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intro stats

Questions and Answers of Intro Stats

Body temperatures Data from a sample of 65 female patients and 65 male patients on their body temperature (in Fahrenheit)on the last morning during their stay in a short-term hospital are displayed
Shown below are the histogram and summary statistics for the daily number of patients visiting a clinic during a given month.a) Which statistics would you use to identify the center and spread of
Population growth 2010, by region (Data in Population growth 2010) Below is a “back-to-back” stem-and-leaf display that shows two datasets at once—one going to the left, one to the right. The
Tendon transfers People with spinal cord injuries may lose function in some, but not all, of their muscles. The ability to push oneself up is particularly important for shifting position when seated
Sugar in cereals Sugar is a major ingredient in many breakfast cereals. The histogram displays the sugar content as a percentage of weight for 49 brands of cereal. The boxplots compare sugar content
Slalom times 2018 The Men’s Giant Slalom skiing event consists of two runs whose times are added together for a final score. Two displays of the giant slalom times in the 2018 Winter Olympics at
Rock concert deaths Crowd Management Strategies (www.crowdsafe.com) monitors accidents at rock concerts. In their database, they list the names and other variables of victims whose deaths were
Cost of living 2016, more cities Here are the same three prices as in Exercise 15 but for 576 cities around the world.(Prices are all in US$ as of August 2016; data in COLall 2016.)a) In general,
Cost of living 2016, selected cities To help travelers know what to expect, researchers collected the prices of commodities in 16 cities throughout the world. Here are boxplots comparing the average
House prices The following boxplot displays the prices (in British pounds) of 35 houses, 19 of which have a garage and 16 of which do not. Compare the two groups and interpret what you find. Prices
Car values A group of 25 friends compared their car values(in Euro) at the end of 2019 and derived the following statistics.a) Which W’s of the data can you identify?b) What kind of display is
Exoplanets re-expressed Here are the exoplanet distances of Exercise 11, re-expressed to the log scale:a) Is this a better scale to understand these distances?b) The low outlier is “sol”– that
Exoplanets Discoveries of planets beyond our solar system have grown rapidly. Here is a histogram showing the distance (in lightyears)from earth to stars that have known planets (as of 2016):Explain
Load factors 2017 over time, a second look Here is a timeplot of the same domestic load factors as in Exercise 9, but this time with a different smoother (called a median smoother)applied.a) What can
Load factors 2017 over time Here is a timeplot of each monthly load factor for domestic flights for 2000 to 2013 along with a lowess smooth.a) Describe the patterns you see in this plot.b) Do you
Load factors 2017 by year again The boxplots of exercise 6 show a single possible outlier. But that month in 2015 would not be an outlier in any of the other months in the display. Do you think it
Extraordinary months (Data in Load factors 2017) Look at the boxplots by month in Exercise 5. The low outlier in April is for April of 2003. At that time, there was concern over the deadly SARS
Load factors 2017 by year Here is a display of the domestic load factors by year through 2017:Discuss the patterns you see in this display. 82.5 75.0 67.5 HI H HH HIH 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Load factors 2017 by month Here is a display of the international load factors by month for the period from 2002 to 2017:Discuss the patterns you see in this display. 80 15 International Load Factor
Prisons 2014 In a way, boxplots are the opposite of histograms.A histogram divides the number line into equal intervals and displays the number of data values in each interval. A boxplot divides the
Fuel economy The boxplot shows the fuel economy ratings for 67 model year 2012 subcompact cars. Some summary statistics are also provided. The extreme outlier is the Mitsubishi i-MiEV, an electric
Load factors, 2017 by season We can also compare domestic load factors for September through March versus those for April through August:Compare and contrast what these histograms show. # of Months
Load factors 2017 The Research and Innovative Technology Administration of the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (www.TranStats.bts.gov/Data_Elements.aspx?Data=2) reports load
Be a Simpson Can you design a Simpson’s paradox? Two companies are vying for a city’s “Best Local Employer” award to be given to the company most committed to hiring local residents.Although
