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intro stats

Questions and Answers of Intro Stats

Cloud seeding Simpson, Alsen, and Eden (Technometrics 1975) report the results of trials in which clouds were seeded and the amount of rainfall recorded. The authors report on 26 seeded and 26
Women Values for the labor force participation rate of women (LFPR) are published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. We are interested in whether there was a difference between female
Sex sells? Ads for many products use sexual images to try to attract attention to the product. But do these ads bring people’s attention to the item that was being advertised? We want to design an
Blocking cars and trucks Thinking about the data on fuel efficiency in Exercise 3, why is the blocking accomplished by a matched pairs analysis particularly important for a sample that has both cars
Weighing trucks II Find a 98% confidence interval of the weight differences in Exercise 4. Interpret this interval in context.
Cars and trucks again In Exercise 3, after deleting an outlying value of -27, the mean difference in fuel efficiencies for the 632 vehicles was 7.37 mpg with a standard deviation of 2.52 mpg. Find a
Field workers for a health department compared driving mileage on a five-day work schedule with mileage on a new four-day schedule. To see if the new schedule changed the amount of driving they did,
Do flexible schedules reduce the demand for resources? The Lake County, Illinois, Health Department experimented with a flexible four-day workweek. For a year, the department recorded the mileage
Rap Using the results of the experiment described in Exercise 85, does it matter whether one listens to rap music while studying, or is it better to study without music at all?a) Test an appropriate
Music and memory Is it a good idea to listen to music when studying for a big test? In a study conducted by some Statistics students, 62 people were randomly assigned to listen to rap music, music by
Golf again Given the test results on golf tees described in Exercise 83, is there evidence that balls hit off Stinger tees would travel farther? Again, assume that 6 balls were hit off each tee and
Tees Does it matter what kind of tee a golfer places the ball on? The company that manufactures “Stinger” tees claims that the thinner shaft and smaller head will lessen resistance and drag,
Swimming heats London In Exercise 81, we looked at the times in two different heats for the 400-m women’s run from the 2012 Olympics. Unlike track events, swimming heats are not determined at
Running heats London In Olympic running events, preliminary heats are determined by random draw, so we should expect that the abilities of runners in the various heats to be about the same, on
Still swimming Here’s some additional information about the Ontario crossing times presented in Exercise 79.It is generally thought to be harder to swim across the lake from north to south. Indeed,
Swim the Lake 2013 revisited As we saw in chapter 8, Exercise 40, between 1954 and 2013, swimmers have crossed Lake Ontario 58 times. Both women and men have made the crossing. Here are some plots
Thirsty? Researchers randomly assigned participants either a tall, thin “highball” glass or a short, wide“tumbler,” each of which held 355 ml. Participants were asked to pour a shot (1.5 oz =
Hungry? Researchers investigated how the size of a bowl affects how much ice cream people tend to scoop when serving themselves.14 At an “ice cream social,”people were randomly given either a 17
Ad campaign You are a consultant to the marketing T department of a business preparing to launch an ad campaign for a new product. The company can afford to run ads during one TV show, and has
Sex and violence The Journal of Applied Psychology reported on a study that examined whether the content of TV shows influenced the ability of viewers to recall brand names of items featured in the
Summer school Having done poorly on their math final exams in June, six students repeat the course in summer school, then take another exam in August. If we consider these students representative of
Job satisfaction A company institutes an exercise break for its workers to see if this will improve job satisfaction, as measured by a questionnaire that assesses workers’ satisfaction. Scores for
Hard water Derby In an investigation of environmental causes of disease, data were collected on the annual mortality rate (deaths per 100,000) for males in 61 large towns in England and Wales. In
Home runs 2013 American League baseball teams play their games with the designated hitter rule, meaning that pitchers do not bat. The league believes that replacing the pitcher, traditionally a weak
Memory Does ginkgo biloba enhance memory? In an experiment to find out, subjects were assigned randomly to take ginkgo biloba supplements or a placebo. Their memory was tested to see whether it
