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organization theory and design

Questions and Answers of Organization Theory and Design

A manufacturer of television sets is interested in the effect on tube conductivity of four different types of coating for color picture tubes. A completely randomized experiment is conducted and the
Rework part (d) of Problem 3.20 using the Tukey method. What conclusions can you draw? Explain carefully how you modified the technique to account for unequal sample sizes.
An experiment was run to determine whether four specific firing temperatures affect the density of a certain type of brick. A completely randomized experiment led to the following data:Temperature
A regional opera company has tried three approaches to solicit donations from 24 potential sponsors. The 24 potential sponsors were randomly divided into three groups of eight, and one approach was
I belong to a golf club in my neighborhood. I divide the year into three golf seasons: summer (June–September), winter (November–March), and shoulder (October, April, and May). I believe that I
A rental car company wants to investigate whether the type of car rented affects the length of the rental period. An experiment is run for one week at a particular location, and 10 rental contracts
A pharmaceutical manufacturer wants to investigate the bioactivity of a new drug. A completely randomized single-factor experiment was conducted with three dosage levels, and the following results
Reconsider the experiment described in Problem 3.14.Suppose that 30 percent cotton content is a control. Use Dunnett’s test with ???? = 0.05 to compare all of the other means with the control.
A product developer is investigating the tensile strength of a new synthetic fiber that will be used to make cloth for men’s shirts. Strength is usually affected by the percentage of cotton used in
Reconsider the experiment in Problem 3.11. Find a 95 percent confidence interval on the mean tensile strength of the Portland cement produced by each of the four mixing techniques. Also find a 95
(a). Rework part (c) of Problem 3.11 using Tukey’s test with ???? = 0.05. Do you get the same conclusions from Tukey’s test that you did from the graphical procedure and/or the Fisher LSD
The tensile strength of Portland cement is being studied. Four different mixing techniques can be used economically.A completely randomized experiment was conducted and the following data were
An article in Bioelectromagnetics (“Electromagnetic Effects on Forearm Disuse Osteopenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Study,” Vol. 32, 2011, pp. 273–282) described a randomized,
An article appeared in The Wall Street Journal on Tuesday, April 27, 2010, with the title “Eating Chocolate Is Linked to Depression.” The article reported on a study funded by the National Heart,
A computer ANOVA output is shown below. Fill in the blanks. You may give bounds on the P-value.One-way ANOVA Source DF SS MS F P Factor ? ? 246.93 ? ?Error 25 186.53 ?Total 29 1174.24
A computer ANOVA output is shown below. Fill in the blanks. You may give bounds on the P-value.One-way ANOVA Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 36.15 ? ? ?Error ? ? ?Total 19 196.04
It is always a good idea to check the normality assumption in the ANOVA by applying a test for normality such as the Anderson–Darling test to the residuals.(a) True(b) False
The mean square for error in the ANOVA provides an estimate of(a) The variance of the random error(b) The variance of an individual treatment average(c) The standard deviation of an individual
An experimenter has conducted a single-factor completely randomized design with three levels of the factor and five replicates. The computed value of the F-statistic is 2.91.Find bounds on the
An experimenter has conducted a single-factor completely randomized design with five levels of the factor and three replicates. The computed value of the F-statistic is 4.87.Find bounds on the
An experimenter has conducted a single-factor experiment with six levels of the factor, and each factor level has been replicated three times. The computed value of the F-statistic is F0 = 5.81. Find
An experimenter has conducted a single-factor experiment with four levels of the factor, and each factor level has been replicated six times. The computed value of the F-statistic is F0 = 3.26. Find
In the early stages of research and development experimentation, which type of error do you think is most important, type I or type II? Justify your answer.
Power calculation for hypothesis testing are relatively easy to do with modern statistical software.What do you think“adequate power” should be for an experiment? What issues need to be
Do you think that using a significance level of ???? = 0.05 is appropriate for all experiments? In the early stages of research and development work, is there a lot of harm in identifying a factor as
An experiment has been performed with a factor that has only two levels. Samples of size n1 = n2 = 10 have been taken, and the resulting sample data is as follows:y1 = 10.7, y2 = 15.1, S1 = 1.5, S2 =
Why is the random sampling assumption important in statistical inference? Suppose that you had to select a random sample of 100 items from a production line. How would you propose to do this? Should
Is the assumption of sampling from a normal distribution critical in the application of the t-test? Justify your answer.