Obesity and exercise The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has estimated that 19.8% of Americans over 15 years old are obese. The CDC conducts a survey on obesity and various
Blood pressure A company held a blood pressure screening clinic for its employees. The results are summarized in the table below by Age and Blood pressure:Age Under 30 30–49 Over 50 Blood Pressure
Twin births In 2000, the Journal of the American Medical Association(JAMA) published a study that examined pregnancies that resulted in the birth of twins. Births were classified as preterm with
Test answers A student had to undergo a test which consisted of 50 Yes/No questions. The following contingency table compares the student’s answers with the actual correct answers:Actual Answers
Parking lots A survey of autos parked in student and staff lots at a large university classified the brands by country of origin, as seen in the table.Driver Student Staff Origin American 107 105
Student commencements revisited Examine the table about commencements of students studying in Australia on a student visa, shown in Exercise 35. Compare the distributions of commencements across the
More politics Look once more at the table summarizing the political views of Intro Stats students in Exercise 30.a) Produce a graphical display comparing the conditional distributions of males and
Student commencements The following contingency table contains Department of Education and Training international student enrolment data. These data are derived from the Provider Registration and
Politics revisited Look again at the table of political views for the Intro Stats students in Exercise 30.a) Find the conditional distributions (percentages) of political views for the females.b)
More about seniors Look again at the table of post-graduation plans for the senior class in Exercise 29.a) Find the conditional distributions (percentages) of plans for the white students.b) Find the
Glasgow’s population The following data, gathered by the National Records of Scotland, gives the population size of Glasgow, Scotland in the year 2017 by age group and sex.(Data from
Movies 06-15 How have movies changed during the decade from 2006 to 2015? Here is a contingency table showing the proportion of movies with each of the MPAA categories in each year:a) Are these
Politics Students in an Intro Stats course were asked to describe their politics as “Liberal,” “Moderate,” or “Conservative.”Here are the results:Politics L M C Total Sex Female 35 36 6
Seniors Prior to graduation, a high school class was surveyed about its plans. The following table displays the results for white and minority students (the “Minority” group included African
Higher education student enrolments The following contingency table contains data gathered by the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) for the academic year 2016/17 on higher education science
Satisfaction with financial situation The following contingency table contains data gathered by Eurostat from EU-28 in 2013. It illustrates the relationship between income level(measured through the
Assessment performance A report by the Department of Education, United Kingdom, shows the data in the following contingency table, which explores whether gender has an impact in performance in the
Diet and politics IV Here is a mosaic plot of the data on Diet and Politics from Exercise 5 combined with data on Gender.a) Are there more men or women in the survey? Explain briefly.b) Does there
Being successful revisited Here is a mosaic plot of the data on being successful from Exercise 10:a) Are the differences in sample sizes in the four groups very large? Explain briefly.b) Which factor
Communication among teenagers In Pew Research Centre’s Teens Relationships Survey of 2014/2015, 1,009 teenagers aged 13 to 17 who have a close friend were asked to identify the three most common
Education and employment patterns The following contingency table displays the education and employment patterns of young people (aged between 15 and 29 years) in the European Union for the year
Smartphone ownership The PEW Research Centre gathered the following data on the percentages of adults in all six sub-Saharan countries who reported that they own a smartphone in 2013 and 2017. (Data
Smoking women Look again at the table of smoking prevalence in Exercise 19.a) Compare the smoking rate among 18–24-year-old women to that of men during the time covered by this table.b) Relatively
Smoking The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provide data on smoking rates by year and for men and women separately. Here is a table with some of that information:a) What was the smoking
Cartoons You’ll find a number of cartoons throughout this text. Are they simply entertaining, or will they help with learning? Lawrence M. Lesser, Dennis K. Pearl, and John J.Weber III