Hurricanes to 2013 The data below show the number of hurricanes(category 3 or higher) recorded annually before and after 1970. Create an appropriate visual display, and determine whether these data
Streams Researchers collected samples of water from streams in the Adirondack Mountains to investigate the effects of acid rain. They measured the pH (acidity) of the water and classified the streams
Reading An educator believes that new reading activities for elementary school children will improve reading comprehension scores. She randomly assigns third graders to an eight-week program in which
Egyptians Some archaeologists theorize that ancient Egyptians interbred with several different immigrant populations over thousands of years. To see if there is any indication of changes in body
Cereal The data below show the sugar content (as a percentage of weight) of several national brands of children’s and adults’ cereals. Create and interpret a 95%confidence interval for the
New construction The sample of 100 house sales we looked at in Exercise 63 also listed whether the home was new construction or not. Find and interpret a 95% confidence interval for how much more an
View of the water How much extra is having a waterfront property worth? A student took a random sample of 170 recently sold properties in Upstate New York to examine the question. Here are her
Pulse rates A researcher wanted to see whether there is a significant difference in resting pulse rates for men and women. The data she collected are displayed in the boxplots and summarized in the
Commuting A man who moves to a new city sees that there are two routes he could take to work. A neighbor who has lived there a long time tells him Route A will average 5 minutes faster than Route B.
CPMP and word problems The study of the new CPMP Mathematics methodology described in Exercise 57 also tested students’ abilities to solve word problems. This table shows how the CPMP and
CPMP, again During the study described in Exercise 57, students in both CPMP and traditional classes took another algebra test that did not allow them to use calculators.The table below shows the
Stereograms test In Exercise 50, Chapter 4, we looked at data from an experiment to determine whether visual information about an image helped“see” the image in 3D.2-Sample t-Interval for m1 - m2
Learning math The Core Plus Mathematics Project(CPMP) is an innovative approach to teaching Mathematics that engages students in group investigations and mathematical modeling. After field tests in
Third load of wash In Exercise 54, we saw a 98%confidence interval of ( -40, -22) minutes for mTop - mFront, the difference in time it takes top-loading and front-loading washers to do a load of
Hot dogs, last one In Exercise 53, we saw a 90%confidence interval of ( -6.5, -1.4) grams for mMeat - mBeef, the difference in mean fat content for meat vs. all-beef hot dogs. Explain why you think
Second load of wash The Consumer Reports article described in Exercise 52 continued their investigation of washing machines. One of the variables the article reported was “cycle time,” the number
Hot dogs, second helping The Consumer Reports article described in Exercise 51 also listed the fat content (in grams) for samples of beef and meat hot dogs. The resulting 90% confidence interval for
Washers In the June 2007 issue, Consumer Reports also examined the relative merits of top-loading and front-loading washing machines, testing samples of several different brands of each type. Suppose
Hot dogs In the July 2007 issue, Consumer Reports examined the calorie content of two kinds of hot dogs:meat (usually a mixture of pork, turkey, and chicken) and all beef. The researchers purchased
Fast food The global survey we learned about in Exercise 49 also asked respondents how they felt about the statement “I try to avoid eating fast foods.” The random sample of 800 included 411
Food preference GfK Roper Consulting gathers information on consumer preferences around the world to help companies monitor attitudes about health, food, and healthcare products. They asked people in
Carbs Recently, the Gallup Poll asked 1005 U.S.adults if they actively try to avoid carbohydrates in their diet. That number increased to 27% from 20%in a similar 2002 poll. Is this a statistically
Sensitive men In the same article from Exercise 46, Time magazine, reporting on a survey of men’s attitudes, noted that “Young men are more comfortable than older men talking about their
Stay-at-home dads A Time magazine article about a survey of men’s attitudes reported that 11 of 161 black respondents and 20 of 358 Latino respondents responded“Yes” to the question “Are you
Convention bounce Political pundits talk about the “bounce” that a presidential candidate gets after his party’s convention. In the past 40 years, it has averaged about 6 percentage points.
