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nonparametric statistical inference

Questions and Answers of Nonparametric Statistical Inference

ethics. A clinical trial of a new drug designed to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) is designed to last for three years, but after the first year it becomes clear that the drug is highly
confounding. In testing the effectiveness of a new vaccine, suppose that researchers used males for the treatment group and females for the placebo group. What is confounding, and how would it affect
Blinding. What is blinding, and why is it important in an experiment to test the effectiveness of a drug?
placebo. What is a placebo, and why is it important in an experiment to test the effectiveness of a drug?
political polls. Find results from a recent poll conducted by a political organization (such as the Republican or Democratic party or an organization that seeks to influence Congress on some
opinion poll Sample. Find a recent news report about an opinion poll carried out by a news organization(such as Gallup, Harris, USA Today, New York Times, or CNN). Briefly describe the sample and how
Sampling in the news. Find a recent news report about a statistical study that you find interesting.Write a short summary of how the sample for the study was chosen, and briefly discuss whether you
Selective Voting. The Academy Awards, the Heisman Trophy, and the New York Times “Bestseller List” are just three examples of selections that are determined by the votes of specially selected
unemployment Sample. Use the Bureau of Labor Statistics Web page to find details on how the bureau chooses the sample of households in its monthly survey.Write a short summary of the procedure and
public opinion poll. Use information available on the Web site of a polling organization, such as Gallup, Harris, Pew, or Yankelovich, to answer the following questions.a. How exactly is a sample of
mercury in Tuna. You want to determine the average mercury content of the tuna fish consumed by U.S. residents.suggest a sampling method that is likely to produce a representative sample. Explain why
Heart Deaths. You want to determine the percentage of deaths due to heart disease each year.suggest a sampling method that is likely to produce a representative sample. Explain why you chose this
Blood Type. You want to determine the percentage of people in this country in each of the four major blood groups(A, B, AB, and O).suggest a sampling method that is likely to produce a representative
Student election. You want to predict the winner of an upcoming election for student body president.suggest a sampling method that is likely to produce a representative sample. Explain why you chose
Seat Belts. Every 500th seat belt is tested by stressing it until it fails.identify which of the following applies: simple random sample, systematic sample, convenience sample, stratified sample, or
Quality control. A sample of manufactured CDs is obtained by using a computer to randomly generate a number between 1 and 1,000 for each CD, and the CD is selected if the generated number is
Heart Transplants. A medical researcher at Johns Hopkins University obtains a numbered list of all patients waiting for a heart transplant, then uses a computer to select the patients corresponding
magazine Survey. People magazine chooses its “bestdressed celebrities” by compiling responses from readers who mail in a survey printed in the magazine.identify which of the following applies:
Student Drinking. Motivated by a student who died from binge drinking, the College of Newport conducts a study of student drinking by randomly selecting 10 different classes and interviewing all of
market research. A market researcher has partitioned all California residents into categories of unemployed, employed full time, and employed part time. She is surveying 50 people from each
Telephone poll. In a Gallup poll of 1,059 adults, the interview subjects were selected by using a computer to randomly generate telephone numbers that were then called.identify which of the following
Fundraising. Fundraisers for the College of Newport test a new telemarketing campaign by obtaining an alphabetical list of all alumni and selecting every 100th name on that list.identify which of the
credit card Data. A professor surveyed students in her class to obtain sample data consisting of the number of credit cards students possess.identify which of the following applies: simple random
mTV Survey. A marketing expert for MTV is planning a survey in which 500 people will be randomly selected from each age group of 10–19, 20–29, and so on.identify which of the following applies:
Tax cheating. An Internal Revenue Service researcher investigates false reporting of tip income by waiters and waitresses by surveying all waiters and waitresses at 20 randomly selected
ergonomics. An engineering student measures the strength of fingers used to push buttons by testing family members.identify which of the following applies: simple random sample, systematic sample,
education and Sports. A researcher for the Spaulding athletic equipment company is studying the relationship between level of education and participation sports. She conducts a survey of 40 randomly
exit polls. On days of presidential elections, the news media organize an exit poll in which specific polling stations are randomly selected and all voters are surveyed as they leave the
Sobriety checkpoint. Police set up a sobriety checkpoint at which every fifth driver is stopped and interviewed.
