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statistics informed decisions using data

Questions and Answers of Statistics Informed Decisions Using Data

12.6 Is support for sexual freedom related to age?Is the relationship between the variables different for different nations? The World Values Survey has been administered to random samples drawn from
12.5 SOC Some research has shown that families vary by how they socialize their children to sports, games, and other leisure activities. In middle-class families, such activities are carefully
12.4 CJ A random sample of 150 cities has been classified as small, medium, or large by population and as high or low on crime rate. Compute gamma, Kendall’s tau-c, and Somers’sd. Compare the
12.3 Compute gamma for the table presented in problem 11.1. Summarize the relationship in terms of strength and direction.
12.2 Compute gamma for the tables presented in problems 10.2, 10.6, 10.7, 10.9, 10.10, and 10.12. Because these tables are based on random samples, test the gammas you computed for significance.
12.1 SOC A small sample of immigrants to Canada, none of whom speak either of the nation’s two official languages, has been interviewed about their level of adjustment. Is the pattern of adjustment
4. Test gamma and Spearman’s rho for significance.
3. Use gamma, Kendall’s tau-b and tau-c, Somers’sd, and Spearman’s rho to analyze and describe a bivariate relationship in terms of the three questions introduced in Chapter 11.
2. Explain the logic of pairs as it relates to measuring association.
1. Calculate and interpret gamma, Kendall’s tau-b and tau-c, Somers’s d, and Spearman’s rho.
11.8 Problem 11.7 analyzed the bivariate relationships between political ideology, the independent variable, and five different dependent variables using only percentages. Now, with the aid of
11.7 If a person’s political ideology (liberal, moderate, or conservative) is known, can we predict their position on issues? If liberals are generally progressive and conservatives are generally
11.6 In any social science journal, find an article that includes a bivariate table. Inspect the table and the related text carefully and answer the following questions:a. Identify the variables in
11.4. Compare the value of the measure of association with your impressions of the strength of the relationships based solely on the percentages you calculated for those problems.
11.5 Compute a phi and a lambda for problems 11.1–
11.4 SOC A needs assessment survey has been distributed in a large retirement community. Residents were asked to check off the services or programs they thought should be added. Is there any
11.3 PS How consistent are people in their voting habits? Do the same people vote from election to election? Below are the results of a poll in which people were asked if they had voted in each of
11.2 SOC The administration of a university has proposed an increase in the mandatory student fee in order to finance an upgrading of the varsity football program. A sample of the faculty has
11.1 PA Various supervisors in the municipal government of Pearson, Ontario, have been rated on the extent to which they practise authoritarian styles of leadership and decision making. The
5. Compute and interpret three measures of association for variables measured at the nominal level: phi, Cramer’s V, and lambda.
4. Investigate a bivariate association by properly calculating percentages for a bivariate table and interpreting the results.
3. List and explain the three characteristics of a bivariate relationship: existence, strength, and pattern or direction.
2. Define “association” in the context of bivariate tables and in terms of changing conditional distributions.
1. Explain how we can use measures of association to describe and analyze the importance of relationships (versus their statistical significance).
10.15 SOC Some results from a survey given to a random sample of Canadians are presented below. For each table, conduct the chi square test of significance and compute column percentages.Write a
10.14 SOC A researcher is concerned with the relationship between attitudes toward violence and violent behaviour. If attitudes “cause” behaviour(a very debatable proposition), then people who
10.13 SOC Does support for the legalization of marijuana vary by region of Canada? The table displays the relationship between the two variables for a random sample of 1,020 adult Canadians.Region
10.12 SOC An urban sociologist has built up a database describing a sample of the neighbourhoods in her city and has developed a scale by which each area can be rated for “quality of life” (this
10.11 SOC At a large urban university, about half of the students live off campus in various arrangements, and the other half live in residence on campus. Is academic performance dependent on living
10.10 PS Is there a relationship between political ideology and class standing? Are upper-class persons significantly different from lower-class individuals on this variable? The table below reports
10.9 SOC Is there a relationship between length of marriage and satisfaction with marriage? The necessary information has been collected from a random sample of 100 respondents drawn from a local
10.8 CJ A local judge has been allowing some individuals convicted of “driving under the influence”to work in a hospital emergency room as an alternative to fines, suspensions, and other
10.7 SOC The provincial Ministry of Education has rated a sample of local school boards for compliance with province-mandated guidelines for quality. Is the quality of a school board significantly
10.6 SOC A program of pet therapy has been running at a local nursing home. Are the participants in the program more alert and responsive than nonparticipants? The results, drawn from a random sample
10.5 PA Is there a relationship between salary levels and unionization for public employees? The data below represent this relationship for fire departments in a random sample of 100 cities of
10.4 Is there a “gender gap” in support of the Liberal Party of Canada among university faculty?To answer this question, a sample of university faculty has been asked about their political party
10.3 SW A local politician is concerned that a program for the homeless in her city is discriminating against women. The data below were taken from random samples of female and male homeless
10.2 SOC Twenty-five cities have been classified as high or low on their homicide rates and on the number of guns sold within city limits. Calculate the obtained chi square for these data.Volume of
10.1—see Tables 10.5 and 10.9. For each cell, subtract expected frequency from observed frequency, and record the result in column 3. Square the value in column 3 and record the result in column 4,
10.2, 10.4, and 10.8. Next, use a computational table to organize the calculation for Formula
10.1 For each table below, calculate the obtained chi square. (HINT: Calculate the expected frequencies for each cell with Formula 10.2.Double-check to make sure you are using the correct row and
5. Explain the limitations of the chi square test and, especially, the difference between statistical significance and importance.
