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statistics principles and methods

Questions and Answers of Statistics Principles And Methods

A city planner wants to learn about the factors that affect whether people walk or bike to work. She collects data from a random sample of 500 employed people who reside in her city. She wants to
A critic of the study described in Problem 8 says that the analysis did not rule out the possibility that weather affects whether people choose to walk or bike to work. He says that the data need to
For each part below, identify the independent variable, dependent variable, and control variable. Also, specify what kind of control variable is described.a. A study examines the effect of the
The Republican and Democratic Parties hold different positions on the need to address climate change. For instance, the 2016 Republican Party Platform stated: “The central fact of any sensible
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, people tend to perform best when they have some anxiety about a task. However, not enough anxiety and too much anxiety have been shown to dampen performance.
Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett wrote a book called The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger. In it, they examine the consequences for societies of increasing inequality.
Figure 14.32 shows a scatterplot of the relationship between the number of paid sick days allowed per year by employers and employees’ job satisfaction, measured on a scale from 0 to 100.a.
For her final project in statistics, a student decided to study how excitement about college varied among students, depending on how long they had been pursuing their degree. In a sample of students
Is attending class regularly positively associated with college students’ academic performance? A professor has been telling students for years that the most important thing they can do as college
Figure 14.34 shows two scatterplots, each with the best-fitting line drawn through the points on the plot. Points represent cases in the data with particular values for the x and y variables. In each
The means for the y variable in the two scatterplots shown in Figure 14.34 are both equal to twenty, and the best-fitting lines cross the y axis at the same point and have the same slope.a. Use the
The 2016 American National Election Study asked respondents to rate how warmly or coldly they felt about transgender people on a feeling thermometer scale from 0 to 100 degrees. In the sample of
The standard error for the slope from Problem 8 is 0.023. Use this and other relevant information given in Problem 8 to determine whether we can reject the null hypothesis that the slope for age is
Another researcher working with the American National Election Study wants to investigate the relationship between age and feeling thermometer ratings of the Supreme Court. He conducts a bivariate
Inspired by a study conducted using data from Germany, a pair of political scientists in the United States want to know if the frequency of visits to “altright”Facebook pages is associated with
Open ANES2016.dta and use the “scatter” command to produce a scatterplot of the relationship between ideology, as the independent variable, and feelings about the police, as the dependent
Does there appear to be a relationship between these two variables, according to the scatterplot?
Use the “corr” command to get the correlation coefficient between these two variables.
What is the correlation coefficient? What does it tell us about the strength of this relationship?
Use the “regress” command to run a bivariate regression between the variables.
What is the slope? What does it mean, in words?
What is the intercept? What does it mean, in words?
What is the standard error of the slope, and what is p-value associated with the slope? Can we conclude that the population slope is unequal to zero?
What is the r2 value for the model? What does it mean, in words?
What is the standard error of the estimate? What does it mean, in words?
What are the F-statistic for the model and its associated p-value? What do they mean, in words?
Now, use the “regress” command to run the same regression equation from earlier, but add poc as a second independent variable.
What is the slope for poc? What does it mean, in words? Is it “statistically significant”?
What is the slope for ideology in this new model, and how does it compare to the first model? What does this comparison suggest about differences in political ideology for people of color and whites?
What is the intercept in this new model? What does it mean, in words?
Give the r2 and the standard error of the estimate for this new model. Compare these statistics to those from the bivariate model. Does the second model fit the data better?
Use two “predict” commands to generate, first, predicted values of the feeling thermometer for every respondent and, second, residuals for every respondent.
Use the “scatter” command to request a scatterplot of residuals against predictions of the dependent variable. Is the variance of the residuals about the same regardless of the predicted value of
Use the “histogram” command to generate a histogram of the residuals. Are the residuals normally distributed?
Open ANES2016.sav and use the “Scatter/Dot” procedure to produce a scatterplot of the relationship between ideology, as the independent variable, and feelings about the police, as the dependent
Does there appear to be a relationship between these two variables, according to the scatterplot?
Use the “Bivariate” procedure to get the correlation coefficient between these two variables.
