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nonparametric statistical inference
Questions and Answers of
Nonparametric Statistical Inference
Note that this graph plots six variables: two variables of direction (north-south and east-west), the size of the army, the location of the army, the direction of the army’s movement, and
Discuss how this graph helps to overcome the impersonal nature of the many deaths in a war. What kind of impact does it have on you personally?
In one county, the cost of snow removal tripled from 1980 to the current year. Why is it misleading to represent the amounts with images of two rectangular snowplows if the second is three times as
Identify the values represented by the following stemplot:0 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 34 9 9
Construct a dotplot representing these six IQ scores: 90, 95, 95, 100, 105, 110.
The bar chart in Figure 44 depicts the number of twin births in the United States in the years 2000 and 2008. In what way is this graph misleading? Number of twin births (thousands) 150 140 100 2000
The third class in a frequency table is 40–49 and the corresponding cumulative frequency is 80.What does the value of 80 indicate?
The first class in a relative frequency table is 20–29 and the corresponding relative frequency is 0.25. What does the value of 0.25 indicate?
The first class in a frequency table is 20–29 and the corresponding frequency is 15.What does the value of 15 indicate?
A stemplot is created from the intervals (min) between eruptions of the Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park, and one row of that stemplot is 61222279.Identify the values represented by
As a quality control manager at Sony, you find that defective CDs have various causes, including worn machinery, human error, bad supplies, and packaging mistreatment.Which of the following graphs
The IQ scores of 500 college football players are randomly selected. Which graph would be most appropriate for these data: histogram, bar chart, pie chart, multiple bar graph, or stack plot?
bar Chart. Figure 43 shows the numbers of U.S. adoptions from China in the years 2005 and 2010. What is wrong with this graph? Draw a graph that depicts the data in a fair and objective way. US.
Pareto Chart. Construct a Pareto chart from the data given in Exercise 4.Compare the Pareto chart to the pie chart.Which graph is more effective in showing the numbers of frustrating sounds? Explain.
Pie Chart of Awful sounds. In a survey, 1,004 adults were asked to identify the most frustrating sound that they hear in a day. Two hundred seventy-nine chose jackhammers, 388 chose car alarms, 128
not-so-outstanding news Graph. Find a graph from a recent news report that, in your opinion, fails in its attempt to display data visually in a meaningful way.Discuss what the graph was trying to
outstanding news Graph. Find a graph from a recent news report that, in your opinion, is truly outstanding in displaying data visually. Discuss what the graph shows, and explain why you think it is
Pictograph in the news. Find an example of a pictograph in a recent news report. Discuss what the pictograph attempts to show, and discuss whether the artistic embellishments help or hinder this
Economic Graph in the news. Find an example in a recent news report of a graph that shows economic data over time.Are the data adjusted for inflation? Discuss the meaning of the graph and any ways in
scale Problems in the news. Find an example in a recent news report of a graph in which the vertical scale does not start at zero. Suggest why the graph was drawn that way and also discuss any ways
Distortions in the news. Find an example in a recent news report of a graph that involves some type of perceptual distortion. Explain the effects of the distortion, and describe how the graph could
image search. Choose some topic that interests you for which you think that good statistical graphs should be available. Do an image search for the topic in Google, Bing, or other search engine. Does
usA snapshot. USA Today offers a daily pictograph for its “Snapshot.” Find a snapshot from a recent issue of USA Today. Briefly discuss its purpose and effectiveness.
Double Horizontal scale. The graph in Figure 42 shows simultaneously the number of births in this country during two time periods: 1946–1964 and 1977–1994. When did the first baby boom peak? When
Constant Dollars. The graph in Figure 41 shows the minimum wage in the United States, together with its purchasing power, which is adjusted for inflation with 1996 used as the reference year. The
seasonal Effects on schizophrenia? The graph in Figure 40 shows data regarding the relative risk of schizophrenia among people born in different months.a. Note that the scale of the vertical axis
Percentage Change in the CPi. The graph in Figure 39 shows the percentage change in the CPI over recent years.In what year (of the years displayed) was the change in the CPI the greatest? What
Moore’s law. In 1965, Intel cofounder Gordon Moore initiated what has since become known as Moore’s law:the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits will double approximately
Three-Dimensional Pies. The pie charts in Figure 38 give the percentage of Americans in three age categories in 1990 and 2050 (projected).a. Consider the 1990 age distribution. The actual percentages
Pictograph. Refer to Figure 37 used in Exercise 7 and construct a bar chart to depict the same data in a way that is fair and objective.
