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nonparametric statistical inference

Questions and Answers of Nonparametric Statistical Inference

cars. There are now 143,781,202 registered passenger cars, and in 1980 there were 121,601,000.For each pair of values, use a percentage to express their relative change or difference. Use the second
Newspapers. The number of daily newspapers in the United States is now 1,387, and it was 2,226 in 1900.For each pair of values, use a percentage to express their relative change or difference. Use
Percentage Practice. A study was conducted to determine whether flipping a penny or spinning a penny has an effect on the proportion of heads. Among 49,437 trials, 29,015 involved flipping pennies,
Percentage Practice. A study was conducted of pleas made by 1,348 criminals. Among those criminals, 956 pleaded guilty and 392 of them were sentenced to prison.Among 72 other criminals who pleaded
Fractions, Decimals, Percentages. Express the following numbers in the three forms of fraction, decimal, and percentage.a. 350%b. 2.5c. −0.44d. −200%
Fractions, Decimals, Percentages. Express each of the following numbers in the three forms of a fraction, decimal, and percentage.a. 75%b. 3/8c. 0.4d. 80%
Interest rate. The Jefferson Valley Bank increased its new-car loan rate (annual) by 100 percentage points.new poll?decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make
Interest rate. The Jefferson Valley Bank increased its new-car loan rate by 100%.new poll?decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly false).
Salary Percentages. The CEO of the Brandon Marketing Group announces that all employees must take a 5% cut in pay this year, but they will all get a 5% raise next year, so the salaries will then be
cell Phones. The percentage of people with cell phones increased by 1.2 million people.new poll?decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly
Of and More Than. In an Opinion Research poll, 1,072 adults were asked what they would do with their old cell phones, and 44.0% of them said that they would donate them to charity. What is the actual
Percentage Points. A Ridgid survey of 1,023 high school students showed that 25% of them plan to enter the field of information technology, and the margin of error is 3 percentage points. Why is it
Percentage A New York Times editorial criticized a chart caption that described a dental rinse as one that“reduces plaque on teeth by over 300%.” If the dental rinse removes all of the plaque,
Percentages. Last year’s budget for the legislative branch of the U.S. government was $4919 million, and this year it is $5333 million. Consider last year’s budget of $4919 million to be the
accuracy and Precision. Find a recent news article that causes you to question accuracy or precision. For example, the article might report a figure with more precision than you think is justified,
absolute and relative Errors. Find a recent news report that describes some mistake in a measured, estimated, or projected number (for example, a budget projection that turned out to be incorrect).
random and Systematic Errors. Find a recent news report that gives a quantity that was measured statistically (for example, a report of population, average income, or the number of homeless people).
Wristwatch Errors. Use a Web site that gives you the local time (such as www.time.gov) to set a watch to the nearest second. Then compare the time on your watch with the times on friends’ watches.
census controversies. Use the Library of Congress’s“Thomas” Web site to find out about any pending legislation concerning the collection or use of census data. If you find more than one
The census. Go to the Web site for the U.S. Census Bureau and learn about the census conducted every 10 years. How and when will data be collected for the next census? Are any significant changes in
Threatened Species. The U.S. government now lists 1,879 endangered or threatened species of animals and plants.For each statement, briefly discuss possible sources of error in the measurement. Then,
college Students. Wikipedia reports that there are currently 14,261,778 college students in the United States.For each statement, briefly discuss possible sources of error in the measurement. Then,
cell Phones. The Newport Chronicle reported that there are now 5 billion cell phones in use.For each statement, briefly discuss possible sources of error in the measurement. Then, considering the
Gateway arch. The St. Louis Gateway Arch is 630.2377599694 feet tall.For each statement, briefly discuss possible sources of error in the measurement. Then, considering the precision with which the
Tallest Building. The Burj Khalifa in Dubai is 2,717 feet tall, making it the world’s tallest building.For each statement, briefly discuss possible sources of error in the measurement. Then,
Population of china. Last year, the population of China was 1,339,414,205 people.For each statement, briefly discuss possible sources of error in the measurement. Then, considering the precision with
Motor vehicle Deaths. Last year there were 38,929 deaths in the United States due to motor vehicle crashes.For each statement, briefly discuss possible sources of error in the measurement. Then,
Population. The population of the United States in 1860 was 31,443,321.For each statement, briefly discuss possible sources of error in the measurement. Then, considering the precision with which the
accuracy and Precision in Weight. Suppose your weight is 52.55 kilograms. A scale at a health clinic that gives weight measurements to the nearest half kilogram gives your weight as 521 2 kilograms.