What is the correlation coefficient? What does it tell us about the strength of this relationship?
Use the “Linear” procedure to run a bivariate regression between the variables.
What is the slope? What does it mean, in words?
What is the intercept? What does it mean, in words?
What is the standard error of the slope, and what is its associated p-value? Can we conclude that the population slope is unequal to zero?
What is the r2 value for the model? What does it mean, in words?
What is the standard error of the estimate? What does it mean, in words?
What are the F-statistic for the model and its associated p-value? What do they mean, in words?
Now, use the “Linear” procedure to run the same regression equation from earlier, but add poc as a second independent variable.
What is the slope for poc? What does it mean, in words? Is it “statistically significant”?
What is the slope for ideology in this new model, and how does it compare to the first model? What does this comparison suggest about differences in political ideology for people of color and whites?
What is the intercept in this new model? What does it mean, in words?
Give the r2 and the standard error of the estimate for this new model. Compare these statistics to those from the bivariate model. Does the second model fit the data better?
Navigate to the “Plots” dialog box using the “Linear” procedure to request a scatterplot of residuals against predictions of the dependent variable. Is the variance of the residuals about the
Navigate to the “Plots” dialog box using the “Linear” procedure to request a histogram of the residuals. Are the residuals normally distributed?
A team of researchers is studying the effect of inequality in metropolitan areas on aggregate levels of trust. The researchers define inequality as differences in access to resources between groups
You encounter this item on a survey about how people use social media:In a typical week, how many times do you post content on a social media site?Please choose the one response that fits best.•
Before administering the social media survey mentioned in Problem 2 to a sample of respondents, a researcher assesses the survey item shown in Problem 2 for reliability and validity. He pilots the
In response to the survey item in Problem 2, another respondent chooses the“often” category three times and the “all the time” category seven times in each of the ten weeks of the pilot
A researcher wants to study how people cope with the stress of being homeless.Her goal is to make inferences about the total homeless population in the city from one probability sample. She decides
After deciding that it would take too many resources to get a complete list of people who had stayed at every homeless shelter in the city, the researcher from Problem 5 decides to draw a random
A popular website called Over the Top is known for publishing popular Top Ten lists. One of its recent lists, “The Best New Ice Cream Flavors of the Summer,” was shared widely on social media.
Employees of a humanitarian organization are concerned about the practice of separating migrant children from their parents when families try to cross the U.S. border illegally. They want to know how
A famous study found in a probability sample of children that children’s average score on a self-discipline scale, ranging from 0 to 100, was
A researcher conducting a follow-up study decides to measure the self-discipline of children in her small sample relative to the average self-discipline score from the previous study,
To calculate each child’s relative self-discipline, she will subtract the average score from previous research (50) from each child’s score in her sample.Figure 1.23 shows the scores for the
An open-ended survey item asked residents of a neighborhood to explain what they liked least about their neighborhood. Here are six of the responses:• None of my neighbors talk to each other.•
Figure 1.24 shows an excerpt from the GSS codebook for one of its survey items. It shows the distribution of responses to the question over time, since the GSS first asked it in 1988.a. What is this
Implicit Association Tests (IATs) are tests that measure how strongly different concepts are linked in the brain. A user’s implicit bias is revealed when an IAT shows that a group of people is
State the level of measurement for each variable listed below:a. Party identification, where 1 = Democrat; 2 = Republican; 3 = Independent;4 = Otherb. Party identification, where 1 = Democrat; 2 =
Table 1.4 describes the research question and data collection strategy for five studies. For each study:a. Identify the unit of analysis.b. Identify whether original data are being collected or if
Confirmation bias is our tendency to disregard and discredit information that does not conform to what we already believe while accepting information that does support our beliefs.a. Write a few
Click on the Data Browser to visually scan the data. You will notice that the values for some variables are presented as “value labels,” while others show the numerical values assigned to the
Use the “summarize” command to generate summary information about agekdbrn.How many people answered this question? What is the youngest age and oldest age at which first children were born to
Use the “generate” command to create a new version of agekdbrn and name it agekdbrn2.
