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nonparametric statistical inference

Questions and Answers of Nonparametric Statistical Inference

opinion Poll. A poll finds that 54% of the population approves of the job that the President is doing; the poll has a margin of error of 4% (assuming a 95% degree of confidence).a. What is the 95%
unemployment Survey. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates the unemployment rate in the United States monthly by surveying 60,000 individuals.a. In one month, 3.4% of the 60,000 individuals
Pre-Election Polls. Prior to a statewide election for the U.S. Senate, three polls are conducted. In the first poll, 780 of 1,500 voters favor candidate Martinez. In the second poll, 1,285 of 2,500
Teen Pressure. A study commissioned by the U.S.Department of Education concluded that 44% of teenagers cite grades as their greatest source of pressure. The study was based on responses from 1,015
Drugs in Movies. A study by Stanford University researchers for the Office of National Drug Control Policy and the Department of Health and Human Services concluded that 98% of the top rental films
global Warming. A Pew Research Center poll included 1708 randomly selected adults who were asked whether“global warming is a problem that requires immediate government action.” Results showed
gender Selection. The Genetics and IVF Institute conducted clinical trials of the YSORT method designed to increase the probability of conceiving a boy. Among 152 babies born to parents using the
Student opinions. An annual survey of first-year college students, conducted by the Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA, asks approximately 276,000 students about their attitudes on a variety
Hazing of athletes. A study done by researchers at Alfred University concluded that 80% of all student athletes in this country have been subjected to some form of hazing. The study is based on
nielsen ratings. Repeat Exercise 17 assuming that the sample size is doubled to 10,000. Given that the large cost and effort of conducting the Nielsen survey would be doubled, does this increase in
nielsen ratings. Nielsen Media Research uses samples of 5,000 households to rank TV shows. Nielsen reported that 60 Minutes had 15% of the TV audience. What is the 95%confidence interval for this
E = 0.035 estimate the minimum sample size needed to achieve the given margin of error.
E = 0.015 estimate the minimum sample size needed to achieve the given margin of error.
E = 0.05 estimate the minimum sample size needed to achieve the given margin of error.
E = 0.04 estimate the minimum sample size needed to achieve the given margin of error.
n = 780, pn = 0.160 assume that population proportions are to be estimated from the samples described. In each case, find the approximate margin of error and 95% confidence interval.
n = 550, pn = 0.1 assume that population proportions are to be estimated from the samples described. In each case, find the approximate margin of error and 95% confidence interval.
Sample size = 800, sample proportion = 0.25 assume that population proportions are to be estimated from the samples described. In each case, find the approximate margin of error and 95% confidence
Sample size = 1,000, sample proportion = 0.4 assume that population proportions are to be estimated from the samples described. In each case, find the approximate margin of error and 95% confidence
Sample Size. A reporter for the Kingston Chronicle claims that any good confidence interval should be based on a sample that is at least 5% of the population size.decide whether the statement makes
Sample Size. The 95% confidence interval given in Example 1 is based on a sample size of 150.If the sample size is increased, the confidence interval will become smaller (or narrower).decide whether
confidence interval in the Media. The Kingston Chronicle publishes an article stating that, based on survey results, 82% of Orange County residents oppose an increase in the sales tax, with a margin
interpreting a confidence interval.We can interpret the confidence interval given in Exercise 1 by saying that there is a 95% chance that the true population proportion will fall between 0.393 and
Small Sample. In a Pew Research Center poll, 73% of 3011 adults surveyed said that they use the Internet. A reporter claims that the results are not very good because they are based on a survey of
confidence intervals in the Media. Here is a typical statement made by the media: “Based on a survey of 1050 likely voters, 44% plan to vote for the Republican candidate, and this survey has a
Margin of Error. In a study of 1,228 randomly selected medical malpractice lawsuits, it is found that the proportion that were dropped or dismissed is 0.697. When a 95% confidence interval is
confidence interval. In an Accountemps survey, senior executives were asked to identify the most common error made in interviews of job applicants. The following 95%confidence interval estimates the
Estimating Population Means. Find a news article or report in which a population mean is estimated from a sample. The article should include a margin of error and/or a confidence interval. Discuss
international corruption. Transparency International uses surveys to determine a Bribe Payer’s Index and Corruption Perception Index that measure the degree of corruption in many countries
network Polls. All of the major television networks conduct regular polls on a variety of issues. Visit the Web site of at least one major network and gather the results of a particular poll that
Polling organizations. Three leading public polling organizations are the Gallup Organization, Harris Poll, and Yankelovich Partners. Visit their Web sites. Describe the history of each organization