accuracy and Precision in Weight. Suppose your weight is 52.55 kilograms. A scale at a health clinic that gives weight measurements to the nearest half kilogram gives your weight as 53 kilograms. A
accuracy and Precision in height. Assume that your statistics professor has a height of exactly 175.2 cm. Assume that this height is measured with a tape measure that can be read to the nearest mm
accuracy and Precision in corvette Weight. A new Corvette weighs 3,273 lb. A manufacturer’s scale that is accurate to the nearest 10 lb gives the weight as 3,250 lb, while the U.S. Department of
Minimizing Errors. When weighing a model 22F car battery, the measuring instrument is very precise, and the weight is obtained 10 consecutive times.a. All 10 measurements are not likely to be exactly
Minimizing Errors. Twenty-five people, including yourself, are to measure the length of a room to the nearest tenth of a millimeter. Assume that everyone uses the same wellcalibrated measuring
Baker’s Dozen. The bakery menu claims that there are 12 doughnuts in a bag, but the baker always puts 13 doughnuts (the true value) in each bag.find the values of the absolute and relative errors.
Wrong change. When purchasing lunch in a cafeteria, the actual (true value) of change due is $2.75, but the incorrect amount of $1.75 is given instead..find the values of the absolute and relative
Steak Weight. A steak at a restaurant actually weighs 18 ounces (the true value), but the menu claims that it is a 20-ounce steak.find the values of the absolute and relative errors.
credit card Bill. You receive a Visa credit card bill for$2,995, but it includes a charge of $1,750 that was not valid.(That is, the true value is $1,750 less than the bill claims.)find the values of
Measuring Length. A groundskeeper measures the length and width of a school’s athletic field using a ruler that is 1 foot long.identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify
cigarette Sales. The health commissioner of Los Angeles estimates the number of cigarettes smoked in her city from data for taxes collected on sales of cigarettes.identify at least one likely source
counterfeit Products. The police commissioner in New York City estimates the annual value of counterfeit goods sold in the city.identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify
radar Speeds. Speeds of cars are recorded by a police officer who uses a radar gun.identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify at least one likely source of systematic
M&Ms. The weights of individual M&M plain candies were obtained by placing each candy in a paper cup, then obtaining the weight without accounting for the weight of the cup.identify at least one
Passenger Weights. For a flight on a small plane, the pilot asks passengers what they weigh.identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify at least one likely source of
Tax returns. The annual incomes of 200 people are obtained from their tax returns.identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify at least one likely source of systematic
contributions. A survey asks people for the amount of money they donated to charity in the past year.identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify at least one likely source
Drunk Driving Data. For data collected on car driving fatalities, a researcher claims that while many fatalities are recorded as involving alcohol, many others are missed because the deceased are not
Technical Specifications. An iPod battery is supposed to provide 3.7 volts. An aftermarket supplier manufactures 5,000 replacement batteries and finds that they have a mean of 3.7 V, but about half
Safe air Travel. Before taking off, a pilot is supposed to set the aircraft altimeter to the elevation of the airport. A pilot leaves from Denver (altitude 5,280 feet) with her altimeter set to 2,500
Tax audit. A tax auditor reviewing a tax return looks for several kinds of problems, including these two: (1) mistakes made in entering or calculating numbers on the tax return and (2) places where
aircraft Baggage. An American Airlines agent tells you that you must pay a surcharge because your checked bag weighs 23.018 kg, which exceeds the limit of 23 kg, and that there’s no doubt that the
Scanner Error. The Jenkins supermarket manager claims that the scanning errors on purchased items are random, and about half of the errors are in favor of the supermarket.decide whether the statement
relative Error. The relative error that a microbiologist makes in measuring a cell must be less than the relative error that an astronomer makes in measuring a galaxy, because cells are smaller than
Species of Fish. There are 24,627 species of fish on Earth.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly false). Explain clearly; not all of
World Population. At a particular moment, the U.S.Census Bureau population clock shows that the global population is 7,118,233,027 people. Describe the accuracy and precision of that population
Standard Weight. Using the same standard weight from Exercise 2, assume that you put the weight on a scale and record the weight as 1.2034278 kg. Describe the accuracy and precision of the recorded
Standard Weight. A standard weight defined to represent exactly 1 kg is kept by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. If you put this 1-kilogram true weight on a scale and the scale
Error Type. When recording the weight of a watermelon, a supermarket clerk writes the wrong number. Is this type of error a random error or a systematic error? Explain.