clinical Trial. In phase II testing of a new drug designed to increase the red blood cell count, a researcher obtains envelopes with the names and addresses of all treated subjects.She wants to
Drug Study Funding. The Journal of the American Medical Association prints an article evaluating a drug, and some of the physicians who wrote the article received funding from the pharmaceutical
Gmo Soybeans. Monsanto hires independent university scientists to determine whether its new, genetically engineered soybean poses any threat to the environment.Are there sources of bias in the
car reviews. Consumer Reports magazine prints a review of new cars and does not accept free products or advertising from anyone.Are there sources of bias in the situations described
movie critic. A film critic for ABC News gives her opinion of the latest movie from Disney, which also happens to own ABC.Are there sources of bias in the situations described
california Voters. You want to conduct a survey to determine the proportion of eligible voters in California likely to vote for the Democratic presidential candidate in the next election.• Sample
credit card Debt. You want to determine the mean amount of credit card debt owed by adult consumers in Florida.• Sample 1: The Florida drivers who own and have registered Land Rover vehicles•
mail Survey. A graduate student conducts a research project about how adult Americans send thank-you notes. She uses the U.S. Postal Service to mail a survey to 500 adults that she knows and asks
Gun ownership. In a Gallup poll of 1,059 randomly selected adults, 39% answered “yes” when asked “Do you have a gun in your home?”identify the sample, population, and sampling method. Then
Super Bowl. During the Super Bowl game, Nielsen Media Research conducts a survey of 5,108 randomly selected households and finds that 44% of them have television sets tuned to the Super Bowl.identify
Senate Terms. A political scientist randomly selects 4 of the 100 senators currently serving in Congress, then finds the lengths of time that they have served.identify the sample, population, and
Instructor Ages. You want to determine the mean age of all statistics instructors at the University of Colorado.determine whether a census is practical in the situations described. Explain your
IQ Scores. You want to determine the mean IQ score of all statistics instructors in the United States.determine whether a census is practical in the situations described. Explain your reasoning.
High School Heights. You want to determine the mean height of all high school basketball players in the United States.determine whether a census is practical in the situations described. Explain your
laker Heights. You want to determine the mean height of all basketball players on the LA Lakers team.determine whether a census is practical in the situations described. Explain your reasoning.
Death row. There are currently 3,242 convicts on death row (based on 2010 data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics).We obtained a simple random sample of those convicts by compiling a numbered
Biased Sample. The study must have been biased, because it concluded that 75% of Americans are more than 6 feet tall.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make
convenience Sample. For a statistics class project, I used a convenience sample, but the results may still be meaningful.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make
Graduation Age. For a statistics class project, I conducted a census to determine the mean age of students when they earn their bachelor’s degrees.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is
Sample of Students. A college statistics teacher conducted a study by recording whether each student in his class was right-handed. The objective was to form a conclusion about the proportion of
cluster and Stratified Sampling. Cluster sampling and stratified sampling both involve selecting subjects in subgroups of the population. What is the difference between those two types of sampling?
Biased Sample. In a survey before a general election (as opposed to a primary), a sample is drawn randomly from a list of registered Democrats. Is there anything wrong with this sampling method?
census and Sample. What is a census, what is a sample, and what is the difference between them?
economic Statistics. The government regularly publishes many different economic statistics, such as the unemployment rate, the inflation rate, and the surplus or deficit in the federal budget. Study
Statistics in Sports. Choose a sport and describe at least three different statistics commonly tracked by participants in or spectators of the sport. In each case, briefly describe the importance of
Statistics and entertainment. The Nielsen ratings are well known for their role in gauging television viewing. Identify another way that statistics are used in the entertainment industry. Briefly
Statistics in Your major. Write a brief description of some ways in which you think that the science of statistics can be used in your major field of study. (If you have not yet selected a major,
Statistics in the news. Identify three stories from the past week that involve statistics in some way. In each case, write a brief statement describing the role of statistics in the story.
pew research center. The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press studies public attitudes toward the press, politics, and public policy issues. Go to its Web site and find the latest survey
Statistics and Safety. Identify a study that has been done(or should be done) to improve the safety of car drivers and passengers. Briefly describe the importance of statistics to the study.
labor Statistics. Use the Bureau of Labor Statistics Web site to find monthly unemployment rates over the past 12 months. If you assume that the monthly survey has a margin of error of about 0.2
comparing Airlines. The U.S. Department of Transportation routinely publishes on-time performance, lost baggage rates, and other statistics for different airline companies.Find a recent example of
nielsen methods. Nielsen Media Research supplies statistical data that is very important to advertisers and marketers. Visit the Nielsen Web site and read about one or more of their data products.
current nielsen ratings. Find the Nielsen ratings for the past week. What were the three most popular television shows? Explain the meaning of the “rating” and the “share”for each show.
pacemaker Batteries. Because the batteries used in heart pacemakers are so critically important, you want to determine the average (mean) length of time that such batteries last before
passenger Weight. Recognizing that overloading commercial aircraft would lead to unsafe flights, you want to determine the average (mean) weight of airline passengers.Describe how you would apply the
credit Scores. FICO (Fair Isaac Corporation) scores are routinely used to rate the quality of consumer credit. You want to determine the average (mean) FICO score of an adult in the United
cell phones and Driving. You want to determine the percentage of drivers who use cell phones while they are driving.Describe how you would apply the five basic steps in a statistical study (as listed
piercings and Tattoos. A Harris Interactive survey of 514 human resources professionals showed that 46% of them say that piercings or tattoos make job applicants less likely to be hired.The margin of
Super Bowl. In a recent Super Bowl, a Nielsen report found that 45% of the 9,000 surveyed U.S. households had TV sets tuned to the game. The margin of error is 1 percentage point.do the following:a.
