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nonparametric statistical inference

Questions and Answers of Nonparametric Statistical Inference

your own Frequency Table (binned). Collect your own frequency data for some set of categories that will require binning (for example, weights of your friends or scores on a recent exam). State how
your own Frequency Table (unbinned). Collect your own frequency data for some set of categories that will not require binning. (For example, you might collect data by asking friends to do a taste
navel Data. The navel ratio is defined to be a person’s height divided by the height (from the floor) of his or her navel. An old theory says that, on average, the navel ratio of humans is the
Endangered species. The Web site for the World Conservation Monitoring Centre in Great Britain provides data on extinct, endangered, and threatened animal species.Explore these data and summarize
Energy Table. The U.S. Energy Information Administration(EIA) Web site offers dozens of tables relating to energy use, energy prices, and pollution. Explore the selection of tables. Find a table of
Double binning. The students in a statistics class conduct a transportation survey of students in their high school.Among other data, they record the age and mode of transportation between home and
Computer Keyboards. The traditional keyboard configuration is called a Qwerty keyboard because of the positioning of the letters QWERTY on the top row of letters. Developed in 1872, the Qwerty
interpreting Family Data. Consider the following frequency table for the number of children in American families.a. According to the data, how many families are there in America?b. How many families
loaded Die. One of the authors drilled a hole in a die, filled it with a lead weight, and then proceeded to roll it.The results are given in the following frequency table.a. According to the data,
Missing information. The following table shows grades for performances in a drama class. The table is incomplete.Use the information given to fill in the missing entries and complete the table. ? ?
Missing information. The following table shows grades for a term paper in an English class. The table is incomplete. Use the information given to fill in the missing entries and complete the table.
body Temperatures. The following data show the body temperatures (ºF) of randomly selected subjects. Construct a frequency table with seven classes: 96.9–97.2, 97.3–97.6, 97.7–98.0, and so
oscar-Winning Actors. The following data show the ages of all Academy Award–winning male actors at the time when they won their award, through 2012. Make a frequency table for the data, using bins
Weights of Diet Coke. Construct a frequency table for the weights (in pounds)given below of 36 cans of Diet Coke. Start the first bin at 0.7750 pound and use a bin width of 0.0050 pound. Discuss your
Weights of Coke. Construct a frequency table for the weights (in pounds) given below of 36 cans of regular Coke.Start the first bin at 0.7900 pound and use a bin width of 0.0050 pound. Discuss your
Frequency Table Practice. A guidebook for San Francisco lists 2 one-star restaurants, 12 two-star restaurants, 18 three-star restaurants, 6 four-star restaurants, and 2 fivestar restaurants. Make a
Frequency Table Practice. Professor Diaz records the following final grades in one of her courses:A A A B B B B B B B B B B C C C C C C C C C C C D D F F F F Construct a frequency table for these
bins. For a given data set of IQ scores, if you increase the width of the bins, the number of bins decreases.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or
Cumulative Frequency. The cumulative frequency of a category in a table is 25.5.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly false). Explain
Relative Frequency. The relative frequency of category A in a table is 0.27 or 27%.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly false). Explain
Frequency Table. A friend tells you that her frequency table has two columns labeled State and Median Income.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or
Frequency Table. The first class in a frequency table of incomes shows a frequency of 24 corresponding to the range of values from $0 to $999. Using only this information about the frequency table,
Cumulative Frequency. A frequency table of grades has five classes with frequencies of 4, 12, 16, 6, and 2.What are the corresponding cumulative frequencies of the five classes?
Relative Frequency. A frequency table of grades has five classes (A, B, C, D, F) with frequencies of 4, 12, 16, 6, and 2.What are the relative frequencies of the five classes?
Frequency Table. What is a frequency table? Explain what we mean by the categories (or classes) and frequencies.
While most economists believe that the CPI overstates the effects of inflation, a few believe hat it actually understates the effects, especially on lower-income people.Research why some economists
In Figure 5, notice that the revenue increases and spending savings get larger each year. Discuss why this occurs, focusing on how a change in the CPI compounds over time, much like compound interest
As this text goes to press, the government is considering making a change to the chained CPI. Has it happened yet? Investigate the current status of the debate over whether the CPI should be adjusted
Because adjusting the CPI would lead to a slower rise in the income thresholds for various tax rates, conservatives often claim that this change would mean “tax increases.” Similarly, because the
Find examples in your own spending or the spending of friends and family of substitution effects and the purchase of products that were unavailable or lower quality a few years ago. Overall, do you
Have any tax law changes been proposed by the U.S.Congress or the President this year? Discuss the fairness of current proposals.
Do a Web search on “benefit of tax cuts” and find an article arguing for or against a particular tax cut proposal or policy. Briefly summarize the article and discuss whether you think the
Do you think that either of the charts in Figure 4 accurately portrays the overall “fairness” of the tax cuts? If so, which one and why? If not, how do you think the data could have been
Discuss the chart in Figure 4b. Why does it show actual incomes rather than incomes as a percentage of all taxpayers? What does it tell us about the effects of the tax cuts on each income level? Do
Discuss the chart in Figure 4a. Why does it only show taxpayer income levels from the top 1% to the top 25%?What does it tell us about the relative tax burden on each group shown? Do you think its
Refer to the same table used for Exercise 9.If the net profit in the sixth year is projected to be 12% more than in the fifth year, what is that projected net profit for the sixth year?