Pictograph. Figure 37 depicts the amounts of daily oil consumption in the United States and Japan. Does the illustration accurately depict the data? Why or why not? Daily Oil Consumption (millions of
Comparing state Populations. Figure 36 depicts 2010 populations for California, Texas, and New York (based on data from the 2010 Census). How is this graph misleading?How could it be drawn so that it
Car Mileage. Figure 35 shows the highway fuel consumption (mi/gal) for the Chevrolet Aveo and the Honda Civic.How is the graph misleading? How could it be drawn so that it is not misleading? Highway
sugar Cubes. To show how sugar production doubled from 1990 to now, an illustrator draws two sugar cubes. The first cube is drawn with a length of 1 cm on each side and the second cube is drawn with
Vertical scale. A line chart has a vertical scale with values of 0, 1, 10, 100, 1000 and 10,000. What is the name of such a scale? What is an advantage of such a scale?
Graph of Populations. When constructing a graph showing the population of the United States and the population of Mexico, an illustrator draws two different people with heights proportional to the
Exaggerating a Difference. Under standard test conditions, the braking distance for a Honda Civic is 136 feet and the braking distance for a VW Jetta is 137 feet. Is that difference meaningful? How
Fancy news Graphics. Find an example in the news of a graphic that combines two or more of the basic graphic types. Briefly explain what the graphic is showing, and discuss the effectiveness of the
Three-Dimensional Displays. Find an example of a three-dimensional display in a recent news report.Are three dimensions needed, or are they included for cosmetic reasons? Comment on the effectiveness
Geographical Data. Find an example of a graph of geographical data in a recent news report. Comment on the effectiveness of the display. Could another display have been used to depict the same data?
stack Plots. Find an example of a stack plot in a recent news report. Comment on the effectiveness of the display. Could another display have been used to depict the same data?
Multiple bar Graphs. Find an example of a multiple bar graph or multiple line chart in a recent news report. Comment on the effectiveness of the display.Could another display have been used to depict
The Federal budget. Go to the Web site for the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and look for some of its charts related to the federal budget. Pick two charts of particular interest to you
Weather Maps. Many Web sites offer contour maps with current weather data. Find at least two contour weather maps and discuss what they show.
College Degrees. The stacked line chart in Figure 26 shows the numbers of bachelor’s degrees awarded to men and women since 1970.a. Estimate the numbers of bachelor’s degrees awarded to men and
Entitlement spending. The stack plot in Figure 25 shows Congressional Budget Office data for actual (through 2011)and projected spending on entitlement programs through 2085 as percentages of the
Marriage and Divorce Rates. The graph in Figure 24 depicts the U.S. marriage and divorce rates for selected years since 1900. The marriage rates are depicted by the blue bars and the divorce rates
Gender and salary. Consider the display in Figure 23 of median salaries of males and females in recent years.a. What story does the graph convey?b. Redraw the graph as a multiple (two) line chart.
Home Prices by Region. The graph in Figure 22 shows home prices in different regions of the United States. Note that the data have not been adjusted for the effects of inflation.a. In words, describe
Genders of students. The stack plot in Figure 21 shows the numbers of male and female higher education students for different years. Projections are from the U.S. National Center for Education
stack Plot. A multiple bar graph could be used to show the numbers of males, females, and total students at your college for each of the past 10 years.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is
Geographic Data. A graphic artist for a magazine is depicting the populations of the 10 largest U.S. cities by using bars of different heights, with the bars positioned on the locations of the cities
Contour Map. A contour map could be used to display the ages of all full-time students at your college.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is
Three-Dimensional Graph. A quality control engineer claims that because cars are three-dimensional objects, she needs a three-dimensional graph to display the production cost of a Corvette for each
Contour Map. What is a contour on a contour map? What does it mean when contours are close together? What does it mean when they are far apart?
Geographical Data. What are geographical data? Identify at least two ways to display geographical data.
Multiple bar Graph. What is a multiple bar graph, and how is it helpful?
Three-Dimensional Histograms. Can every histogram be converted to a three-dimensional graphic? Does the three-dimensional version of a histogram have more visual appeal? Does the three-dimensional
line Charts. Find a recent news article that includes a line chart. Briefly explain what the line chart shows, and discuss whether it helps make the point of the news article. Are the labels clear?
Histograms. Find a recent news article that includes a histogram. Briefly explain what the histogram shows, and discuss whether it helps make the point of the news article. Are the labels clear? Is
Pie Charts. Find a recent news article that includes a pie chart. Briefly discuss the effectiveness of the pie chart. For example, would it be better if the data were displayed in a bar graph rather
bar Graphs. Find a recent news article that includes a bar graph with qualitative data categories.a. Briefly explain what the bar graph shows, and discuss whether it helps make the point of the news
navel Data. Create an appropriate display of the navel data collected in Exercise 23 of Section 1.Discuss any special properties of this distribution.
statistical Abstract. Go to the Web site for the Statistical Abstract of the United States. Explore the selection of “frequently requested tables.” Choose one table of interest to you and make a
Energy Table. Explore the energy tables at the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Web site. Choose a table that you find interesting and make a graph of its data. You may choose any of the
Co2 Emissions. Look for updated data on international carbon dioxide emissions. Create a graph of the latest data and discuss any important features or trends that you notice.
stemplot. Listed below are the lengths (in minutes) of animated children’s movies. Construct a stemplot. Does the stemplot show the distribution of the data? If so, how?83 88 120 64 69 71 76 74 75
stemplot. Construct a stemplot of these test scores: 67, 72, 85, 75, 89, 89, 88, 90, 99, 100.How does the stemplot show the distribution of these data?
