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statistics informed decisions using data

Questions and Answers of Statistics Informed Decisions Using Data

Deaths from Motor Vehicles and Murders Listed below are the number of motor vehicle deaths (in hundreds) and the number of murders (in hundreds) in the United States for each of several different
Crickets and Temperature The association between the temperature and the number of times a cricket chirps in 1 min was studied. Listed below are the numbers of chirps in 1 min and the corresponding
Correlation Between Salary and Physical Demand Exercise 11 includes paired salary and stress level ranks for 10 randomly selected jobs. The physical demands of the jobs were also ranked; the salary
Sunspots and Super Bowl Points For a recent series of 10 years, the sunspot numbers and the total points scored in the Super Bowl were obtained. The table below lists the ranks of each set of values.
Efficiency Refer to Table 13-2 and identify the efficiency of the rank correlation test.What does that value tell us about the test?
Notation We represent the rank correlation coefficient test statistic with the notation rs, and the corresponding population parameter is represented as rs. Why is the subscript s used? Does the
Rank Correlation If two judges each rank 25 different gymnasts from 1 through 25 with no ties, and their rankings agree perfectly, what is the value of the rank correlation coefficient?
Rank Correlation What major advantage does the rank correlation method of this section have over the linear correlation method of Section 10-2?
Correcting the H Test Statistic for Ties In using the Kruskal-Wallis test, there is a correction factor that should be applied whenever there are many ties: Divide H by For each group of tied
13 in Appendix B. At the 0.05 significance level, test the claim that the median weights of M&Ms are the same for each of the six different color populations. If it is the intent of Mars, Inc. to
11. Appendix B Data Set: Weights of Pennies Refer to Data Set 14 in Appendix B and use the weights of the Indian pennies, wheat pennies, pre-1983 pennies, and post-1983 pennies. Use a 0.05
10. Laboratory Testing of Flammability of Children’s Sleepwear Flammability tests were conducted on children’s sleepwear. The Vertical Semirestrained Test was used, in which pieces of fabric were
9. Exercise and Stress A study was conducted to investigate the effects of exercise on stress. The table below lists systolic blood pressure readings (in mmHg) of subjects from the time preceding 25
8. Testing for Skull-Breadth Differences in Different Times The accompanying values are measured maximum breadths of male Egyptian skulls from different epochs(based on data from Ancient Races of the
7. Is Solar Energy the Same Every Day? A student of the author lives in a home with a solar electric system. At the same time each day, she collected voltage readings from a meter connected to the
6. Does the Weight of a Car Affect Chest Injuries in a Crash? Data were obtained from car crash experiments conducted by the National Transportation Safety Administration.New cars were purchased and
5. Does the Weight of a Car Affect Head Injuries in a Crash? Data were obtained from car crash experiments conducted by the National Transportation Safety Administration.New cars were purchased and
4. Requirements Fifty families are randomly selected and IQ tests are given to the mother, father, and firstborn child. Can the Kruskal-Wallis test be used to test the claim that the three
3. Efficiency Refer to Table 13-2 and identify the efficiency of the Kruskal-Wallis test.What does that value tell us about the test?
2. Kruskal-Wallis Test If the Kruskal-Wallis test and one-way analysis of variance are both used with three sets of independent samples, will both tests always result in the same conclusion?
1. Kruskal-Wallis Test What major advantage does the Kruskal-Wallis test have over the one-way analysis of variance test?
14. Finding Critical Values Assume that we have two treatments (A and B) that produce quantitative results, and we have only two observations for treatment A and two observations for treatment B. We
12. Appendix B Large Data Set: Weights of Pennies Refer to Data Set 14 in Appendix B and use the weights of the wheat pennies and the weights of the pre-1983 pennies.Use a 0.05 significance level to
11. Appendix B Large Data Set: Pulse Rates Repeat Exercise 10 using all 40 pulse rates of men and all 40 pulse rates of women.
9. Hypothesis Test for Difference in Car Taxi Ages When the author visited Dublin in Ireland, he recorded the ages of randomly selected passenger cars and randomly selected taxis. The ages (in years)
8. Testing the Anchoring Effect Randomly selected statistics students were given 5 sec to estimate the value of a product of numbers with the results given in the accompanying table. (See the
7. Are Severe Psychiatric Disorders Related to Biological Factors? One study used x-ray computed tomography (CT) to collect data on brain volumes for a group of patients with obsessive-compulsive
4. Efficiency Refer to Table 13-2 and identify the efficiency of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. What does that value tell us about the test?
3. Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test The Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the methods of hypothesis testing described in Section 9-3 both apply to two independent samples. What advantage does the Wilcoxon rank-sum
2. Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test The test statistic for the Wilcoxon rank-sum test is based on the rank sum R, which has a distribution that is approximately normal. Is the Wilcoxon rank-sum test a
1. Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test What is the most fundamental difference between the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test?