4. Perform the chi square test using the five-step model and correctly interpret the results.
3. Explain the logic of hypothesis testing as applied to a bivariate table.
2. Explain the structure of a bivariate table and the concept of independence as applied to expected and observed frequencies in a bivariate table.
1. Identify and cite examples of situations in which the chi square test is appropriate.
9.9 SOC Does support for suicide (“death with dignity”)vary by social class? Is this relationship different in different nations? Small samples in three nations were asked if it is ever justified
9.8 SOC A social survey was administered to a random sample of adults. A subsample of these adults, selected randomly, is shown below. Each respondent has been classified as either a city dweller, a
9.7 GER Do older citizens lose interest in politics and current affairs? A brief quiz on recent headline stories was administered to random samples of respondents from each of four different age
9.6 PS Does the rate of voter turnout vary significantly by the type of election? A random sample of electoral districts displays the following pattern of voter turnout by election type. Assess the
9.5 SOC Are sexually active teenagers any better informed about AIDS and other potential health problems related to sex than teenagers who are sexually inactive? A 15-item test of general knowledge
9.4 CJ Two separate crime reduction programs have been implemented in the city of Pearson, Ontario.One involves a neighbourhood watch program with citizens actively involved in crime prevention. The
9.3 SOC In a local community, a random sample of 18 couples has been assessed on a scale that measures the extent to which power and decision making are shared (lower scores) or monopolized by one
9.2 SOC What type of person is most involved in the neighbourhood and community? Who is more likely to volunteer for organizations such as Scouts, Big Sisters, or the United Way? A random sample of
9.1 Calculate the obtained F ratio for each set of scores below. (HINT: Follow the computational shortcut outlined in Section 9.4 and keep track ofa. Category A B C 5 10 12 7 12 16 8 14 18 9 15 20
5. Explain the difference between the statistical significance and the importance of relationships between variables.
4. Define and explain the concepts of population variance, total sum of squares, sum of squares between, sum of squares within, and mean square estimates.
3. Perform the ANOVA test, using the five-step model as a guide, and correctly interpret the results.
2. Explain the logic of hypothesis testing as applied to ANOVA.
1. Identify and cite examples of situations in which ANOVA is appropriate.
8.15 SOC Some results from a recent social survey administered to a random sample of adults are reported below in terms of differences by sex.Which of these differences, if any, are significant?Write
8.14 CJ The local police chief started a “crimeline”program some years ago and wonders if it’s really working. The program publicizes unsolved violent crimes in the local media and offers cash
8.13 SOC At Algebra University, the sociology and psychology departments have been feuding for years about the respective quality of their programs.In an attempt to resolve the dispute, you have
8.12 SW A large counselling centre needs to evaluate several experimental programs. Write a paragraph summarizing the results of these tests. Did the new programs work?a. One program is designed for
8.11 CJ About half of the police officers in Pearson, Ontario, have completed a special course in investigative procedures. Has the course increased their efficiency in clearing crimes by arrest? The
8.10 For each problem, test the sample statistics for the significance of the difference. (HINT: In testing proportions, remember to begin with Formula 8.7, then solve Formulas 8.8 and 8.10.)a.Sample
8.9 SOC A survey has been administered to random samples of respondents in each of five nations.For each nation, are men and women significantly different in terms of their reported levels of
8.8 SW As the director of the local youth club, you have claimed for years that membership in your club reduces juvenile delinquency. Now, a cynical member of your funding agency has demanded proof
8.7 SOC Are senior citizens who live in retirement communities more socially active than those who live in age-integrated communities? Write a sentence or two explaining the results of these
8.6 SOC Are university students who live in residence significantly more involved in campus life than students who commute to campus? The data below report the average number of hours per week that
8.5 SOC Are middle-class families more likely than working-class families to maintain contact with relatives? Write a paragraph summarizing the results of these tests.a. A sample of middle-class
8.4 PA A number of years ago, the fire department in Pearson, Ontario, began recruiting females through an employment equity program. In terms of efficiency ratings as compiled by their superiors,
8.3 SOC Do athletes in different sports vary in terms of intelligence? Below are aptitude test scores of random samples of university varsity hockey and soccer players. Is there a significant
8.2 SOC Questionnaires were administered to samples of undergraduate students. Among other things, those questionnaires contained a scale that measured attitudes towards interpersonal violence(higher
8.1 For each problem below, test for the significance of the difference in sample statistics using the fivestep model. (HINT: Remember to solve Formula 8.4 before attempting to solve Formula 8.2.
