effort to keep informed about any possible sources of employee discontent, management
Accounting Between quarterly audits, a company likes to check on its accounting procedures to address any problems before they become serious. The accounting staff processes payments on about 120
Fuel economy Occasionally, when I fill my car with gas, I figure out how many miles per gallon my car got. I wrote down those results after six fill-ups in the past few months. Overall, it appears my
Arm length How long is your arm compared with your hand size? Put your right thumb at your left shoulder bone, stretch your hand open wide, and extend your hand down your arm. Put your thumb at the
Cell phone survey What about drawing a random sample only from cell phone exchanges? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of such a sampling method compared with surveying randomly generated
Phone surveys Any time we conduct a survey, we must take care to avoid undercoverage. Suppose we plan to select 500 names from the city phone book, call their homes between noon and 4 pm, and
More survey questions Examine each of the following questions for possible bias. If you think the question is biased, indicate how and propose a better question.a) Do you think high school students
Survey questions Examine each of the following questions for possible bias. If you think the question is biased, indicate how and propose a better question.a) Should companies that pollute the
Banning ephedra An online poll on a website asked:A nationwide ban of the diet supplement ephedra went into effect recently. The herbal stimulant has been linked to 155 deaths and many more heart
Wording the survey Two members of the PTA committee in Exercises 26 and 27 have proposed different questions to ask in seeking parents’ opinions.Question 1: Should elementary school–age children
Playground, act two The survey described in Exercise 29 asked: Many people believe this playground is too small and in need of repair. Do you think the playground should be repaired and expanded even
Roller coasters An amusement park has opened a new roller coaster. It is so popular that people are waiting for up to 3 hours for a 2-minute ride. Concerned about how patrons(who paid a large amount
Playground Some people have been complaining that the children’s playground at a municipal park is too small and is in need of repair. Managers of the park decide to survey city residents to see if
Churches For your political science class, you’d like to take a survey from a sample of all the Catholic church members in your city. A list of churches shows 16 Catholic churches within the city
Four new sampling strategies have been proposed to help the PTA determine whether parents favor requiring elementary students to pass a test in order to be promoted to the next grade. For each,
Parent opinion, part 2 Let’s revisit the school system described in Exercise
Parent opinion, part 1 In a large city school system with 50 elementary schools, the school board is considering the adoption of a new policy that would require elementary students to pass a test in
Another mistaken poll Prior to the mayoral election discussed in Exercise 24, the newspaper also conducted a poll. The paper surveyed a random sample of registered voters stratified by political
Mistaken poll A local TV station conducted a “PulsePoll” about the upcoming mayoral election. Evening news viewers were invited to text in their votes, with the results to be announced on the
Orange samples Food-safety inspectors visit produce farms unannounced and take samples of a day’s worth of oranges to test for contamination. If the samples are found to contain dirt, antibiotics
Snack foods A company packaging snack foods maintains quality control by randomly selecting 12 cases from each day’s production and weighing the bags. Then they open one bag from each case and
Roadblock State police set up a roadblock to estimate the percentage of cars with up-to-date registration, insurance, and safety inspection stickers. They usually find problems with about 15% of the
Soil samples The Environmental Protection Agency took soil samples at 20 locations near a former industrial waste dump and checked each for evidence of toxic chemicals. They found no elevated levels
Mayoral race Hoping to learn what issues may resonate with voters in the coming election, the campaign director for a mayoral candidate selects four blocks from each of the city’s election
Social life A question posted on the gamefaqs.com website asked visitors to the site, “Do you have an active social life outside the Internet?” 22% of the 55,581 respondents said “No”
Medical treatments Consumers Union asked all subscribers whether they had used alternative medical treatments and, if so, whether they had benefited from them. For almost all of the treatments,
Gallup At its website (www.gallup.com), the Gallup Poll publishes results of a new survey each day. Scroll down to the end, and you’ll find a statement that includes words such as these:Results are
Drug tests Major League Baseball tests players to see whether they are using performance-enhancing drugs. Officials select a team at random, and a drug-testing crew shows up unannounced to test all
Student center survey For their class project, a group of statistics students decide to survey the student body to assess opinions about the proposed new student center. Their sample of 220 contained
Roper Through their Roper Reports Worldwide, GfK Roper conducts a global consumer survey to help multinational companies understand different consumer attitudes throughout the world.Within 30
Surveying employees The company of Exercise 2 is considering ways to survey their employees. For each of these proposed designs, identify the problem.a) Leave a stack of surveys out in the employee
Student samples The university administration of Exercise 1 is considering a variety of ways to sample students for a survey.For each of these proposed survey designs, identify the problem.a) Publish
Happy employees The company plans to have the head of each corporate division hold a meeting of their employees to ask whether they are happy on their jobs. They will ask people to raise their hands
Survey students What problems do you see with asking the following question of students? “Are you the first member of your family to seek higher education?”
Satisfactory satisfaction samples For each scenario, determine the sampling method used by the managers from Exercise 2.a) Use the company e-mail directory to contact 150 employees from among those
Sampling A&M students For each scenario, identify the kind of sample used by the university administrators from Exercise 1:a) Select several dormitories at random and contact everyone living in the
Is this a simple random sample?SECTION 10.4
Sampling satisfaction A company hoping to assess employee satisfaction surveys employees by assigning computer-generated random numbers to each employee on a list of all employees and then contacting
Sampling students A professor teaching a large lecture class of 450 students samples her class by rolling a die. Then, starting with the row number on the die (1 to 6), she passes out a survey to
Satisfied respondents The company’s annual report states,“Our survey shows that 87.34% of our employees are ‘very happy’ working here.” Comment on that claim. Use appropriate statistics
A&M again The president of the university plans a speech to an alumni group. He plans to talk about the proportion of students who responded in the survey that they are the first in their family to
Satisfied workers The managers of a large company wished to know the percentage of employees who feel “extremely satisfied”to work there. The company has roughly 33,000 employees. They contacted
University education Administrators at a university were interested in estimating the percentage of students who are the first in their family to go to college. The student body has about 50,000
Least squares Consider the four points (200,1950),(400,1650), (600,1800), and (800,1600). The least squares line is yn = 1975 - 0.45x. Explain what “least squares” means, using these data as a
Least squares Consider the four points (10,10),(20,50), (40,20), and (50,80). The least squares line is yn = 7.0 + 1.1x. Explain what “least squares” means, using these data as a specific example.
Gators Wildlife researchers monitor many wildlife populations by taking aerial photographs. Can they estimate the weights of alligators accurately from the air? Here is a regression analysis of the
Hard water In an investigation of environmental causes of disease, data were collected on the annual mortality rate (deaths per 100,000) for males in 20 large towns. In addition, the water hardness
Heptathlon revisited again We saw the data for the women’s 2016 Olympic heptathlon in Exercise 73. Are the two jumping events associated? Perform a regression of the long-jump results on the
Body fat It is difficult to determine a person’s body fat percentage accurately without immersing him or her in water.Researchers hoping to find ways to make a good estimate immersed 20 male
Climate change 2016, revisited In Exercise 69, we saw the relationship between CO2 measured at Mauna Loa and average global temperature anomaly from 1959 to 2016. Here is a plot of average global

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