Consider the situation in Problem 2.53. Calculate the 95 percent confidence interval on the mean for each of the sample sizes given. How does the length of the confidence interval change with sample
Suppose that you are testing the hypothesis H0 ∶???? = 50 against the usual two-sided alternative. The data are normally distributed with known standard deviation ???? = 1.The sample average
Reconsider the situation in Problem 2.51. Suppose that the two sample sizes were n1 = n2 = 5. What difference in conclusions (if any) would you have obtained from the hypothesis test? From the
An experiment has been performed with a factor that has only two levels. Samples of size n1 = n2 = 12 have been taken, and the resulting sample data is as follows:y1 = 12.5, y2 = 13.1, S1 = 1.8, S2 =
Consider the data from Problem 2.26. If the mean fill volume of the two machines differ by as much as 0.25 ounces, what is the power of the test used in Problem 2.21? What sample size would result in
Reconsider the bottle filling experiment described in Problem 2.26. Rework this problem assuming that the two population variances are unknown but equal.
Consider the experiment described in Problem 2.28. If the mean burning times of the two flares differ by as much as 2 minutes, find the power of the test. What sample size would be required to detect
Develop Equation 2.50 for a 100(1 − ????) percent confidence interval for the ratio ????2 1∕????2 2, where ????2 1 and ????2 1 are the variances of two normal distributions.
Develop Equation 2.46 for a 100(1 − ????) percent confidence interval for the variance of a normal distribution.
Continuation of Problem 2.42. Suppose that we want to construct a 95% two-sided confidence interval on the difference in two means where the two sample standard deviations are known to be ????1 = 4
Suppose we are testing H0 ∶ ????1 = ????2 H1 ∶ ????1 ≠ ????2 where ????2 1 > ????2 2 are known. Our sampling resources are constrained such that n1 + n2 = N. Show that an allocation of the
Continuation of Problem 2.40. An article in Nature(1972, pp. 225–226) reported on the levels of monoamine oxidase in blood platelets for a sample of 43 schizophrenic patients resulting in y1 = 2.69
Two popular pain medications are being compared on the basis of the speed of absorption by the body. Specifically, tablet 1 is claimed to be absorbed twice as fast as tablet 2.Assume that ????2 1 and
In semiconductor manufacturing, wet chemical etching is often used to remove silicon from the backs of wafers prior to metalization. The etch rate is an important characteristic of this process. Two
Refer to the data in Problem 2.37. Do the data support a claim that the mean deflection temperature under load for formulation 1 exceeds that of formulation 2 by at least 3∘F?
The deflection temperature under load for two different formulations of ABS plastic pipe is being studied. Two samples of 12 observations each are prepared using each formulation and the deflection
An article in the Journal of Strain Analysis (Vol. 18, no. 2, 1983) compares several procedures for predicting the shear strength for steel plate girders. Data for nine girders in the form of the
An article in the journal Neurology (1998, Vol. 50, pp. 1246–1252) observed that monozygotic twins share numerous physical, psychological, and pathological traits. The investigators measured an
The diameter of a ball bearing was measured by 12 inspectors, each using two different kinds of calipers. The results are as follows:Inspector Caliper 1 Caliper 2 1 0.265 0.264 2 0.265 0.265 3 0.266
Twenty observations on etch uniformity on silicon wafers are taken during a qualification experiment for a plasma etcher. The data are as follows:5.34 6.65 4.76 5.98 7.25 6.00 7.55 5.54 5.62 6.21
Front housings for cell phones are manufactured in an injection molding process. The time the part is allowed to cool in the mold before removal is thought to influence the occurrence of a
Photoresist is a light-sensitive material applied to semiconductor wafers so that the circuit pattern can be imaged on to the wafer. After application, the coated wafers are baked to remove the
An article in Solid State Technology, “Orthogonal Design for Process Optimization and Its Application to Plasma Etching” by G. Z. Yin and D. W. Jillie (May 1987) describes an experiment to
The following are the burning times (in minutes) of chemical flares of two different formulations. The design engineers are interested in both the mean and variance of the burning times.Type 1 Type 2
Two types of plastic are suitable for use by an electronic calculator manufacturer. The breaking strength of this plastic is important. It is known that ????1 = ????2 = 1.0 psi. From random samples
Two machines are used for filling plastic bottles with a net volume of 16.0 ounces. The filling processes can be assumed to be normal, with standard deviations of ????1 = 0.015 and ????2 = 0.018. The
Reconsider the repair time data in Problem 2.24. Can repair time, in your opinion, be adequately modeled by a normal distribution?