12. Testing for Difference Between Times Depicting Alcohol Use and Tobacco Use Refer to Data Set 5 in Appendix B. Use only those movies that showed some use of tobacco or alcohol. (That is, ignore
11. Testing for Difference Between Forecast and Actual Temperatures Refer to Data Set 8 in Appendix B and use the actual high temperatures and the three-day forecast high temperatures. Does there
4. Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test A market researcher designs an experiment that involves a survey of married couples in randomly selected shopping malls. After separating the male and female, each
3. Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test Given sample data consisting of matched pairs, we can compare the values using the sign test or the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test. What important advantage does the
2. Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test and Sign Test The Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and the sign test can both be used with sample data consisting of matched pairs. Could they both lead to the same
1. Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test Why would we use the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test for matched pairs instead of the methods presented in Section 9-4?
21. Normal Approximation Error The Compulife.com company has hired 18 women among the last 54 new employees. Job applicants are about half men and half women, all of whom are qualified. Using a 0.01
20. Finding Critical Values Table A-7 lists critical values for limited choices ofa. Use Table A-1 to add a new column in Table A-7 (down to n 5 15) that represents a significance level of 0.03 in
19. Procedures for Handling Ties In the sign test procedure described in this section, we excluded ties (represented by 0 instead of a sign of 1or 2). Asecond approach is to treat half of the 0s as
18. Postponing Death An interesting and popular hypothesis is that individuals can temporarily postpone their death to survive a major holiday or important event such as a birthday. In a study of
17. Nominal Data: Travel Through the Internet Among 734 randomly selected Internet users, it was found that 360 of them use the Internet for making travel plans (based on data from a Gallup poll).
16. Nominal Data: Car Crashes In a study of 11,000 car crashes, it was found that 5720 of them occurred within 5 miles of home (based on data from Progressive Insurance).Use a 0.01 significance level
15. Nominal Data: Gender Selection for Boys The Genetics and IVF Institute conducted a clinical trial of the YSORT method designed to increase the probability of conceiving a boy. As this book was
14. Testing for Median Weight of Quarters Listed below are weights (in grams) of randomly selected quarters that were minted after 1964. The quarters are supposed to have a median weight of 5.670 g.
13. Testing for a Median Body Temperature of 98.6°F A premed student in a statistics class is required to do a class project. Intrigued by the body temperatures in Data Set 2 of 688 Chapter 13
12. Heights of Winners and Runners-Up Listed below are the heights of candidates who won presidential elections and the heights of the candidates with the next highest number of popular votes. The
11. Testing for a Difference Between Reported and Measured Male Heights As part of the National Health Examination Survey conducted by the Department of Health and Human Services, self-reported
Efficiency of the Sign Test Refer to Table 13-2 and identify the efficiency of the sign test. What does that value tell us about the sign test?
Sign Test Procedure You have been given the task of testing the claim that a method of gender selection has the effect of increasing the likelihood that a baby will be a girl, and sample data consist
Sign Test Why is the procedure introduced in this section referred to as the “sign” test?
Nonparametric Test Why is the sign test considered to be a “nonparametric” test or a“distribution-free” test?
Does an interaction between gender and major have an effect on wristwatch accuracy?
Does major have an effect on wristwatch accuracy?
Does gender appear to have an effect on the accuracy of the wristwatch?
Is there sufficient evidence to reject equality of the mean estimates for different majors? Describe how the majors were categorized.
2. In-class activity Begin by asking each student in the class to estimate the length of the classroom. Specify that the length is the distance between the chalkboard and the opposite wall. (See
1. Out-of-class activity The World Almanac and Book of Facts includes a section called “Noted Personalities,”with subsections comprised of architects, artists, business leaders, cartoonists,
4. Weights of Babies: Finding Probabilities In the United States, weights of newborn babies are normally distributed with a mean of 7.54 lb and a standard deviation of 1.09 lb(based on data from
3. Blue Genes Some couples have genetic characteristics configured so that one-quarter of all their offspring have blue eyes. A study is conducted of 100 couples believed to have those
2. M&M Treatment The table below lists 60 SAT scores separated into categories according to the color of the M&M candy used as a treatment. The SAT scores are based on data from the College Board,
1. Longevity Refer to the numbers of years that U.S. presidents and popes and British monarchs lived after their inauguration, election, or coronation. The data are listed in the table used for
7. Auto Pollution The accompanying table lists the amounts of greenhouse gases emitted by different cars in one year.a. Assuming that there is no interaction effect, is there sufficient evidence to
6. Smoking, Body Temperature, Gender The table below lists body temperatures obtained from randomly selected subjects (based on Data Set 2 in Appendix B). The temperatures are categorized according
5. Effect of Major Assume that estimated lengths are not affected by an interaction between gender and major. Is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that estimated length is affected by
4. Effect of Gender Assume that estimated lengths are not affected by an interaction between gender and major. Is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that estimated length is affected by
3. Interaction Effect Test the null hypothesis that the estimated lengths are not affected by an interaction between gender and major.
