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nonparametric statistical inference

Questions and Answers of Nonparametric Statistical Inference

head circumferences. In studying different societies, an archeologist measures head circumferences of skulls determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
Nielsen ratings. The number of households with a television in use when surveyed by Nielsen Media Research determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
Nielsen Survey. The television shows being watched by households surveyed by Nielsen Media Research determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
Survey responses. The responses(yes, no, refuse to answer) from survey subjects when asked a question determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
Multiple choice Test Questions.The answers (a,b, c,d, e) to multiple choice test questions determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
Physicians. The specialties of physicians(cardiac surgeon, pediatrician, etc.)determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
reaction Times. Braking reaction times (in seconds) are measured as part of a driver education program.determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
White Blood cells. The white blood cell counts of different people, consisting of the numbers of white blood cells per microliter of blood determine whether the data described are qualitative or
Blood Groups. The blood groups of A, B, AB, and O determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
ZIP codes. A researcher argues that ZIP codes are quantitative data because they measure location, with low numbers in the east and high numbers in the west. Is she correct?Why or why not?
Qualitative/Quantitative. Is a researcher correct when she argues that all data are either qualitative or quantitative?Explain.
Quantitative/Qualitative. A football player is taking a statistics course and states that the names of the players on his team are qualitative, but they can be made quantitative by using the numbers
Qualitative/Quantitative. What is the difference between qualitative data and quantitative data?
Do a Web search for news articles that discuss results from the Harvard Nurses’ Health Study or other similar studies. Choose one recent result that interests you, and discuss what it means and how
All of the participants in the Harvard Nurses’ Health Study were women. Do you think that the results also are of use to men? Why or why not?
Another potential pitfall comes from the fact that the questionnaires often deal with sensitive issues of personal health, and researchers have no way to confirm that the nurses answer honestly. Do
In principle, the Harvard Nurses’ Health Study is subject to participation bias because only 120,000 of the original 370,000 questionnaires were returned. Should the researchers be concerned about
Explain why the Harvard Nurses’ Health Study is an observational study. Critics sometimes say that the results would be more valid if obtained by experiments rather than observations. Discuss
Consider some of the results that are likely to come from the Harvard Nurses’ Health Study over the next 10 to 20 years. What types of results do you think will be most important? Do you think the
Find the latest statistics from the U.S. Department of Transportation concerning the number of crashes and fatalities estimated to be caused by distracted driving each year. Do you think the
The fact that the studies found essentially no difference in danger between hand-held and hands-free devices comes as a surprise to most people. Research studies on brain activity that have provided
Public safety advocates and many insurance companies are using the data about distracted driving to argue in favor of laws banning the use of cell phones while driving. Do you support or oppose such
Do you ever drive while talking on your cell phone, texting, or programming your GPS? If so, have you ever noticed evidence of your distraction, such as missing a turn or an especially close call for
If a statistical study is carefully conducted in every possible way, then: (a) its results must be correct; (b) we can have confidence in its results, but it is still possible that the results are
Imagine a survey of randomly selected people in which it is found that people who use sunscreen were more likely to have been sunburned in the past year. Which explanation for this result seems most
Consider an experiment in which you measure the weights of randomly selected cars. The variable of interest in this study is: (a) the size of the sample; (b) the weights of the cars; (c) the average
The television show American Idol selects winners from votes cast by anyone who wants to vote. This means the winner: (a) is the person most Americans want to win;(b) may or may not be the person
A study conducted by the oil company Exxon Mobil shows that there was no lasting damage from a large oil spill in Alaska. This conclusion: (a) is definitely invalid, because the study was biased; (b)
A survey reveals that 24% of adults believe that the most fun way to flirt is through instant messages. The margin of error is 3 percentage points. The confidence interval for this poll is: (a) from
Poll X predicts that Powell will receive 49% of the vote, while Poll Y predicts that she will receive 53% of the vote.Both polls have a margin of error of 3 percentage points.What can you conclude?
An experiment is single-blind if: (a) it lacks a treatment group; (b) it lacks a control group; (c) the participants do not know whether they belong to the treatment or control group.
If we see a placebo effect in an experiment to test a new treatment designed to cure warts, it means: (a) the experiment was not properly double-blind; (b) the experimental groups were too small; (c)
The purpose of a placebo is: (a) to prevent participants from knowing whether they belong to the treatment group or the control group; (b) to distinguish between the cases and the controls in a
The experiment described in Exercise 4 is: (a) single-blind;(b) double-blind; (c) not blind.
