Questions and Answers of Integrated Science

What are the two most common misinterpretations associated with the process of natural selection?
The concept of evolution involves three important items.Describe them.
What role did Alfred Russel Wallace play in developing the theory of natural selection?
Why has Lamarck’s theory been rejected?
Give two examples of selecting agents and explain how they operate.
What is natural selection? How does it work?
Why are acquired characteristics of little interest to evolutionary biologists?
In earlier times, people were certain that horse hairs could turn into worms. There is even a group of simple kinds of worms known as horse-hair worms. Consider the following evidence:• Watering
Describe Francesco Redi’s experiment to disprove spontaneous generation.
What evidence supports the theory that eukaryotic cells arose from the development of a symbiotic relationship between primitive prokaryotic cells?
List two important effects caused by the increase of oxygen in the atmosphere.
What is meant by spontaneous generation? What is meant by biogenesis?
In what sequence did the following things happen: living cell, oxidizing atmosphere, eukaryotes developed, reducing atmosphere, first organic molecule?
Cancer often results from mutations in genes like p53. However, some cancers, like cervical cancer, can be initiated by viruses(human papillomavirus, HPV). How are these two types of cancers
The sources of red and white blood cells are undifferentiated cells called stem cells. Currently, a great controversy exists over the source and use of these cells for research and medical purposes.
Local community blood programs are always seeking donors.They want to collect whole blood, red blood cells, and platelets from donors. How do these differ from one another? What is the value and
Some people believe that the common cold virus can be controlled by using the same antibiotics that are used to control infections such as strep throat. What is the true story?
How might spindle fibers aid in the separation of chromatids during mitosis?
At what phase of mitosis does the DNA become most visible?
During which stage of a cell’s cycle does DNA replication occur?
What is meant by cell cycle?
Name the four stages of mitosis and describe what occurs in each stage.
When there is no light, which portion(s) of the photosynthetic pathway will cease to operate?
Where in a eukaryotic cell do the following reactions take place:glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron-transport system?
When does O2 come into the picture of aerobic cellular respiration?
Briefly describe what happens during the glycolytic pathway of cellular respiration.
What is it about ATP that allows it to be compared to a rechargeable battery?
There are several over-the-counter eyewash products on the market. Describe what would happen if they were not isotonic solutions.
Diagram a cell and show where proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids are located.
What are the differences between the cell wall and the cell membrane?
How do diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport differ?
Make a list of the membranous organelles of a eukaryotic cell and describe the function of each.
Many communities throughout the world are involved in recycling. One of the most important classes of materials recycled is plastic. There has been concern that the cost of recycling plastics is
The so-called “birth control pill,” or “the pill,” has been around since the early 1960s. This medication is composed of a variety of organic molecules. What is the nature of these
There have been some health concerns about the additives used in gasoline. What are these additives? What purpose do they serve? What do opponents of using such additives propose are their negative
Many people feel that by using a higher-octane gasoline in their vehicles, they will get better performance. What is the difference between high-octane and regular gasoline? Does scientific evidence
List the main roles played by proteins in a cell.
What are the key differences between DNA and RNA?
What is the difference between a micromolecule and a macromolecule?
A soft drink is advertised to “contain no sugar.” The label lists ingredients of carbonated water, dextrose, corn syrup, fructose, and flavorings. Evaluate the advertising.
Draw a structural formula for the fatty acid linoleic acid. What feature makes this a saturated fat?
What is a functional group? List four examples.
Give an example of each of the following classes of organic molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids.
What is a polymer? Give an example of a naturally occurring plant polymer. Give an example of a synthetic polymer.
What does the octane number of gasoline describe? On what is the number based?
What are (a) natural gas, (b) LPG, and (c) diesel fuel?
Why are organic molecules three-dimensional?
Suggest a reason that ethylene is an important raw material used in the production of plastics but ethane is not.
Is it possible to have an isomer of ethane? Explain.
What features allow organic molecules to form millions of compounds?
What is an organic compound?