2. Readability Scores Listed below are Flesch Reading Ease scores from each of 12 randomly selected pages in Tom Clancy’s The Bear and the Dragon, J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the
1. Interpreting Computer Display: Drinking and Driving The Associated Insurance Institute sponsors studies of the effects of drinking on driving. In one such study, three groups of adult men were
4. Two-Way ANOVA A geneticist collects data consisting of eye colors, and the colors are categorized by gender (male, female) and age bracket (under 30, 30 and older).Can the methods of this chapter
3. Which Test? Assume that the clinical trial in Exercise 2 is modified to exclude the treatment consisting of 20 mg of the drug. What method should be used to test for equality of the mean amounts
2. Which Test? A medical researcher conducts a clinical trial of a drug intended to reduce LDL cholesterol. Fifty subjects are given 10 mg of the drug, 50 other subjects are given 20 mg of the drug,
1. Analysis of Variance Why is the method used to test equality of three or more population means referred to as analysis of “variance,” when means are the parameters of interest?
15. Transformations of Data Assume that two-way ANOVA is used to analyze sample data consisting of more than one entry per cell. How are the ANOVA results affected in each of the following cases?a.
14. Marathon Times Listed below are New York Marathon running times (in seconds)for randomly selected runners who completed the marathon. Are the running times 664 Chapter 12 Analysis of Variance
13. Pulse Rates The following table lists pulse rates from Data Set 1 in Appendix B. Are pulse rates affected by an interaction between gender and age? Are pulse rates affected by gender? Are pulse
12. Hearing Tests: Effect of Word List Assuming that there is no effect on hearing test scores from an interaction between subject and list, is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that the
11. Hearing Tests: Effect of Subject Assuming that there is no effect on hearing test scores from an interaction between subject and list, is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that the
10. Effect of Type of SAT Test Assume that SAT scores are not affected by an interaction between gender and the type of test (verbal math). Is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that the
9. Effect of Gender Assume that SAT scores are not affected by an interaction between gender and the type of test (verbal math). Is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that gender has an
8. Interaction Effect Test the null hypothesis that SAT scores are not affected by an interaction between gender and test (verbal>math). What do you conclude?
7. Effect of Treatment Refer to the Minitab display and assume that the weights of poplar trees are not affected by an interaction between site and treatment. Is there sufficient evidence to support
6. Effect of Site Refer to the Minitab display and assume that the weights of poplar trees are not affected by an interaction between site and treatment. Is there sufficient evidence to support the
5. Interaction Effect Refer to the Minitab display and test the null hypothesis that the weights of poplar trees are not affected by an interaction between site and treatment.What do you conclude?
4. Interaction Shown below is a Minitab-generated interaction plot similar in nature to Figure 12-3. [Like Figure 12-3, this interaction plot is based on weights of trees, and the factors are site
3. Interaction When conducting two-way analysis of variance, if there is an interaction between the two factors, why should we not continue with separate tests for effects from the row and column
2. Interaction What is an interaction, and what role does it play in two-way analysis of variance?
1. Two-Way ANOVA What is two-way analysis of variance, and what is it used for?
20. Using the Bonferroni Test Shown below are partial results from using the Bonferroni test with the sample data used in Exercise 14. Assume that a 0.05 significance level is being used.a. What do
19. Using the Tukey Test This section included a display of the Bonferroni test results from Table 12-1. Shown here is the SPSS-generated display of results from the Tukey test. Compare the Tukey
18. Finding Components of ANOVA Exercise 9 is based on the weights of the 100 M&Ms listed in Data Set 13 in Appendix B. If the weights of all of the M&Ms from the full bag are used, SS(treatment) 5
17. Equivalent Tests In this exercise you will verify that when you have two sets of sample data, the pooled t test for independent samples and the ANOVA method of this section are equivalent. Refer
16. Appendix B Data Set: Home Run Distances Refer to Data Set 17 in Appendix B.Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that the home runs hit by Barry Bonds, Mark McGwire, and Sammy Sosa have
15. Appendix B Data Set: Weights of Pennies Refer to Data Set 14 in Appendix B and use the weights of the Indian head pennies, wheat pennies, pre-1983 pennies, and post-1983 pennies. Use a 0.05
14. Archaeology: Skull Breadths from Different Epochs Samples of head breadths were obtained by measuring skulls of Egyptian males from three different epochs, and the measurements are listed below
13. Exercise and Stress A study was conducted to investigate the effects of exercise on stress. The table below lists systolic blood pressure readings (in mmHg) of subjects from the time preceding 25
12. Chest Deceleration in a Car Crash The chest deceleration data (g) are given below.Use a 0.05 significance level to test the null hypothesis that the different weight categories have the same
10. Solar Energy in Different Weather Astudent of the author lives in a home with a solar electric system. At the same time each day, she collected voltage readings from a meter connected to the
9. Mean Weights of M&Ms Data Set 13 in Appendix B includes weights (in grams) of M&M plain candies categorized according to color (red, orange, yellow, brown, blue, and green). When STATDISK is used
Fabric Flammability Tests in Different Laboratories Flammability tests were conducted on children’s sleepwear. The Vertical Semirestrained Test was used, in which pieces of fabric were burned under

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