Gender gap Candidates for political office realize that different levels of support among men and women may be a crucial factor in determining the outcome of an election.One candidate finds that 52%
Pain Researchers comparing the effectiveness of two pain medications randomly selected a group of patients who had been complaining of a certain kind of joint pain. They randomly divided these people
Mammograms redux In 2001, the conclusion of the study outlined in Exercise 41 was questioned. A new 9-year study was conducted in Sweden, comparing 21,088 women who had mammograms with 21,195 who did
Mammograms It’s widely believed that regular mammogram screening may detect breast cancer early, resulting in fewer deaths from that disease. One study that investigated this issue over a period of
Politics and sex One month before the election, a poll of 670 randomly selected voters showed 52% planning to vote for a certain candidate. A week later, it became known that he had had an
Birthweight The Journal of the American Medical Association reported a study examining the possible impact of air pollution caused by the 9/11 attack on New York’s World Trade Center on the weight
Depression A study published in the Archives of General Psychiatry examined the impact of depression on a patient’s ability to survive cardiac disease.Researchers identified 450 people with cardiac
Teen smoking A Vermont study published by the American Academy of Pediatrics examined parental influence on teenagers’ decisions to smoke. A group of students who had never smoked were questioned
Anorexia again In Exercise 34, you used a confidence interval to examine the effectiveness of Prozac in treating anorexia nervosa. Suppose that instead you had conducted a hypothesis test. (Answer
Another ear infection In Exercise 33, you used a confidence interval to examine the effectiveness of a vaccine against ear infections in babies. Suppose that instead you had conducted a hypothesis
Anorexia The Journal of the American Medical Association reported on an experiment intended to see if the drug Prozac® could be used as a treatment for the eating disorder anorexia nervosa. The
Ear infections A new vaccine was recently tested to see if it could prevent the painful and recurrent ear infections that many infants suffer from. The Lancet, a medical journal, reported a study in
Race and smoking 2013 Data collected in 2013 by the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System revealed that in the state of New Jersey, 14.7% of whites and 18.8% of blacks were cigarette smokers.
Prostate cancer There has been debate among doctors over whether surgery can prolong life among men suffering from prostate cancer, a type of cancer that typically develops and spreads very slowly.
Carpal tunnel The painful wrist condition called carpal tunnel syndrome can be treated with surgery or less invasive wrist splints. Recently, Time magazine reported on a study of 176 patients. Among
Pets Researchers at the National Cancer Institute released the results of a study that investigated the effect of weed-killing herbicides on house pets. They examined 827 dogs from homes where an
Graduation In October 2000, the U.S. Department of Commerce reported the results of a large-scale survey on high school graduation. Researchers contacted more than 25,000 Americans aged 24 years to
Arthritis The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported a survey of randomly selected Americans age 65 and older, which found that 410 of 1011 men and 550 of 1059 women suffered from some
Buy it again? A consumer magazine plans to poll car owners to see if they are happy enough with their vehicles that they would purchase the same model again. They’ll randomly select 450 owners of
Gender gap A presidential candidate fears he has a problem with women voters. His campaign staff plans to run a poll to assess the situation. They’ll randomly sample 350 men and 350 women, asking
Regulating access When a random sample of 935 parents were asked about rules in their homes, 77% said they had rules about the kinds of TV shows their children could watch. Among the 790 of those
Revealing information Eight hundred eight-six randomly sampled teens were asked which of several personal items of information they thought it ok to share with someone they had just met. Forty-four
Science news At the end of 2013, the Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism investigated where people are getting their news. In the study 22% of people 18–29 years old said they still read
Online social networking In September 2013, the Pew Internet and American Life Project surveyed American adults on their Facebook use. It found that 64% visited the site on a daily basis, up from 51%
Athletes, final inning Looking back at Exercise 12, instead of comparing the ages of players in Major League Baseball to players in the National Football League, what if they had compared the ages in
Cost of shopping, last look Looking back at Exercise 11, instead of comparing two very similar stores, suppose the researchers had compared purchases at two car dealerships:one that specializes in
Athlete ages, one more time Repeat the test you did in Exercise 16, but assume that the variances of ages is the same in the two leagues. Did your conclusion change?Why do you think that is?
