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nonparametric statistical inference
Questions and Answers of
Nonparametric Statistical Inference
Survey. In conducting a survey of adults in the United States, a pollster claims that he randomly selected 20 subjects and all of them were women.state whether the difference between what occurred
Lottery. A common lottery game is to select four digits, each between 0 and 9 (inclusive). Winning requires that you get the same four digits that are drawn, and they must be in the same order. You
Rolls of a Die. In 6 rolls of a six-sided die, the outcome of 6 never occurs.state whether the difference between what occurred and what you would have expected by chance is statistically
Voter Survey. In a pre-election survey, 100 likely voters are randomly selected from adults in the United States, and it is found that 6% of them are Democrats.state whether the difference between
Statistics Class Survey. In a survey, 50 students are randomly selected among all college students currently taking a statistics course, and it is found that they are all females.state whether the
Clinical Trial. In a clinical trial of a treatment for reducing back pain, the difference between the treatment group and the control group (with no treatment) was found to be statistically
gender Selection. In a test of a technique of gender selection, the 100 babies born consist of at least 80 girls. Because there is about 1 chance in a billion of getting at least 80 girls among 100
Statistical Significance. In an experiment testing a method of gender selection, 1,000 couples give birth to 550 girls and 450 boys. Because the probability of getting such extreme results by chance
unemployment. The rate of unemployment has statistical significance because it has such a strong effect on the economy.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make
Statistical Significance. If a particular result is statistically significant at the 0.01 level, must it also be statistically significant at the 0.05 level? Why or why not?
Statistical Significance. If a particular result is statistically significant at the 0.05 level, must it also be statistically significant at the 0.01 level? Why or why not?
Statistical Significance. Does the term statistical significance refer to results that are significant in the sense that they have great importance? Explain.
Statistical Significance. In an experiment testing a method of gender selection intended to increase the likelihood that a baby is a girl, 1,000 couples give birth to 501 girls and 499 boys. A
Discuss some of the common uses of IQ tests. Do you think that IQ tests should be used for these purposes?Does the Flynn effect alter your thoughts about the uses of IQ tests? Explain.
Results on IQ tests tend to differ among different ethnic groups. Some people have used this fact to argue that some ethnic groups tend to be intellectually superior to others. Can such an argument
The rise in performance on IQ tests contrasts sharply with a steady decline in performance over the past few decades on many tests that measure factual knowledge, such as the SAT. Think of several
Which explanation do you favor for the Flynn effect: that people are getting smarter or that people are getting more practice at the skills measured on IQ tests? Defend your opinion.
Notice that scores for males have been consistently higher than scores for females. Why do you think this is the case? Do you think that changes in our education system could eliminate this gap?
The downward trend in verbal skills was a major reason why the College Board added the writing test in 2006.The hope was that adding the new test would cause students to focus more on writing in high
Do you think that comparisons of SAT scores over two years are meaningful? Over 10 years? Do you agree that the long-term trends indicate that students today have poorer verbal skills but better
Aside from the small number of common questions that link one year to the next, the test changes every year. Can test scores from one year legitimately be compared to scores in other years?
Are trends among the sample of high school students who take the SAT representative of trends for the population of all high school students?
Which of the following is likely to have a distribution that is closest to a normal distribution?a. The outcomes that occur when a single die is rolled many timesb. The outcomes that occur when two
A population is normally distributed with a mean of 850 and a standard deviation of 49.Find the percentage of scores between 801 and 948.
A population is normally distributed with a mean of 850 and a standard deviation of 49.If 2.28% of the scores are less than 752, what percentage of scores are greater than 752?
A population is normally distributed with a mean of 850 and a standard deviation of 49.What percentage of scores are greater than 801?
A population is normally distributed with a mean of 850 and a standard deviation of 49.What is the standard z-score corresponding to 801?
A population is normally distributed with a mean of 850 and a standard deviation of 49, and samples of size 100 are randomly selected. What is the standard deviation of the sample means?
A population is normally distributed with a mean of 850 and a standard deviation of 49, and samples of size 100 are randomly selected. What is the mean of the sample means?