car ages. Assume that you want to estimate the mean age of cars driven by students at your college. A previous study shows that the standard deviation of those ages is approximately 3.7 years. How
Tv Sets. A random sample of n = 31 households is asked the number of TV sets in the household. The responses are as follows:1 0 2 3 2 3 4 2 1 1 2 4 3 2 3 3 0 1 0 1 3 2 4 3 2 1 4 0 1 2 3a. What is the
Family Size. You select a random sample of n = 31 families in your neighborhood and find the following family sizes (number of people in the family):2 3 6 5 4 2 3 3 1 2 3 2 3 4 5 3 1 3 3 4 7 3 2 3 2
cotinine Levels of Smokers. When people smoke, the nicotine they absorb is converted to cotinine, which can be measured. A sample of cotinine levels of 40 smokers is listed below. Find a 95%
Weight of Bears. The health of the bear population in Yellowstone National Park is monitored by periodic measurements taken from anesthetized bears. A sample of the weights (pounds) of such bears is
garbage Production. Based on a sample of 62 households, the mean weight of discarded plastic is 1.91 pounds and the standard deviation is 1.07 pounds (data from the Garbage Project at the University
Time to graduation. Data from the National Center for Education Statistics on 4,400 college graduates show that the mean time required to graduate with a bachelor’s degree is 5.15 years with a
Weights of Babies. A sample of 186 newborn babies has a mean weight of 3103 g and a standard deviation of 696 g.Use a single value to estimate the mean weight of a newborn baby. Also, find the 95%
Weight of Quarters. You want to estimate the mean weight of quarters in circulation. A sample of 40 quarters has a mean weight of 5.639 grams and a standard deviation of 0.062 gram. Use a single
Sample Size for Estimating income. An economist wants to estimate mean annual income from the first year of work for college graduates who have had the profound wisdom to take a statistics course.
Sample Size for Mean iQ of Statistics Students. The Wechsler IQ test is designed so that the mean is 100 and the standard deviation is 15 for the population of normal adults. Find the sample size
Sample Size for Housing Prices. A government survey conducted to estimate the mean price of houses in a large metropolitan area is designed to have a margin of error of$10,000. Pilot studies suggest
Sample Size for Tv Survey. Nielsen Media Research wishes to estimate the mean number of hours that high school students spend watching TV on a weekday. A margin of error of 0.25 hour is desired. Past
Margin of error = 0.5 g, standard deviation = 8.7 g assume that you want to construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of a population mean. Find an estimate of the sample size needed to obtain the
Margin of error = 3.5 ml, standard deviation = 155.2 ml assume that you want to construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of a population mean. Find an estimate of the sample size needed to obtain
Margin of error = 18.2 cm, standard deviation = 95.2 cm assume that you want to construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of a population mean. Find an estimate of the sample size needed to obtain
Margin of error = +5, standard deviation = +20 assume that you want to construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of a population mean. Find an estimate of the sample size needed to obtain the
n = 64, x = +550, s = +60 decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly false). Explain clearly. Not all of these statements have definitive
n = 100, x = 8.0 ft, s = 2.0 ft decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly false). Explain clearly. Not all of these statements have
Sample size = 81, sample mean = 4.5 km, sample standard deviation = 3.1 km decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly false). Explain clearly.
sample size = 49, sample mean = 25.2 cm, sample standard deviation = 2.2 cm decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly false). Explain
Best Estimate. When sample data were used to estimate the value of the mean weight of all pennies, this 95% confidence interval was obtained:2.512 grams 6 m 6 2.512 grams assume that population means
Margin of Error. When sample data are used to estimate the value of a population mean, the margin of error decreases as the sample size increases.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is
Margin of Error. The mean income of high school mathematics teachers was estimated to be $48,213 with a margin of error of five percentage points.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is
interpreting a confidence interval.For the confidence interval given in Exercise 1, we can interpret that result by saying that “95% of sample means will fall between 8.0518 grams and 8.0902
Sample Size. The National Health Examination involves measurements from about 25,000 people, and the results are used to estimate values of various population means.Is it valid to criticize this
confidence intervals in the Media. Here is a typical statement made by the media: “Based on a recent study, pennies weigh an average of 2.5 grams with a margin of error of 0.006 gram.” What
Margin of Error. Based on a random sample of hospital costs for car crash victims, the sample mean is $9,004 and the margin of error for a 95% confidence interval is $266.Identify the confidence
confidence interval. From a random sample of weights of dollar coins, we construct this 95% confidence interval estimate of the mean:8.0518 grams 6 m 6 8.0902 grams Interpret this confidence interval.
Sample Proportions in the news. Find a news or research report in which a sample proportion is cited. Discuss how it is used to estimate a population proportion.
Sample Means in the news. Find a news or research report in which a sample mean is cited. Discuss how it is used to estimate a population mean.