The time to repair an electronic instrument is a normally distributed random variable measured in hours. The repair times for 16 such instruments chosen at random are as follows:Hours 159 280 101 212
Consider the shelf life data in Problem 2.22. Can shelf life be described or modeled adequately by a normal distribution?What effect would the violation of this assumption have on the test procedure
A normally distributed random variable has an unknown mean ???? and a known variance ????2 = 9. Find the sample size required to construct a 95 percent confidence interval on the mean that has a
The diameters of steel shafts produced by a certain manufacturing process should have a mean diameter of 0.255 inches. The diameter is known to have a standard deviation of???? = 0.0001 inch. A
The breaking strength of a fiber is required to be at least 150 psi. Past experience has indicated that the standard deviation of breaking strength is ???? = 3 psi. A random sample of four specimens
Consider the computer output shown below.Two-Sample T-Test and Cl: Y1, Y2 Two-sample T for Y1 vs Y2 N Mean Std. Dev. SE Mean Y1 20 50.19 1.71 0.38 Y2 20 52.52 2.48 0.55 Difference = mu (X1) - mu
Consider the computer output shown below.One-Sample T: Y Test of mu = 25 vs. > 25 95% Lower Variable N Mean Std. Dev. SE Mean Bound T P Y 12 25.6818 ? 0.3360 ? ? 0.034(a) How many degrees of freedom
Consider the computer output shown below.One-Sample T: Y Test of mu = 91 vs. not = 91 Variable N Mean Std. Dev. SE Mean 95% CI T P Y 25 92.5805 ? 0.4673 (91.6160, ?) 3.38 0.002(a) Fill in the missing
Suppose that we are testing H0 ∶ ???? = ????0 versus H1 ∶ ???? ≠ ????0 with a sample size of n = 10. Calculate bounds on the P-value for the following observed values of the test statistic:(a)
Suppose that we are testing H0 ∶ ???? = ????0 versus H1 ∶???? > ????0 with a sample size of n = 15. Calculate bounds on the P-value for the following observed values of the test statistic:(a) t0
Atwo-sample t-test has been conducted and the sample sizes are n1 = n2 = 12 The computed value of the test statistic is t0 = 2.27. If the null hypothesis is two-sided, an upper bound on the P-value
A two-sample t-test has been conducted and the sample sizes are n1 = n2 = 10. The computed value of the test statistic is t0 = 2.15. If the null hypothesis is two-sided, an upper bound on the P-value
A computer program has produced the following output for a hypothesis-testing problem:Difference in sample means: 11.5 Degrees of freedom: 24 Standard error of the difference in sample means: ?Test
A computer program has produced the following output for a hypothesis-testing problem:Difference in sample means: 2.35 Degrees of freedom: 18 Standard error of the difference in sample means: ?Test
Consider the following sample data: 9.37, 13.04, 11.69, 8.21, 11.18, 10.41, 13.15, 11.51, 13.21, and 7.75. Is it reasonable to assume that this data is a sample from a normal distribution? Is there
Suppose that we are testing H0 ∶ ????1 = ????2 versus H0 ∶????1 > ????2 where the two sample sizes are n1 = n2 = 10. Both sample variances are unknown but assumed equal. Find bounds on the
Suppose that we are testing H0 ∶ ????1 = ????2 versus H0 ∶ ????1 ≠ ????2 where the two sample sizes are n1 = n2 = 12.Both sample variances are unknown but assumed equal. Find bounds on the
Consider the computer output shown below.One-Sample Z Test of mu = 30 vs not = 30 The assumed standard deviation = 1.2 N Mean SE Mean 95% CI Z P 16 31.2000 0.3000 (30.6120, 31.7880) ? ?(a) Fill in
Suppose that we are testing H0 ∶ ???? = ????0 versus H1 ∶ ???? > ????0. Calculate the P-value for the following observed values of the test statistic:(a) Z0 = 2.45 (b) Z0 = −1.53 (c) Z0 =
Suppose that we are testing H0 ∶ ???? = ????0 versus H1 ∶ ???? ≠ ????0. Calculate the P-value for the following observed values of the test statistic:(a) Z0 = 2.25 (b) Z0 = 1.55 (c) Z0 =
Computer output for a random sample of data is shown below. Some of the quantities are missing. Compute the values of the missing quantities.Variable N Mean SE Mean Std. Dev. Sum Y 16 ? 0.159 ?