Car seat belts are tested for strength, and it is found that the results are normally distributed with a mean of 2,400 lb and a standard deviation of 400 lb. Use Table 1 to find the percentage of
Car seat belts are tested for strength, and it is found that the results are normally distributed with a mean of 2,400 lb and a standard deviation of 400 lb. Using the 68-95-99.7 rule, find the
Which of the following statements are correct?a. A normal distribution is any distribution that typically occurs.b. The graph of a normal distribution is bell-shaped.c. The graph of a normal
Dice rolling. Demonstrate the Central Limit Theorem using dice, as discussed in this section. Give each person in your class as many dice as possible. Begin by rolling one die and making a histogram
The Quincunx on the Internet. Do an Internet search on “central limit theorem” or “quincunx” and find a site that has an animated demonstration of the quincunx (or Galton’s board). Describe
Central Limit Theorem on the Internet. Doing an Internet search on “central limit theorem” will uncover many sites devoted to this subject. Find a site that has animated demonstrations of the
Blood Pressure in Women. Systolic blood pressure for women between the ages of 18 and 24 is normally distributed with a mean of 114.8 (millimeters of mercury) and a standard deviation of 13.1.a. What
Kindergarten Desks. In designing new desks for an incoming class of 25 kindergarten girls, an important characteristic of the desks is that they must accommodate the sitting heights of those
aircraft safety standards. Federal Aviation Administration rules require airlines to estimate the weight of a passenger as 195 pounds, including carry-on baggage. Men have weights(without baggage)
Vending machines. Currently, quarters have weights that are normally distributed with a mean of 5.670 grams and a standard deviation of 0.062 gram. A vending machine is configured to accept only
Labeling of m&m Packages. M&M plain candies have weights that are normally distributed with a mean weight of 0.8565 gram and a standard deviation of 0.0518 gram (based on measurements from one of the
redesign of Ejection seats. When women were allowed to become pilots of fighter jets, engineers needed to redesign the ejection seats because they had been designed for men only. The ACES-II ejection
staying out of hot Water. In planning for hot water requirements, the manager of the Luxurion Hotel finds that guests spend a mean of 11.4 minutes each day in the shower (based on data from the
Designing motorcycle helmets. Engineers must consider the breadths of male heads when designing motorcycle helmets for men. Men have head breadths that are normally distributed with a mean of 6.0
Designing strobe Lights. An aircraft strobe light is designed so that the times between flashes are normally distributed with a mean of 3.00 seconds and a standard deviation of 0.40 second.a. What is
amounts of Cola. Assume that cans of cola are filled so that the actual amounts are normally distributed with a mean of 12.00 ounces and a standard deviation of 0.11 ounce.a. What is the likelihood
What percentage of individual men have weights between 176 lb and 185 lb? If samples of 25 men are randomly selected and the mean weight is computed for each sample, what percentage of sample means
What percentage of individual men have weights between 164 lb and 176 lb? If samples of 100 men are randomly selected and the mean weight is computed for each sample, what percentage of sample means
What percentage of individual men have weights greater than 167 lb? If samples of 100 men are randomly selected and the mean weight is computed for each sample, what percentage of the sample means
What percentage of individual men have weights less than 185 lb? If samples of 36 men are randomly selected and the mean weight is computed for each sample, what percentage of the sample means are
Ten-sided Dice and the Central Limit Theorem. Rolling a fair 10-sided die produces a uniformly distributed set of numbers between 1 and 10 with a mean of 5.5 and a standard deviation of 2.872. Assume
Twelve-sided Dice and the Central Limit Theorem. Rolling a fair 12-sided die produces a uniformly distributed set of numbers between 1 and 12 with a mean of 6.5 and a standard deviation of 3.452.
saT scores and the Central Limit Theorem. Based on data from the College Board, assume that SAT scores are normally distributed with a mean of 1518 and a standard deviation of 325.Assume that many
IQ scores and the Central Limit Theorem. IQ scores are normally distributed with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16.Assume that many samples of size n are taken from a large population of
Central Limit Theorem. The population of unemployed adults has ages with mean m and standard deviation s.Samples of unemployed adults are randomly selected so that there are exactly 100 in each
Central Limit Theorem. A process consists of repeating this operation: Randomly select two values from a normally distributed population and then find the mean of the two values. Will the sample
Notation. In this section, it was noted that the standard deviation of sample means is s/1n. In that expression, what does s represent and what does n represent?
Texas Lottery. In each drawing for the Texas Pick 3 lottery, 3 digits between 0 and 9 (inclusive) are randomly selected.What is the distribution of the selected digits? If the mean is calculated for
Estimating a minute. Ask survey subjects to estimate 1 minute without looking at a watch or clock. Each subject should say “go” at the beginning of the minute and then “stop” when he or she
Normal Distribution Demonstrations on the Web. Do an Internet search on the keywords “normal distribution” and find an animated demonstration of the normal distribution.Describe how the
movie Lengths. Based on a random sample of movie lengths, the mean length is 110.5 minutes with a standard deviation of 22.4 minutes. Assume that movie lengths are normally distributed.a. What
Being a marine. According to data from the National Health Survey, the heights of adult men are normally distributed with a mean of 69.0 inches and a standard deviation of 2.8 inches. The U.S. Marine
spelling Bee scores. At the district spelling bee, the 60 girls have a mean score of 71 points with a standard deviation of 6, while the 50 boys have a mean score of 66 points with a standard
Calibrating Barometers. Researchers for a manufacturer of barometers (devices to measure atmospheric pressure)read each of 50 barometers at the same time of day. The mean of the readings is 30.4
GrE scores. Assume that the scores on the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) are normally distributed with a mean of 497 and a standard deviation of 115.a. A graduate school requires a GRE score of 650 for
saT scores. Based on data from the College Board, SAT scores are normally distributed with a mean of 1518 and a standard deviation of 325.a. Find the percentage of SAT scores greater than 2000b. Find
Pregnancy Lengths. Lengths of pregnancies are normally distributed with a mean of 268 days and a standard deviation of 15 days.a. What is the percentage of pregnancies that last less than 250 days?b.