prescription Drugs. A study of 3,005 adults ages 57 to 85 showed that 82% of them use at least one prescription drug.The margin of error is 2 percentage points (based on data from “Use of
Death penalty. A Gallup poll asked 511 randomly selected adults if they favor the death penalty for a person convicted of murder, with 64% saying yes. The margin of error is 4 percentage points.do
Why the Discrepancy? An Eagleton Institute poll asked men if they agreed with this statement: “Abortion is a private matter that should be left to women to decide without government
Do people lie About Voting? In a survey of 1,002 people, 701 (or 70%) said that they voted in the last presidential election (based on data from ICR Research Group). The margin of error was 3
nielsen Survey. In a survey of 25,047 Super Bowl viewers, 51% of them said that they enjoyed commercials more than the game. The margin of error is 0.6%. Can we conclude that the majority of Super
Global Warming poll. A Pew Research Center poll asked 1,708 randomly selected adults whether “global warming is a problem that requires immediate government action.” Results showed that 55% of
Body Temperatures. One hundred and six adults are randomly selected and tested for their body temperatures. Based on that sample, researchers estimated that the average (mean)body temperature is
claim to Wash up. In a Harris Interactive survey of 1,006 adults, 96% say that they wash their hands when in a public restroom. The margin of error was 3 percentage points.use the given statistics
Wash up. USA Today reported that among 6,028 adults observed in restrooms, 85% washed their hands. The margin of error was 1 percentage point.use the given statistics and margin of error to identify
Wake up. A Braun Research poll asked 1,000 office workers how they wake up in time for work; 60% of them said that they use an alarm clock. The margin of error of was 3 percentage points.use the
Job Interview mistakes. In an Accountemps survey of 150 senior executives, 47% said that the most common job interview mistake is to have little or no knowledge of the company.describe a statistical
Garlic and cholesterol. In a test of the effectiveness of garlic for lowering cholesterol, 47 adult subjects were treated with Garlicin, which is garlic in a processed tablet form. Cholesterol levels
Birth Weights. For 186 randomly selected babies, the average (mean) of their birth weights is 3,103 grams(based on data from “Cognitive Outcomes of Preschool Children with Prenatal Cocaine
Smoking poll. In a Gallup poll of 1,018 adults in the United States, it was found that 22% smoked cigarettes in the past week.describe a statistical study. In each case, identify the sample, the
new product. Our market research department surveyed 1,000 consumers on their attitude toward our new product.Because the people in this sample were so enthusiastic in their desire to purchase the
Depression Sample. The goal of my study is to learn about depression among people who have suffered through a family tragedy, so I plan to choose a sample from the population of patients in support
Beating nielsen. A new startup company intends to compete with Nielsen Media Research by providing data with a larger margin of error for the same price.decide whether the statement makes sense (or
poll certainty. There is no doubt that Johnson won the election, because an exit poll showed that she received 54% of the vote and the margin of error is only 3 percentage points.decide whether the
poor poll. A poll conducted two weeks before the election found that Smith would get 70% of the vote, with a margin of error of 3%, but he ended up losing the election anyway.decide whether the
Statistics and parameters. My professor conducted a statistical study in which he was unable to measure any sample statistics, but he succeeded in determining the population parameters with a very
margin of error. What is the margin of error in a statistical study, and why is it important?
Statistics and parameters. What is a sample statistic, what is a population parameter, and what is the difference between them?
Statistic and Statistics. Suppose that, in a discussion, one person refers to baseball statistics and another refers to the use of statistics in showing that a particular drug is an effective
population and Sample. What is a population, what is a sample, and what is the difference between them?
How good is the model at classifying cases for which the outcome is unknown? In other words, how many satisfied employees are classified correctly? How many unsatisfied employees are classified
If job satisfaction can be predicted correctly, which variables are central in the prediction of that status? Does the inclusion of a particular variable increase or decrease the probability of the
Can job satisfaction (i.e., unsatisfied or satisfied) be correctly predicted from knowledge of population; age, income, years of education, hours worked per week, importance of having a fulfilling
Design and conduct a logistic regression in order to classify subjects into a specific number of groups by following the appropriate SPSS guidelines provided.
Develop research questions appropriate for a logistic regression analysis.
Describe what is meant by odds in a logistic regression and how odds are calculated.
Explain problems that may be associated with situations where there are too few cases in relation to the number of predictor variables in a logistic regression.

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