Quality control. Apple tests each of its manufactured iPhones and labels each as acceptable or defective.determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and give their level of
Product ratings. Consumer Reports magazine lists ratings of “best buy,” “recommended,” or “not recommended” for each of several different computers.determine whether the data described
Political Survey. In a survey of voter preferences, the political parties of respondents are recorded as coded numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 (where 1 = Democrat, 2 = Republican, 3 = Liberal, 4 =
Employee hiring years. The years in which employees were hired (such as 2000, 1995, 2012) are used to determine their pension plan.determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative
Employee Service Times. Seniority of each employee at the Telektronics Corporation is based on the length of time that has passed since the employee was first hired.determine whether the data
Employee ID Numbers. The employees of the Telektronics Corporation have six-digit identification numbers that are randomly generated.determine whether the data described are qualitative or
Marathon runners. Home nations (such as U. S., France, Kenya) of runners in a marathon determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and give their level of measurement. If the
Marathon Times. Finish times of the New York City Marathon determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and give their level of measurement. If the data are quantitative,
SaT Scores. A person with an SAT score of 2200 is twice as qualified for college as a person with a score of 1100.determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the
Salary. An employee with a salary of $150,000 earns twice as much as one with a $75,000 salary.determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of
carbon Dating. Using carbon dating, one sample of wood is found to be twice as old as another, because the first sample is found to be 200 years old while the other sample is 100 years old.determine
art Dating. Using carbon dating, one sculpture is found to be 1,000 years old while a second sculpture is found to be 500 years old, so the first sculpture is twice as old as the second.determine
Temperatures. On August 6, it was 80o F in New York City, so it was twice as hot as on December 7, when it was 40° F.determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the
IQ Score as a Measure of Intelligence. One subject has an IQ score of 140 while another subject has an IQ score of 70, so the first subject is twice as intelligent as the second subject.determine
Wind Speed. Wind with a speed of 40 mi/h moves four times as fast as wind with a speed of 10 mi/h.determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of
Movie rating. A movie with a 4-star rating is twice as good as one with a 2-star rating.determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of measurement
Word counts. Numbers of words spoken in a day by a sample of males identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Weights. Weights of the cola in cans of Diet Coke identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
SSN. Social Security numbers identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Distances. Distances traveled by college students as they drive from their homes to their colleges identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Grades. Final course grades of A, B, C, D, F identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
clinical Trial. Results from a clinical trial consisting of“true positive,” “false positive,” “true negative,” or “false negative”identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal,
cars. Classifications of cars by size as subcompact, compact, intermediate, full-size identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Temperatures. Body temperatures in Fahrenheit of all students in a statistics class identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Movie Types. Types of movies (drama, comedy, etc.)identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Movie ratings. A critic’s movie recommendations of“must see,” “good,” “fair,” “poor,” or “avoid”identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Weights of Textbooks. Weights of college textbooks identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
cola. The exact amounts of cola in different cans state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
Stars. Number of stars in each galaxy in the universe state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
Movie ratings. The movie ratings by a critic, with 0 stars, 1/2 star, 1 star, and so on state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
car Speeds. The speeds of cars as they pass the center of the Golden Gate Bridge state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
Traffic count. Number of cars crossing the Golden Gate Bridge each hour state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
Test Scores. The numerical scores on a statistics test state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
Test Times. The times required by students to complete a statistics test state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
chemistry. An experiment in chemistry is repeated, and the times it takes for a reaction to occur are recorded.state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
Flights. The lengths in minutes of each of the flights between San Francisco and Atlanta in the past month state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
Flights. The total numbers of flights by different airlines between San Francisco and Atlanta in the past month state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
aircraft Baggage. The weights of checked bags on flights between San Francisco and Atlanta state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
aircraft Baggage. The numbers of checked bags on flights between San Francisco and Atlanta state whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why.
area codes. The area codes (such as 617) of the telephones of survey subjects determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
GPa. The grade point averages of randomly selected college students
Shoe Sizes. The shoe sizes (such as 8 or 101 2)of test subjects determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.

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