Cost of shopping, once more Repeat the test you did in Exercise 15, but assume that the variances of purchase amounts is the same at Target and Walmart. Did your conclusion change? Why do you think
Athlete ages, three The researchers in Exercise 12 decide to test the hypothesis. The degrees of freedom formula gives 51.83 df. Test the null hypothesis at a = 0.05. Is the alternative one or
Cost of shopping, three The researchers in Exercise 11 decide to test the hypothesis that the means are equal.The degrees of freedom formula gives 162.75 df. Test the null hypothesis at a = 0.05.
Athlete ages, again Using the summary statistics provided in Exercise 12, the sports reporter calculated the following 95% confidence interval for the mean difference between major league baseball
Cost of shopping, again Using the summary statistics provided in Exercise 11, researchers calculated a 95%confidence interval for the mean difference between Walmart and Target purchase amounts. The
Athlete ages A sports reporter suggests that professional baseball players must be, on average, older than professional football players, since football is a contact sport and players are more
Cost of shopping Do consumers spend more on a trip to Walmart or Target? Suppose researchers interested in this question collected a systematic sample from 85 Walmart customers and 80 Target
Non-profits, last one The researchers from Exercise 2 want to test if the proportions of satisfied employees are the same at for-profit companies as at not-for-profit companies.a) What is the
Canada, la fin The researchers from Exercise 1 want to test if the proportions of foreign born are the same in the United States as in Canada.a) What is the difference in the proportions of foreign
Non-profits, again For the interval given in Exercise 6, explain what “95% confidence” means.
Canada, encore For the interval given in Exercise 5, explain what “95% confidence” means.
Non-profits, part 3 The researchers from Exercise 2 created a 95% two-proportion confidence interval for the difference in those who are “highly satisfied” when comparing people who work at
Canada, trois The information in Exercise 1 was used to create a 95% two-proportion confidence interval for the difference between Canadians and Americans who were born in foreign countries.
Non-profits, part 2 If the information in Exercise 2 is to be used to make inferences about all people who work at non-profits and for-profit companies, what conditions must be met before proceeding?
Canada, deux If the information in Exercise 1 is to be used to make inferences about the proportion all Canadians and all Americans born in other countries, what conditions must be met before
Non-profits Do people who work for non-profit organizations differ from those who work at for-profit companies when it comes to personal job satisfaction?Separate random samples were collected by a
Canada Suppose an advocacy organization surveys 960 Canadians and 192 of them reported being born in another country (www.unitednorthamerica.org/simdiff.htm). Similarly, 170 out of 1250 Americans
Can you tell how much you are eating from how full you are? Or do you need visual cues? Researchers6 constructed a table with two ordinary 18 oz soup bowls and two identical-looking bowls that had
Another concern of the study on teens’ online profiles was safety and privacy. In the random sample, girls were less likely than boys to say that they are easy to find online from their profiles.
A recent survey of 886 randomly selected teenagers (aged 12–17) found that more than half of them had online profiles.3 Some researchers and privacy advocates are concerned about the possible
Batteries We work for the “Watchdog for the Consumer”consumer advocacy group. We’ve been asked to look at a battery company that claims its batteries last an average of 100 hours under normal
And it means? Every statement about a confidence interval contains two parts—the level of confidence and the interval. Suppose that an insurance agent estimating the mean loss claimed by clients
Fritos® As a project for an Introductory Statistics course, students checked 6 bags of Fritos marked with a net weight of 35.4 grams. They carefully weighed the contents of each bag, recording the

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