Death from the sky A recent article in Geophysical Research Letters (Asteroid impact effects and their immediate hazards for human populations, 10.1002/2017GL073191) simulated the consequences of an
Moviegoers and ethnicity The Motion Picture Association of America studies the ethnicity of moviegoers to understand changes in the demographics of moviegoers over time. Here are the numbers of
Instagram usage The contingency table below provides data(in percentages) on the distribution of Instagram users worldwide as of July 2019 by age group and gender. (Data from
Graphs in the news Find a bar graph or pie chart of categorical data from a newspaper, a magazine, or the Internet.a) Is the graph clearly labeled?b) Does the graph violate the area principle?c) Does
Body image and gender The following contingency table of categorical data displays an exploration, by the University of Florida, of how body image is related to gender (Data from
Household size The following table displays the distribution of households in the European Union by size for the years 2013–2018. (Percentages may not add to 100% due to rounding.)(Data from
Movie genres and ratings The following table summarizes 1529 films from 2014 and 2015 that have been classified into a genre and have a MPAA rating. (Data from Movies 06-15)a) What percent of these
Life satisfaction As part of a survey on well-being of people in the European Union, Eurostat gathered the following data (in percentages) on life satisfaction by age group. (Data from
Regulation amendments revisited Here is a stacked bar chart of the sample data from Exercise 1 on whether University students agree with a set of regulation amendments from a survey of male and
Diet and politics revisited Here are the same data as in Exercise 5 but displayed differently:a) Describe what this plot shows using the concept of a conditional distribution.b) Do you think the
Diet and politics The survey of 299 undergraduate studentsfrom Exercise 86 in Chapter 2 (data in Student survey) asked about respondents’ diet preference (Carnivore, Omnivore, Vegetarian) and
Cyber comparison shopping againa) Find the conditional distribution (in percents) of income distribution for those who do not cyber compare prices.b) Find the conditional distribution (in percents)
Regulation amendments again Consider the sample data in Exercise 1.a) What is the conditional distribution (in percentages) of the opinions of female students on the regulation amendments?b) Find the
Cyber comparison shopping It has become common for shoppers to comparison shop using the Internet. Respondents to a Pew survey in 2013 who owned cell phones were asked whether they had, in the past
Regulation amendments The administration of a particular University asked 4,000 of its students to express their opinion as to whether they agree or disagree with a set of amendments to the
Student survey The dataset Student survey contains 299 responses to a student survey from a statistics project. The questions asked included:◆◆ How would you rate yourself politically? (1 = Far
Population growth 2010 The following data show the percentage change in population for the 50 states and the District of Columbia from the 2000 census to the 2010 census. Using appropriate graphical
Boomtowns 2015 In 2015, the website NewGeography.com listed its ranking of the best cities for job growth in the United States. The magazine’s top 20 large cities, along with their weighted job
Math scores 2013 The National Center for Education Statistics reports average mathematics achievement scores for eighth graders in all 50 states (nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/):State Score Alabama
ZIP codes revisited Here are some summary statistics to go with the histogram of the ZIP codes of 500 customers from the Holes-R-Us Internet Jewelry Salon that we saw in Exercise 81:What can these
ZIP codes Holes-R-Us, an Internet company that sells piercing jewelry, keeps transaction records on its sales. At a recent sales meeting, one of the staff presented a histogram of the ZIP codes of
Final grades revisited After receiving many complaints about his final-grade histogram from students currently taking a statistics course, the professor from Exercise 79 distributed the following
Final grades A professor (of something other than statistics!)distributed the following histogram to show the distribution of grades on his 200-point final exam. Comment on the display. # of Students
Unemployment The following table displays the unemployment rates as of July 2019 for 30 European countries
Acid rain Two researchers measured the pH (a scale on which a value of 7 is neutral and values below 7 are acidic) of water collected from rain and snow over a 6-month period in Allegheny County,
Return of the birds 2013 Students were given the assignment to make a histogram of the data on bird counts reported in Exercise 48. One student submitted the following display:a) Comment on this