Consider an experiment designed to see whether cash incentives can improve school attendance. The researcher chooses two groups of 100 high school students: She offers one group $10 for every week of
When we say that a sample is representative of the population, we mean that: (a) the results found for the sample are similar to those we would find for the entire population; (b)the sample is very
For the poll described in Exercise 1, which sampling plan would likely yield results that are most biased: (a) Mail the survey to college students in California and use the returned responses; (b)
You conduct a poll in which you randomly select 1,200 college students in California and ask if they have taken an online course. The population for this study is: (a) All students who have taken an
Wording of a Survey Question. In The Superpollsters, David W. Moore describes an experiment in which different subjects were asked if they agree with the following statements:i. Too little money is
clinical Trial of Bystolic. In clinical trials of the drug Bystolic used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), 677 Bystolic users were observed for adverse reactions.It was found that among
Simple random Sample. An important element of this chapter is the concept of a simple random sample.a. What is a simple random sample?b. When the Bureau of Labor Statistics conducts a survey, it
Tats. A Harris poll surveyed 2,320 adults in the United States, among which 14% said that they have at least one tattoo. The margin of error is 2 percentage points.a. Interpret the margin of error by
unbelievable results. Find a recent news report about a statistical study whose results you don’t believe are meaningful and important. In one page or less, summarize the study and explain why you
Believable results. Find a recent news report about a statistical study whose results you believe are meaningful and important. In one page or less, summarize the study and explain why you find it
Applying the Guidelines. Find a recent newspaper article or television report about a statistical study on a topic that you find interesting. Write a short report applying each of the eight
professional Journals. Consult an issue of a professional journal. Select one specific article and use the ideas of this section to summarize and evaluate the study
Twin Studies. Researchers doing statistical studies in biology, psychology, and sociology are grateful for the existence of twins. Twins can be used to study whether certain traits are inherited from
Analyzing a Statistical Study. Find a detailed report on some recent statistical study of interest to you. Write a short report applying each of the eight guidelines given in this section. (Some of
Headline: “Sex more important than jobs”Story summary: A survey found that 82% of 500 people interviewed by phone ranked a satisfying sex life as important or very important, while 79% ranked job
Headline: “Drugs shown in 98 percent of movies”Story summary: A “government study” claims that drug use, drinking, or smoking was depicted in 98% of the top movie rentals (Associated
Statistics courses First question: What is the proportion of college graduates who have taken a statistics course?Second question: What is the proportion of statistics courses taken by college
Binge Drinking First question: How often do college students do binge drinking?Second question: How often is binge drinking done by college students?Briefly discuss how the two questions differ and
Full-Time Faculty First question: What percentage of introductory classes on campus are taught by full-time faculty members?Second question: What percentage of full-time faculty members teach
Internet Dating First question: What percentage of Internet dates lead to marriage?Second question: What percentage of marriages begin with Internet dates?Briefly discuss how the two questions differ
Tax or Spend? A Gallup poll asked the following two questions:• Do you favor a tax cut or “increased spending on other government programs”? Result: 75% for the tax cut.• Do you favor a tax
It’s All in the Wording. Princeton Survey Research Associates did a study for Newsweek magazine illustrating the effects of wording in a survey. Two questions were asked:• Do you personally
Survey method. You conduct a survey to find the percentage of people in your state who can name the lieutenant governor, who plans to run for the United States Senate. You obtain addresses from a
political polling. You receive a call in which the caller claims to be conducting a national opinion research poll. You are asked if your opinion about congressional candidate John Sweeney would
Famous Book. When author Shere Hite wrote Woman and Love: A Cultural Revolution in Progress, she based conclusions about the general population of all women on 4,500 replies that she received after
chocolate. An article in Journal of Nutrition (Vol. 130, No. 8) noted that chocolate is rich in flavonoids. The arti -cle reports that “regular consumption of foods rich in flavonoids may reduce
counterfeit Goods. A consortium of manufacturers plans a study designed to compare the value of counterfeit goods produced in the United States in the year 2000 to the current year.determine which of
nuclear energy poll. Randomly selected adults were asked: “Do you agree or disagree with increasing the production of nuclear energy that could potentially kill thousands of innocent
election poll. Under the headline “Turner predicted to win in a landslide,” it was reported that 54% of voters in a pre-election poll prefer Turner, compared with 46% for her opponent.determine
new York city Subway Survey. The New York City Transit Authority routinely conducts a survey of satisfaction by distributing surveys on subways. The passengers take the surveys home and return them
Agriculture. Researchers conclude that an irrigation system used to grow tomatoes in California is more effective than a competing system used in Arizona.determine which of the eight guidelines
Goodness. In a study of 1,200 college students, each was asked whether he or she was a good person.determine which of the eight guidelines appears to be most relevant. Explain your reasoning.