The Telektronics Company has been in business for five years, and the table lists the net profits in each of those years. Using the first year as a reference, find the index number for the net profit
Two different students measure the height of an instructor who is actually 178.44 cm tall. The first student obtains a measurement of 178 cm and the second student obtains a measurement of 179.18 cm.
In a Gallup poll of 1,038 adults, 5% of the respondents said that second-hand smoke is not at all harmful. How many respondents said that second-hand smoke is not at all harmful?
Sitting heights of 750 randomly selected licensed drivers are measured and 38 of those heights are greater than 97.2 cm. What is the percentage of sitting heights greater than 97.2 cm?
Recorded survey results include the states in which respondents reside. What is the level of measurement of those data? (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio)
A researcher measures the sitting height of a subject and records a value of 91.4 cm, but the subject’s actual sitting height is 89.0 cm. What is the relative error?
A researcher measures the sitting height of a subject and records a value of 91.4 cm, but the subject’s actual sitting height is 89.0 cm. What is the absolute error?
What is the level of measurement of the values described in the preceding exercise? (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio)
Sitting heights of 750 randomly selected licensed drivers are measured. Are those values continuous or discrete?
Minimum Wage. The accompanying table lists the federal hourly minimum in both actual dollars at the time and 1996 dollars. The table entries correspond to years in which the minimum wage changed
health care Spending. Total spending on health care in the United States rose from $80 billion in 1973 to $2.5 trillion in 2010. The Consumer Price Index was 44.4 in 1973, and it was 218.1 in 2010
aoL Poll. In an America OnLine poll of 671 people, 36%answered yes when asked if today’s NFL games are too long.a. What is the number of respondents who answered yes?b. Among the respondents, 40
astrology. In a Harris Interactive poll of 2,303 adults, 26%said that they believe in astrology.a. Find the true number of the poll respondents who believe in astrology.b. Is the number of
Index Numbers. Find a recent news report that includes an index number other than the Consumer Price Index.Describe the index number and its meaning, and discuss how the index is important in the
consumer Price Index. Find a recent news report that includes a reference to the Consumer Price Index.Briefly describe how the Consumer Price Index is important in the story.
convenience Store Index. Go to a local supermarket and find the prices of a few staples, such as bread, milk, juice, and coffee. Compute the total cost of those items. Then go to a few smaller
human Development Index. The United Nations Development Programme regularly releases its Human Development Report. A closely watched finding of this report is the Human Development Index (HDI), which
consumer confidence Index. Use a search engine to find recent news about the Consumer Confidence Index.After studying the news, write a short summary of what the Consumer Confidence Index is trying
Producer Price Index. Go to the Producer Price Index(PPI) home page. Read the overview and recent news releases. Write a short summary describing the purpose of the PPI and how it is different from
consumer Price Index. Go to the Consumer Price Index home page and find the latest news release with updated figures for the CPI. Summarize the news release and any important trends in the CPI.
housing Prices. If you see a house valued at $1,000,000 in Boston, find the price of a comparable house in San Francisco and Cheyenne.
housing Prices If you see a house valued at $250,000 in Cheyenne, find the price of a comparable house in San Francisco and Boston.
housing Prices. If you see a house valued at $500,000 in Boston, find the price of a comparable house in Baltimore and Phoenix.
housing Prices. If you see a house valued at $300,000 in Denver, find the price of a comparable house in Miami and Cheyenne.
home Prices—West. The typical (median) price of a new single-family home in the West (United States) rose from $129,600 in 1990 to $235,600 in 2010. Calculate the percentage rise in cost of a home
home Prices—South. The typical (median) price of a new single-family home in the South (United States) rose from $75,300 in 1990 to $122,000 in 2010. Calculate the percentage rise in cost of a home
Public college costs. The average annual cost (tuition, fees, and room and board) at four-year public universities rose from $2,550 in 1980 to $16,100 in 2010. Calculate the percentage rise in cost
Private college costs. The average annual cost (tuition, fees, and room and board)at four-year private universities rose from$5,600 in 1980 to $37,000 in 2010. Calculate the percentage rise in cost
Using the Gas Price Index. If it cost $23.40 to fill your gas tank in 2000, how much would it have cost to fill the same tank in 2010?
Using the Gas Price Index. If it cost $19.52 to fill your gas tank in 1980, how much would it have cost to fill the same tank in 2010?
reconstructing the Gasoline Price Index. Identify the six price indexes in Table 1 that result from using the price from 1970 as the reference value. (Hint: Create a column for price as a percentage
reconstructing the Gasoline Price Index.Identify the six price indexes in Table 1 that result from using the price from 2000 as the reference value. (Hint: Create a column for price as a percentage
2005 Price. Using the 1980 price as the reference value, the gasoline price index for 2005 is 189.3. What was the cost of a gallon of gasoline in 2005?