A-Rod again 2016 Students were asked to make a histogram of the number of home runs Alex Rodriguez hit from 1994 to 2016(see Exercise 73). One student submitted the following display:a) Comment on
Aircraft accidents The following data give the numbers of aircraft accidents (rounded to the nearest 10) per year from 1970 to 2017 according to ACRO and Bureau of Aircraft Accident Archives(Source:
A-Rod 2016 Alex Rodriguez (known to fans as A-Rod) was the youngest player ever to hit 500 home runs. Here is a stem-andleaf display of the number of home runs hit by A-Rod during the 1994–2016
Wayne Gretzky In Exercise 70, you examined the number of games played by hockey great Wayne Gretzky during his 20-year career in the NHL.a) Would you use the median or the mean to describe the center
States The stem-and-leaf display shows populations of the 50 states, in millions of people, according to the 2010 census.a) From the stem-and-leaf display, find the median and the interquartile
The great one During his 20 seasons in the NHL, Wayne Gretzky scored 50% more points than anyone who ever played professional hockey. He accomplished this amazing feat while playing in 280 fewer
Gasoline 2014 In January 2014, 16 gas stations in eastern Wisconsin posted these prices for a gallon of regular gasoline:3.23 3.26 3.23 3.39 3.45 3.43 3.42 3.45 3.46 3.11 3.15 3.22 3.21 3.26 3.27
Cold weather A meteorologist preparing a talk about global warming compiled a list of weekly low temperatures (in degrees Fahrenheit) he observed at his southern Florida home last year.The coldest
Movie earnings 2015 The histogram shows total gross earnings(in millions of dollars) of the top 200 major release movies in 2015. (Data extracted from Movies_06-15)An industry publication reports
Golf drives II 2015 Exercise 64 looked at distances PGA golfers can hit the ball. The standard deviation of these average drive distances is 11.2 yards, and the quartiles are Q1 =282.05 yards and Q3
Movie lengths II 2010 Exercise 63 looked at the running times of movies released in 2010. The standard deviation of these running times is 16.6 minutes, and the quartiles are Q1 = 98 minutes and Q3 =
Golf drives 2015 The display shows the average drive distance(in yards) for 199 professional golfers during a week on the men’s PGA tour in 2015.a) Describe this distribution.b) Approximately what
Movie lengths 2010 The histogram shows the running times in minutes of the 150 top-grossing feature films released in 2010.a) You plan to see a movie this weekend. Based on these movies, how long do
Neck sizes again Look again at the histogram of men’s neck sizes in Exercise 60.a) Is the mean closer to 14, 15, or 16 inches? Why?b) Is the standard deviation closer to 1 inch, 3 inches, or 5
Insurance premiums II Using the histogram of the automobile insurance premiums in Exercise 59, answer the following questions:a) What is an approximate value of the mean?b) What is an approximate
Neck size The histogram shows the neck sizes (in inches) of the 250 men recruited for the health study in Utah from Exercise 9. (Data in Bodyfat. The neck sizes in Bodyfat are in cm. Divide by 2.54
Insurance premiums The histogram below shows the distribution of the sizes of 150 automobile insurance premiums (in Euros).Which summary statistics would you choose to describe the center and spread
Kidnappings II Using the data from Exercise 56, describe the distribution of the number of kidnappings due to terrorism worldwide during this time period.
Casualties II Using the data from Exercise 55, describe the distribution of the number of casualties due to terrorism worldwide during this time period.
Kidnappings The following are the annual numbers of worldwide kidnappings due to terrorism from 2007 to 2017:4980, 4680, 10749, 6051, 5554, 1283, 3137, 9461, 12264, 15664, 8937. Find these
Casualities The following are the annual numbers of casualties due to terrorism worldwide between 2006 and 2017:20487, 22719, 15708, 15310, 13186, 12533, 11098, 18066, 32763, 29424, 25722, 18753.
Sick days During contract negotiations, a company seeks to change the number of sick days employees may take, saying that the annual “average” is 7 days of absence per employee.The union
Mistake A clerk entering salary data into a company spreadsheet accidentally put an extra “0” in the boss’s salary, listing it as $2,000,000 instead of $200,000. Explain how this error will
Test scores, small class Test scores from a calculus section of 40 students are shown in the histogram below.Describe the distribution of scores. Why might you be less sure of the description of the
Test scores, large class Test scores from a large calculus class of 400 are shown in the histogram below.a) Describe the distribution of scores. What might account for this shape?b) Why might both

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