Time series for Motor Vehicle Deaths. The following values are numbers of motor vehicle deaths in the United States for years beginning with 1980. The data are arranged in order by row. Construct a
Time-series Graph for Cell Phone subscriptions. The following table shows the numbers of cell phone subscriptions (in thousands) in the United States for various years. Construct a time-series graph
Based on the results, does either keyboard configuration appear to be better? Explain.
Dotplot. Refer to the Dvorak data in Exercise 19 in Section 1 and construct a dotplot. Compare the result to the dotplot in Exercise
Dotplot. Refer to the QWERTY data in Exercise 19 in Section 1 and construct a dotplot.
Compare the Pareto chart to the pie chart. Which graph is more effective in showing the relative importance of the mistakes made by job applicants?
job Application Mistakes Construct a Pareto chart of the data given in Exercise
job Application Mistakes Chief financial officers of U.S.companies were surveyed about areas in which job applicants make mistakes. Here are the areas and the frequency of responses: interview (452);
job sources. Refer to the data given in Exercise 19, and construct a pie chart. Compare the pie chart to the Pareto chart. Can you determine which graph is more effective in showing the relative
job Hunting. A survey was conducted to determine how employees found their jobs. The table below lists the successful methods identified by 400 randomly selected employees.The data are based on
body Temperatures. Exercise 14 in Section 1 required the construction of a frequency table for a list of body temperatures (°F) of randomly selected subjects. Use that frequency table to construct
oscar-Winning Actors. Exercise 13 in Section 1 required the construction of a frequency table for the ages of recent Academy Award–winning male actors at the time when they won their award. Use
Weights of Diet Coke. Exercise 12 in Section 1 required the construction of a frequency table for the weights (in pounds) of 36 cans of Diet Coke. Use that frequency table to construct the
Weights of Coke. Exercise 11 in Section 1 required the construction of a frequency table from the weights (in pounds) of 36 cans of regular Coke. Use that frequency table to construct the
Histogram. The histogram in Figure 12 depicts cotinine levels (in milligrams per milliliter) of a sample of subjects who smoke cigarettes. Cotinine is a metabolite of nicotine, which means that
What People Are Reading. The pie chart in Figure 11 shows the results of a survey about what people are reading.a. Summarize these data in a table of relative frequencies.b. Construct a Pareto chart
Ages of Crash Victims. Ages of people who died in car crashes last year describe data sets but do not give actual data. For each data set, state the type of graphic that you believe would be most
Movie Theaters. Number of movie theatres for each year since 1960 describe data sets but do not give actual data. For each data set, state the type of graphic that you believe would be most
Political Party. The political party affiliations of 1000 survey subjects describe data sets but do not give actual data. For each data set, state the type of graphic that you believe would be most
incomes. Incomes of college graduates who took a statistics course describe data sets but do not give actual data. For each data set, state the type of graphic that you believe would be most
Peak Values. I made both a histogram and a line chart for a data set of the crime rate (number of crimes committed) each year from 1960 to 2010. The histogram showed that the crime rate peaked in
Pareto Chart. A quality control engineer wants to draw attention to the most serious causes of defects, so sheuses a Pareto chart to illustrate the frequencies of the different causes of
Pie Chart. I used a pie chart to illustrate a data set showing how the cost of college has changed over time.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or
Histogram. I made a histogram to depict frequency counts of answers to the question “What political party do you belong to?”decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does
Histogram and stemplot. Assume that a data set is used to construct a histogram and a stemplot. Using only the histogram, is it possible to re-create the original list of data values? Using only the
Pareto Chart and Pie Chart. What is an important advantage of a Pareto chart over a pie chart?
Visualizing Data. How is a histogram or line chart more helpful than a list of sample values for understanding a data distribution?
Distribution. What do we mean by the distribution of data?
Temperature Data. Look for a weather report that lists yesterday’s high temperatures in many American cities. Choosing appropriate bins, make a frequency table for the high temperature data.
Cumulative Frequencies. Find a recent news article that gives at least some data in the form of cumulative frequencies. Briefly describe the data, and discuss why cumulative frequencies were useful
Relative Frequencies. Find a recent news article that gives at least some data in the form of relative frequencies. Briefly describe the data, and discuss why relative frequencies were useful in this
Frequency Tables. Find a recent news article that includes some type of frequency table. Briefly describe the table and how it is useful to the news report. Do you think the table was constructed in
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