6. List and explain each of the factors (especially sample size) that affect the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis and explain the differences between statistical significance and
5. Conduct a two-sample hypothesis test using confidence intervals.
4. Perform a test of hypothesis for two-sample means or two-sample proportions following the five-step model and correctly interpret the results.
3. Explain what an independent random sample is.
2. Explain the logic of hypothesis testing as applied to the two-sample case.
1. Identify and cite examples of situations in which the two-sample test of hypothesis is appropriate.
7.18 The following essay questions review the basic principles and concepts of inferential statistics.The order of the questions roughly follows the five-step model.a. Hypothesis testing or
7.17 PA The city manager of Pearson, Ontario, has received a complaint from the local union of firefighters that they are underpaid. Not having much time, the city manager gathers the records of a
7.16 SW You are the head of an agency seeking funding for a program to reduce unemployment among teenage males. Nationally, the unemployment rate for this group is 18%. A random sample of 323 teenage
7.15 SOC/SW A researcher has compiled a file of information on a random sample of 317 families in a city that has chronic, long-term patterns of child abuse. Below are reported some of the
7.14 CJ Provincially, the police clear by arrest 35%of the robberies and 42% of the aggravated assaults reported to them. A researcher takes a random sample of all the robberies (n 5 207)and
7.13 PS In a recent provincial election, 55% of the voters rejected a proposal to institute a new provincial lottery. In a random sample of 150 voters from rural communities, 49% rejected the
7.12 CJ A random sample of 113 convicted sex offenders in a provincial prison system completed a program designed to change their attitudes toward women, sex, and violence before being released on
7.11 GER/CJ A survey shows that 10% of the population is victimized by property crime each year.A random sample of 527 older citizens (65 years or more of age) shows a victimization rate of 14%. Are
7.10 PA Nationally, the per capita property tax is$130 per month. A random sample of 36 western cities averages $98 per month with a standard deviation of $5. Is the difference significant?Summarize
7.9 SOC A random sample of 26 sociology graduates in BC scored an average of 458 on the GRE Advanced Sociology test with a standard deviation of 20. Is this significantly different from the national
7.8 SOC A school system has assigned several hundred“chronic and severe underachievers”to an alternative educational experience. To assess the program, a random sample of 35 has been selected for
7.7 SOCa. Nationally, the population as a whole watches an average of 6.2 hours of TV per day. A random sample of 1,017 senior citizens reports watching an average of 5.9 hours per day with a
7.5 SOC A random sample of 423 Albertans has finished an average of 12.7 years of formal education with a standard deviation of 1.7. Is this significantly different from the national average of 12.2
7.4 SOC Nationally, the average score on the GRE(Graduate Record Examinations) verbal test is 453 with a standard deviation of 95. A random sample of 152 first-year graduate students entering Algebra
7.3 SWa. Nationally, social workers average 10.2 years of experience. In a random sample, 203 social workers in the greater metropolitan area of Pearson, Ontario, average only 8.7 years with a
7.2 SOCa. The student body at Algebra University attends an average of 3.3 parties per month. A random sample of 117 sociology majors averages 3.8 parties per month with a standard deviation of 0.53.
7.1a. For each situation, find Z (critical).Alpha Form Z (Critical)0.05 One-tailed 0.10 Two-tailed 0.06 Two-tailed 0.01 One-tailed 0.02 Two-tailedb. For each situation, find the critical t
8. Conduct a single-sample hypothesis test using a confidence interval.
7. Define and explain Type I and Type II errors and relate each to the selection of an alpha level.

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