1998 Price. Using the 1980 price as the reference value, the gasoline price index for 1998 is 0.9. What was the cost of a gallon of gasoline in 1998?use the gasoline price index from Table 1.Briefly
2006 Index. The average price of a gallon of gas was $2.62 in 2006. What is the price index for gasoline in 2006, with the 1980 price as the reference value?use the gasoline price index from Table
current Data. Suppose the cost of gasoline today is $5.00 per gallon. What is the price index number for gasoline today, with the 1980 price as the reference value? (See the data in Table 1.)use the
cPI. If the Consumer Price Index increases, must wages also increase? Explain.
cPI. If the prices of goods, services, and housing increase, must the Consumer Price Index increase? Explain.
Index Number. If computer costs in the year 2000 are set equal to 100 so they can be used as the basis for determining index numbers, and the index number for the year 2012 is 15, what do we know
Index Number. A newspaper reports that the Gas Price Index in 2011 was $3.92 per gallon. What is wrong with that statement?
Quote Interpretation. Consider this quote: “The rate [of smoking] among 10th graders jumped 45 percent, to 18.3 percent, and the rate for 8th graders is up 44 percent, to 10.4 percent.” Briefly
Percentage change. Find a recent news report in which percentages are used to express the change in a statistical result from one time to another (such as an increase in population or in the number
Percentages. Find three recent news reports in which percentages are used to describe statistical results. In each case, describe the meaning of the percentage.
Drug Use Statistics. Go to the Web site for the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) and find a recent report giving statistics on substance abuse.Write a summary of the new
World Population. Find the current estimate of world population on the U.S. Census Bureau’s world population clock. Describe the percentage change in population since the 6 billion mark was passed
The five-year survival rate for Blacks for all forms of cancer increased from 27% in the 1960s to 48% now.describe changes in which the measurements themselves are percentages. Express each change in
The five-year survival rate for Caucasians for all forms of cancer increased from 39% in the 1960s to 61% now.describe changes in which the measurements themselves are percentages. Express each
The percentage of the world’s population living in developed countries decreased from 27.1% in 1970 to 19.5% now.describe changes in which the measurements themselves are percentages. Express each
The percentage of high school seniors using alcohol decreased from 68.2% in 1975 to 52.7% now.describe changes in which the measurements themselves are percentages. Express each change in two ways:
Margin of Error. A Pew Research Center survey of 3,002 adults showed that the percentage who listen to National Public Radio is probably between 14% and 18%. How should a newspaper report the margin
Margin of Error. A Gallup poll of 1,012 adults showed that 89% of Americans say that human cloning should not be allowed. The margin of error was 3 percentage points. Would it matter if a newspaper
Salary. The Vice President’s salary is currently 42% less than the President’s salary, so the Vice President’s salary is ____% of the President’s salary.Fill in the blanks in Exercise.Briefly
Population. If the population of Montana is 20% less than the population of New Hampshire, then Montana’s population is ____% of New Hampshire’s population.Fill in the blanks in Exercise.Briefly
areas. If the area of Norway is 24% more than the area of Colorado, then Norway’s area is ____% of Colorado’s area.Fill in the blanks in Exercise.Briefly explain your reasoning in each case.
Weights. If a truck weighs 40% more than a car, then the truck’s weight is ____% of the car’s weight.Fill in the blanks in Exercise.Briefly explain your reasoning in each case.
cell Phones. In a Harris Interactive survey of 9,132 adults, 89% reported being cell phone users.Some important analyses of survey results require that you know the actual number of subjects whose
Televisions. In a Frank N. Magid Associates survey of 1,005 adults, 83% reported having more than one television at home.Some important analyses of survey results require that you know the actual
Interview Mistakes. In an Accountemps survey of 150 executives, 47% said that the most common interview mistake is to have little or no knowledge of the company.Some important analyses of survey
Personal calls. In an At-A-Glance survey of 1,385 office workers, 4.8% said that they do not make personal phone calls.Some important analyses of survey results require that you know the actual
airports. Chicago’s O’Hare Airport handled 67 million passengers last year. As the busiest airport in the world, Atlanta’s Hartsfield Airport handled 89 million passengers last year.For each
car Sales. In the current month, 18,830 Toyota Camry cars were sold, and there were 18,341 Honda Civic cars sold.For each pair of values, use a percentage to express their relative change or
Newspapers. The daily circulation of the Wall Street Journal is currently 2.09 million (the largest in the country). The daily circulation of USA Today is currently 1.83 million (the second largest
Bankruptcies. There were 1,531,997 bankruptcy cases filed last year, and in the year 2000 there were 1,276,900 bankruptcy cases filed.For each pair of values, use a percentage to express their
airline Flights. This January there were 751,183 scheduled passenger flights in the United States, and in January of 1996 there were 634,343.For each pair of values, use a percentage to express their

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