Use the “replace” command to transform agekdbrn2 into a variable with three categories: “Under 30,” “30 to 40,” and “Over 40.” Assign 1 to “Under 30,” 2 to “30 to 40,” and 3
Click on the Data Browser again and scroll to the last column in the spreadsheet.Scroll down the agekdbrn2 column. How can you tell that the recoding occurred?
Navigate to “Data View” in the “Data Editor” window to visually scan the data.You will notice that the values for some variables are presented as “value labels,”while others show the
Use the “Descriptives” dialog box to generate summary information about agekdbrn. How many people answered this question? What is the youngest age and oldest age at which first children were born
Use the “Recode into Different Variables” dialog box to create a new version of agekdbrn called agekdbrn2, with three categories: “Under 30,” “30 to 40,”and “Over 40.” Assign 1 to
Navigate to “Data View” in the “Data Editor” window and scroll to the last column in the spreadsheet. Scroll down the agekdbrn2 column. How can you tell that the recoding occurred?
In 2013, the International Social Survey Programme asked respondents in thirty-three countries to rate the extent to which they disagreed or agreed with the following statement: “There are some
A researcher is giving a presentation on trends in national pride across the world and wants to show her audience a simplified version of the frequency distribution shown in Table 2.20.a. Use Table
The pie charts in Figure 2.41 show how respondents in Turkey and the United States responded to the question about whether they agreed or disagreed that some things in their countries made them feel
Table 2.21 shows the frequency distribution for students’ scores on the first exam in a statistics course at a large university.a. A student who scored an 85 on the exam felt that he was doing much
Based on the percentile, would you counsel the student to drop the course?b. The professor of the statistics course decides to share information about the distribution of grades for the first exam
A small group of employees at an organization at which the majority of staff are women have expressed concern to management that male employees are less likely to receive promotions. Management has
Table 2.22 shows fifteen U.S. cities ranked by the numeric increase in total population between 2016 and 2017. For example, San Antonio’s population grew by 24,208 people between 2016 and 2017, the
Figure 2.44 (see next page) shows the percentage of older men and women living below the poverty line in the United States from 1966 to 2016.a. What kind of figure is this?b. How many variables are
According to a news report, people are more likely to be the target of hate crimes in California than any other state. The report based this claim on annual hate crime statistics released by the FBI,
In 2017 Kendrick Lamar released DAMN, a Pulitzer Prize-winning and commercially popular album. Apple Music, which has thirty-six million paying subscribers, reported that 2 million users downloaded
Figure 2.45 shows the percentage of New Jersey public school students who attend schools with various levels of racial segregation, by race. The categories of the segregation variable are: “white
Table 2.24 shows the number of times users viewed ten popular Netflix shows and the genre for each show.a. Calculate the percentage of views for each genre represented in Table 2.24.Among these ten
Figure 2.46 shows two charts of annual temperature changes in the forty-eight contiguous states of the United States, from 1901 to 2015 compared to 1901.a. The charts use the exact same data. Why do
RSV is a virus that affects the lungs and breathing passages. Figures 2.47a, 2.47b, and 2.47c present three different visual representations of the ages of a group of people who were hospitalized for
Open WVSWave6.dta. Use the “tabulate” command to generate a frequency distribution for the variable called V197. You will see that the variable is measured on a 10-point scale. Next, generate a
Use the “generate” command to create a new version of V197. Call this new variable scitech.
Use the “recode” command to code the categories assigned −5, −2, and −1 as missing data.
Use the “recode” command to combine categories 1 through 10 into just three categories: “worse off” (1–4), “neutral” (5), and “better off” (6–10).
Use the “label define” and “label values” commands to create value labels for these new categories and attach them to the scitech variable.
Generate a frequency distribution for scitech. Explain how you can use the frequency distribution for V197 to confirm that the recoding proceeded properly.
Generate a bar graph showing the distribution of respondents across the categories of scitech. What does it show us about global attitudes regarding the role of science and technology in improving
Open WVSWave6.sav. Use the “Frequencies” dialog box to generate a frequency distribution for the variable called V197. You will see that the variable is measured on a 10-point scale. Next, use

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