What are the significant similarities and differences between a river and an ocean current?
Can ocean waves or ocean currents be used as an energy source?Explain why or why not.
Explain how the average salinity of seawater has remained relatively constant over the past six hundred million years in spite of the continuous supply of dissolved salts in the river waters of the
Some people believe that constructing a reservoir for water storage is a bad idea because (1) it might change the downstream habitat below the dam and (2) the reservoir will eventually fill with silt
Describe a number of ways that you believe would increase the amount of precipitation going into groundwater rather than runoff.
Considering the distribution of all the water on Earth, which presently unavailable category would provide the most freshwater at the least cost for transportation, processing, and storage?
Describe the required wavelength and wave height that are needed before sediments will move on the ocean floor beneath the wave.
What are the requirements for an artesian well?
How are the waters of Earth distributed as a solid, a liquid, and a gas at a given time? How much of the water is salt water and how much is freshwater?
Describe what you would look for to avoid where rip current occurs at a beach.
Describe how a breaker forms from swell. What is surf?
What factors determine the size of an ocean wave made by the wind?
Why do waves always seem to approach the shore head-on?
What is swell and how does it form?
The world’s rivers and streams carry millions of tons of dissolved materials to the ocean each year. Explain why this does not increase the salinity of the ocean.
Discuss some possible ways of extending the supply of freshwater.
Prepare arguments for (a) agriculture, (b) industries, and(c) cities each having first priority in the use of a limited water supply. Identify one of these arguments as being the “best case”for
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using (a) surface water and (b) groundwater as a source of freshwater.
What is the water table? What is the relationship between the depth to the water table and the depth that a well must be drilled? Explain.
Explain how a stream can continue to flow even during a dry spell.
Describe in general all the things that happen to the water that falls on the land.
Describe several examples of regional climate factors completely overriding the expected weather in a given principal climatic zone. Explain how this happens.
Analyze and compare the potential damage caused by a hurricane to the potential damage caused by a tornado.
What are the significant similarities and differences between air mass weather and frontal weather?
Explain why dew is not considered to be a form of precipitation.
Given the current air temperature and relative humidity, explain how you could use the graph in figure 17.15 to find the dew point temperature.
Evaluate the requirement that differential heating must take place before wind will blow. Do any winds exist without differential heating?
According to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the atmospheric concentration of CO2 has been increasing, global surface temperatures have increased about 0.2°C (0.4°F) over
Why is the air temperature cooler at 10 km where airplanes fly than at the surface when heated air naturally rises?
Describe how you could use a garden hose and a bucket of water to make a barometer. How high a column of water would standard atmospheric pressure balance in a water barometer?
Heated air rises, so why is snow found on top of a mountain and not at lower elevations?
Identify the four major factors that influence the climate of a region, and explain how each does its influencing.
How is climate different from the weather?
What is a hurricane? Describe how the weather conditions change as a hurricane approaches, passes directly over, then moves away from a location.
What is a tornado? When and where do tornadoes usually form?
Describe the three main stages in the life of a thunderstorm cell, identifying the events that mark the beginning and end of each stage.
In which of the four basic types of air masses would you expect to find afternoon thunderstorms? Explain.
Describe the wind direction, pressure, and weather conditions that are usually associated with (a) low-pressure centers and(b) high-pressure centers.
What kinds of clouds and weather changes are usually associated with the passing of (a) a warm front and (b) a cold front?
What is an air mass?
Describe two ways that precipitation may form from the water droplets of a cloud.
What is atmospheric stability? What does this have to do with the type of clouds that may form on a given day?
What is a cloud? Describe how a cloud forms.
Explain why frost is more likely to form on a clear, calm, and cool night than on nights with other conditions.
Explain the meaning of the following expression: “It’s not the heat, it’s the humidity.”
Why does heated air rise?
Explain the relationship between air temperature and air density.
What is wind? What is the energy source for wind?
Describe how the ozone layer protects living things on Earth’s surface. Why is there some concern about this ozone layer?

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