Smoking. A clinical trial involved the use of a nicotine gum as an aid to help smokers stop smoking. The clinical trial involved 1,000 college students who were paid for their participation, and the
Hygiene. The Winslow Supply Company manufactures deodorants and sponsored a survey showing that good personal hygiene is critically important for success in a job interview.determine which of the
Diet effectiveness. The Simon diet is effective because it was used by a sample of 1,000 subjects and there was a mean weight loss of 1.7 pounds during a six-month study.decide whether the statement
Vitamin c and colds. My experiment proved that vitamin C can reduce the severity of colds, because I controlled the experiment carefully for every possible confounding variable.decide whether the
Survey location. The survey of the use of credit among adult Americans suffered from selection bias because the questionnaires were handed out only on college campuses.decide whether the statement
large Survey. A survey involving a larger sample of subjects is always better than one involving a smaller sample.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense
confounding Variables. What are confounding variables, and what problems can they cause?
Self-Selected Surveys. Why are self-selected surveys almost always prone to participation bias?
Selection Bias and participation Bias, Describe and contrast selection bias and participation bias in sampling.
peer review, What is peer review? How is it useful?
meta-Analysis. Search through recent newspapers or journals and find an example of a meta-analysis. Briefly describe the study and summarize its conclusions.
retrospective Studies. Search through recent newspapers or journals and find an example of an observational, retrospective study. Briefly describe the study and summarize its conclusions.
experimental Studies. Search through recent newspapers or journals and find an example of a statistical study that involved an experiment. Briefly describe the study and summarize its conclusions.
observational Studies. Search through recent newspapers or journals and find an example of a statistical study that was observational. Briefly describe the study and summarize its conclusions.
Study Stopped early. It sometimes happens that study is stopped early before its completion. Use the Internet to find an example of such a study. Why was the study stopped?Should it have been
Debate: Should We use Data from unethical experiments? Past research often did not conform to today’s ethical standards. In extreme cases, such as research conducted by doctors in Nazi Germany, the
ethics in experiments. In an infamous study conducted in Tuskegee, Alabama, from 1932 to 1972, African American males were told that they were receiving treatment for syphilis, but in fact they were
experimenter effects in repressed memory cases.Search the Internet for articles and information about the controversy regarding recovering repressed memories.Briefly summarize one or two of the most
Home Siding. Does aluminum siding on a home last longer than wood siding?If you were to design the experiment, how would you choose the treatment and control groups? Should the experiment be
ethanol and mileage. Does an ethanol additive in gasoline cause reduced mileage?If you were to design the experiment, how would you choose the treatment and control groups? Should the experiment be
lipitor and cholesterol. Does the drug Lipitor result in lower cholesterol levels?If you were to design the experiment, how would you choose the treatment and control groups? Should the experiment be
Beethoven and Intelligence. Does listening to Beethoven make infants more intelligent?If you were to design the experiment, how would you choose the treatment and control groups? Should the
paint mixtures. In durability tests of Benjamin Moore paint and Sherwin Williams paint, the researchers who evaluate the results know which samples are from each of the two different brands.identify
Weight lifting. In a test of the effects of lifting heavy weights on blood pressure, one group undergoes a treatment consisting of a weight-lifting program while another group lifts tennis
Athlete’s Foot. In a clinical trial of the effectiveness of a lotion used to treat tinea pedis (athlete’s foot), the physicians who evaluate the results know which subjects were given the
Treating Back pain. A physician conducts a clinical trial of the effectiveness of running as a treatment for back pain.One group undergoes the running treatment while a control group does
Aspirin Trial. In Phase I of a clinical trial designed to test the effectiveness of aspirin in preventing heart attacks, aspirin is given to three people and a placebo to seven other people.identify
octane rating. In a comparison of gasoline with different octane ratings, 24 vans are driven with 87 octane gasoline, while 28 sport utility vehicles are driven with 91 octane gasoline. After being
Internet Shopping. Two hundred volunteers are recruited for a study of how Internet shopping affects purchases.Each person is allowed to choose whether to be in the Internet user group or the group
poplar Tree Growth. An experiment is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of irrigation and fertilizers on poplar tree growth. Fertilizer is used with one group of poplar trees in a moist region,
Improving IQ Scores. A psychologist develops a procedure for improving IQ scores by training subjects to become better at taking tests.A standard IQ test is used for evaluating the effectiveness of
Treating Depression. A psychologist has developed a procedure for modifying behavior so that subjects suffering from depression can greatly improve that condition. In formal tests of the
lawn Treatment. A researcher plans to test the effectiveness of a new fertilizer on grass growth. Does it make sense to use a double-blind experiment in this case?
clothing color. A researcher plans to investigate the belief that people are more comfortable in the summer sun when they wear clothing with light colors instead of clothing with dark colors. Does it

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