Coin Weights. Consider the following table, showing the official mean weight and estimated standard deviation for five U.S. coins. Suppose a vending machine is designed to reject all coins with
The percentage of heights between 146 centimeters and 156 centimeters use the normal distribution of heights of adult women, which has a mean of 162 centimeters and a standard deviation of 6
The percentage of heights between 148 centimeters and 170 centimeters use the normal distribution of heights of adult women, which has a mean of 162 centimeters and a standard deviation of 6
The percentage of heights between 159 centimeters and 165 centimeters use the normal distribution of heights of adult women, which has a mean of 162 centimeters and a standard deviation of 6
The percentage of heights between 156 centimeters and 168 centimeters use the normal distribution of heights of adult women, which has a mean of 162 centimeters and a standard deviation of 6
The percentage of heights greater than 179 centimeters use the normal distribution of heights of adult women, which has a mean of 162 centimeters and a standard deviation of 6 centimeters. Use Table
The percentage of heights less than 144 centimeters use the normal distribution of heights of adult women, which has a mean of 162 centimeters and a standard deviation of 6 centimeters. Use Table 1
The percentage of heights less than 147 centimeters use the normal distribution of heights of adult women, which has a mean of 162 centimeters and a standard deviation of 6 centimeters. Use Table 1
The percentage of heights less than 177 centimeters use the normal distribution of heights of adult women, which has a mean of 162 centimeters and a standard deviation of 6 centimeters. Use Table 1
The percentage of heights greater than 171 centimeters use the normal distribution of heights of adult women, which has a mean of 162 centimeters and a standard deviation of 6 centimeters. Use Table
The percentage of heights greater than 156 centimeters use the normal distribution of heights of adult women, which has a mean of 162 centimeters and a standard deviation of 6 centimeters. Use Table
The percentage of heights less than 168 centimeters use the normal distribution of heights of adult women, which has a mean of 162 centimeters and a standard deviation of 6 centimeters. Use Table 1
The percentage of heights greater than 162 centimeters use the normal distribution of heights of adult women, which has a mean of 162 centimeters and a standard deviation of 6 centimeters. Use Table
Percentage of scores between 76 and 108 use the normal distribution of IQ scores, which has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16.Use Table 1 to find the indicated quantities. Note:Table 1
Percentage of scores between 52 and 116 use the normal distribution of IQ scores, which has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16.Use Table 1 to find the indicated quantities. Note:Table 1
Percentage of scores between 68 and 132 use the normal distribution of IQ scores, which has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16.Use Table 1 to find the indicated quantities. Note:Table 1
Percentage of scores between 84 and 116 use the normal distribution of IQ scores, which has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16.Use Table 1 to find the indicated quantities. Note:Table 1
Percentage of scores greater than 148 use the normal distribution of IQ scores, which has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16.Use Table 1 to find the indicated quantities. Note:Table 1 shows
Percentage of scores greater than 76 use the normal distribution of IQ scores, which has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16.Use Table 1 to find the indicated quantities. Note:Table 1 shows
Percentage of scores less than 92 use the normal distribution of IQ scores, which has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16.Use Table 1 to find the indicated quantities. Note:Table 1 shows
Percentage of scores less than 132 use the normal distribution of IQ scores, which has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16.Use Table 1 to find the indicated quantities. Note:Table 1 shows
Percentage of scores greater than 108 use the normal distribution of IQ scores, which has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16.Use Table 1 to find the indicated quantities. Note:Table 1 shows
Percentage of scores less than 68 use the normal distribution of IQ scores, which has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16.Use Table 1 to find the indicated quantities. Note:Table 1 shows
Percentage of scores less than 116 use the normal distribution of IQ scores, which has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16.Use Table 1 to find the indicated quantities. Note:Table 1 shows
Percentage of scores greater than 100 use the normal distribution of IQ scores, which has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16.Use Table 1 to find the indicated quantities. Note:Table 1 shows
applying the 68-95-99.7 rule. When designing the placement of a CD player in a new model car, engineers must consider the forward grip reach of the driver. Women have forward grip reaches that are
applying the 68-95-99.7 rule. In a study of facial behavior, people in a control group are timed for eye contact in a 5-minute period. Their times are normally distributed with a mean of 184.0
Use the 68-95-99.7 rule to find the following values.a. Percentage of scores less than 50b. Percentage of scores less than 60c. Percentage of scores greater than 70d. Percentage of scores greater
using the 68-95-99.7 rule. A test of depth perception is designed so that scores are normally distributed with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of
saT scores. SAT scores are normally distributed with a mean of 1518 and a standard deviation of 325.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly
Depth Perception scores. Scores on a standard test of depth perception are normally distributed with two different modes.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make
Birth Weights. Birth weights (in grams) in Lichtenstein are normally distributed with a mean of 3,420 g and a standard deviation of 0 g.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true)
Test scores. Scores on a statistics test are normally distributed with a mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 75.decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense
z-scores and Percentages. Table 1 includes standard scores and percentiles. Can a z-score be a negative value?Can a percentile be a negative value? Explain.
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