Computer output for a random sample of data is shown below. Some of the quantities are missing. Compute the values of the missing quantities.Variable N Mean SE Mean Std. Dev. Variance Minimum Maximum
What factors do you think an e-commerce company could use in an experiment involving their web page to encourage more people to “click-through” into their site?
Have you received an offer to obtain a credit card in the mail? What “factors” were associated with the offer, such as an introductory interest rate? Do you think the credit card company is
What are the potential risks of a single, large, comprehensive experiment in contrast to a sequential approach?
Why is randomization important in an experiment?
What is replication? Why do we need replication in an experiment? Present an example that illustrates the difference between replication and repeated measurements.
Almost everyone is concerned about the price of gasoline. Construct a cause-and-effect diagram identifying the factors that potentially influence the gasoline mileage that you get in your car. How
Find a website for a business that you are interested in.Develop a list of factors that you would use in an experiment to improve the effectiveness of this website.
Search the World Wide Web for information about Sir Ronald A. Fisher and his work on experimental design in agricultural science at the Rothamsted Experimental Station.
Select an experiment of interest to you. Complete steps 1–3 of the guidelines for designing experiments in Section 1.4.
Suppose that you want to compare the growth of garden flowers with different conditions of sunlight, water, fertilizer, and soil conditions. Complete steps 1–3 of the guidelines for designing
Suppose that you want to investigate the factors that potentially affect cooking rice.(a) What would you use as a response variable in this experiment? How would you measure the response?(b) List all
Suppose that you want to design an experiment to study the proportion of unpopped kernels of popcorn. Complete steps 1–3 of the guidelines for designing experiments in Section 1.4. Are there any
7. In the design of a thin lm redistribution layer (cited by J. Lorenzen, IBM Kingston and discussed by Lawson and Madrigal (1994)), the cir-cuit impedance (Z) is a function of three design factors:
6. An experiment originally performed by the National Railway Corporation of Japan (Taguchi and Wu, 1980) was re-analyzed by Box and Meyer(1986b). The control factors in the design were A, kind of
5. Taguchi (1987) described an experiment to nd the source of clutch slip-ping in automobiles. Prototype clutches were assembled using some new components and some components taken from disassembled
4. Because the elastometric connector experiments described in Section 12.3 required physical experimentation, Song and Lawson (1988) suggested us-ing a single array design to save on the number of
3. Lawson (1990) describes an experiment in a chemical process with the aim of producing less byproduct tars. The control factors were A, reaction temperature; B, catalyst concentration; and C,
1. Consider the commercial product test of erasers conducted by Sachiyo and Kosaka in 1971 and discussed by Taguchi (1987). The purpose of the test was to determine the quality of erasure when lines
12. Cornell (1988) presented the original example of mixture experiment for producing vinyl for automobile seat covers. The data is shown in Table 11.15, and the variable names are the same as those
10. The Table 11.13 below shows the results of Chau and Kelly (1993) mixture process variable experiments (MPV) with printable coating material, which were described in Section 11.7.(a) Create this
9. The numbers in parentheses below are the responses for the design shown in Figure 11.26.(a) Use the SAS code below Figure 11.26 to t the Schee quadratic model to the data above.(b) Verify that the
7. Shumate and Montgomery (1996) developed a TiW plasma etch process for semiconductor manufacturing. Studying a mixture of three gasses x1: SR6, x2: He and x3: N2. The partial pressures of the three
6. Consider the mixture experiment described by Anderson andMcLean (1974).They presented a problem where the formula for a are was obtained by mixing four chemicals x1: magnesium, x2: sodium nitrate,

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