Distributions of Sample Proportions. Consider the data set from earlier in this section showing 400 yes and no responses to a survey question (“Do you own a car?”). Discuss methods for selecting
Distributions of Sample Means. Consider the large data set of hours students spend using an Internet search engine, listed earlier in this section. Discuss methods for selecting a random sample from
Forming Sampling Distributions. The ages (years) of the four U.S. presidents when they were assassinated in office are 56 (Lincoln), 49 (Garfield), 58 (McKinley), and 46(Kennedy). Consider these four
Forming Sampling Distributions. Three states and their areas (in thousands of square miles) are given in the following table. Consider these three states to be the entire population from which
Sampling Distribution. Here is the population of all five U.S. presidents who had professions in the military, along with their ages at inauguration: Eisenhower, 62; Grant, 46;Harrison, 68; Taylor,
Sampling Distribution. A quarterback threw 1 interception in his first game, 2 interceptions in his second game, 5 interceptions in his third game, and then he retired. Consider the values of 1, 2,
Distribution of Sample Proportions. Suppose you know that the distribution of sample proportions of women employees is normal with a mean of 0.42 and a standard deviation of 0.21. Suppose you select
Distribution of Sample Proportions. Suppose you know that the distribution of sample proportions of nonresidents in samples of 200 students is normal with a mean of 0.34 and a standard deviation of
Estimating Population Proportions. A random sample of 500 people was selected from the 103,219 people in attendance at the Super Bowl game between the Green Bay Packers and the Pittsburgh Steelers.
Estimating Population Proportions. You select a random sample of 150 people at a medical convention attended by 1,608 people. Within your sample, you find that 73 people have traveled from abroad.
Sample and Population Proportions. The College of Portland has 2,444 students and 269 of them are lefthanded. You conduct a survey of 50 students and find that 8 of them are left-handed.a. What is
Sample and Population Proportions. Suppose that, in a suburb of 12,345 people, 6,523 people moved there within the past five years. You survey 500 people and find that 245 of the people in your
Distribution of Sample Means. Assume that the population of heights of men has a normal distribution with a mean of 69.5 in. and random samples of 100 men result in sample mean heights with a mean of
Distribution of Sample Means. Assume that cans of Coke are filled so that the actual amounts have a mean of 12.00 ounces. A random sample of 36 cans has a mean amount of 12.19 ounces. The
Estimating Population Means. When 40 women were randomly selected and tested for their cholesterol levels, a mean of 240.9 milligrams was obtained. Would you be more confident of your estimate if the
Estimating Population Proportions. In a survey of children 5 to 17 years old, 1,050 children were randomly selected from the nine states in the Northeast, and the proportion who spoke a language
Survey. In an Adecco Staffing survey of 1,000 adults in the United States, 140 (or 14%) said that salary was the most important feature of their job. The sample proportion of 0.14 cannot be a good
Large Sample Size. A researcher for a car dealership wants to estimate the mean age of cars in his county. He goes to the largest shopping mall, he randomly selects 3,000 cars in the parking lot, and
Larger Sample Size. When a random sample is used to estimate a population mean, the sample mean tends to become a better estimate of the population mean as the sample size increases.decide whether
Larger Sample Size. Two different surveys will be conducted to estimate the mean salary of employees who have taken a statistics course. If the first survey has a larger sample size than the second
notation. What does pn denote, what does p denote, and what is the difference between them?
notation. What does x‾ denote, what does m denote, and what is the difference between them?
Polls. America OnLine published a survey question.Among the 2,300 Internet users who responded, 20%answered “yes” and the others answered “no.” For the“yes” responses, what is the value
Sampling Distribution. Pollsters often use randomly selected digits between 0 and 9 to generate parts of telephone numbers to be called. What is the distribution of such randomly selected digits? If
Based on what you’ve learned about the cause of global warming and its potential consequences, what do you think we should be doing about it, if anything?
Investigate some of the likely consequences of global warming. If current trends continue, what changes can you expect in the world by the year 2050? 2100?
Would you say that the case for human activity as the cause of global warming is now at the level of possible cause, probable cause, or cause beyond reasonable doubt? Defend your opinion.
Look back at the legal levels of confidence in causality discussed in Section
Look back at the six guidelines for establishing causality.Discuss whether or how each guideline is met by current data and understanding of global warming.
Read the latest edition of the NAEP Reading Report Card(available online). What are some of the latest results with regard to the teaching of reading in the United States?
Have you ever helped a child learn to read? Compare your experiences with those of other classmates who have worked with young children.
Currently, the NAEP tests are given to only a few thousand of the millions of school children in the United States. Some people advocate giving similar tests to all students, on either a voluntary or
Do you think that standardized tests like those of the NAEP are valid ways to measure academic achievement?Why or why not?
One result of the NAEP reading tests is that students in private schools tend to score significantly higher than students in public schools. Does this imply that private schools are“better” than
If the line of best fit is inserted in a scatterplot, it must pass through every point in the graph.determine whether the given statement is true or false.
A scatterplot is a graph in which the points are scattered throughout, without any noticeable pattern.determine whether the given statement is true or false.
If the value of the correlation coefficient is negative, the value of r 2must also be negative.determine whether the given statement is true or false.
If r = 1 or r = -1, then all points in the scatterplot lie directly on the line of best fit.determine whether the given statement is true or false.

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