Questions and Answers of Integrated Science

Describe two ways that precipitation may form from the water droplets of a cloud.
What is atmospheric stability? What does this have to do with the type of clouds that may form on a given day?
What is a cloud? Describe how a cloud forms.
Explain why frost is more likely to form on a clear, calm, and cool night than on nights with other conditions.
Explain the meaning of the following expression: “ It’s not the heat, it’s the humidity.”
Why does heated air rise?
Explain the relationship between air temperature and air density.
What is wind? What is the energy source for wind?
Describe how the ozone layer protects living things on Earth’s surface. Why is there some concern about this ozone layer?
Explain the greenhouse eff ect. Is a greenhouse a good analogy for Earth’s atmosphere? Explain.
The climate of a specific location is determined bya. its latitude.b. how much sunlight it receives.c. its altitude and nearby mountains and bodies of water.d. All of the above are correct.
The average temperature of a location is made more even by the influence ofa. a large body of water.b. elevation.c. nearby mountains.d. dry air.
Most of the great deserts of the world are locateda. near the equator.b. 30 ° north or south latitude.c. 60 ° north or south latitude.d. anywhere, as there is no pattern to their location.
The basic difference between a tropical storm and a hurricane isa. size.b. location.c. wind speed.d. amount of precipitation.
A fully developed cyclonic storm is most likely to forma. on a stationary front.b. in a high-pressure center.c. from differential heating.d. over a cool ocean.
The appearance of high cirrus clouds followed by thicker, lower stratus clouds and then continuous light rain over several days probably means which of the following air masses has moved to your
The type of air mass weather that results from the arrival of polar continental air isa. frequent snowstorms with rapid changes.b. clear and cold with gradual changes.c. unpredictable but with
Brief periods of showers are usually associated with which type of cloud?a. stratusb. cumulusc. cirrusd. None of the above is correct.
Longer periods of drizzle, rain, or snow usually occur from which basic form of a cloud?a. stratusb. cumulusc. cirrusd. None of the above is correct.
On a clear, calm, and cool night, dew or frost is most likely to forma. under trees or other shelters.b. on bare ground on the side of a hill.c. under a tree on the side of a hill.d. on grass in an
Cooling a sample of air results in a (an)a. increased capacity to hold water vapor.b. decreased capacity to hold water vapor.c. unchanged capacity to hold water vapor.
Without adding or removing any water vapor, a sample of air experiencing an increase in temperature will havea. a higher relative humidity.b. a lower relative humidity.c. the same relative
Is it possible for any agent of erosion to erode the land to below sea level? Provide evidence or some observation to support your answer.
Speculate if the continents will ever be weathered and eroded fl at at sea level. Provide evidence to support your speculation.
What are the signifi cant similarities and diff erences between weathering and erosion?
Analyze why you would expect most earthquakes to occur as localized, shallow occurrences near a plate boundary.
Explain the combination of variables that results in solid rock layers folding rather than faulting.
What are the signifi cant similarities and diff erences between elastic deformation and plastic deformation?
Does the theory of plate tectonics support or not support the principle of uniformity? Provide evidence to support your answer.
Evaluate the statement “the present is the key to the past” as it represents the principle of uniformity. What evidence supports this principle?
Discuss all the reasons you can in favor of and in opposition to clearing away and burning tropical rainforests for agricultural purposes.
Why would mechanical weathering speed up chemical weathering in a humid climate but not in a dry climate?
Compare the materials deposited by streams, wind, and glaciers.
Compare the features caused by stream erosion, wind erosion, and glacial erosion.
Explain why glacial erosion produces a U-shaped valley, but stream erosion produces a V-shaped valley.
Could a glacier erode the land lower than sea level? Explain.
What is rock fl our and how is it produced?
Describe the characteristic features associated with stream erosion as the stream valley passes through the stages of youth, maturity, and old age.
What is a fl oodplain?
Describe three ways in which a river erodes its channel.
Granite is the most common rock found on continents.What are the end products aft er granite has been completely weathered? What happens to these weathering products?
Describe how the location of an earthquake is identifi ed by a seismic recording station.
Where would the theory of plate tectonics predict that earthquakes would occur?
What is an earthquake? What produces an earthquake?
How would plate tectonics explain the ocurrence of normal faulting? Reverse faulting?
Describe the conditions that would lead to faulting as opposed to folding of rock layers.
What does the presence of folded sedimentary rock layers mean about the geologic history of an area?
Describe the diff erence between a syncline and an anticline, using sketches as necessary.
Describe the responses of rock layers to increasing compressional stress when it (a) increases slowly on deeply buried, warm layers; (b) it increases slowly on cold rock layers;and (c) it is applied
What is the principle of uniformity? What are the underlying assumptions of this principle?
A glacier forms whena. the temperature does not rise above freezing.b. snow accumulates to form ice, which begins to flow.c. a summer climate does not occur.d. a solid mass of snow moves downhill
Broad meanders on a very wide, gently sloping floodplain with oxbow lakes are characteristics you would expect to find in a river valley during what stage?a. newbornb. youthc. maturityd. old age
Which of the following would have the greatest overall effect in lowering the elevation of a continent such as North America?a. continental glaciersb. alpine glaciersc. windd. running water
Freezing water exerts pressure on the wall of a crack in a rock mass, making the crack larger. This is an example ofa. mechanical weathering.b. chemical weathering.c. exfoliation.d. hydration.
The preferred name for the very large ocean waves that are generated by an earthquake, landslide, or volcanic explosion isa. tidal wave.b. tsunami.c. tidal bore.d. Richter wave.
Other than igneous activity, all mountain ranges have an origin resulting froma. folding.b. faulting.c. stresses.d. sedimentation.
Each higher number of the Richter scalea. increases with the magnitude of an earthquake.b. means ten times more ground movement.c. indicates about thirty times more energy released.d. means all of
Earthquakes that occur at the boundary between two tectonic plates moving against each other occur alonga. the entire length of the boundary at once.b. short segments of the boundary at different
When subjected to stress, rocks buried at great depths are under great pressure at high temperatures, so they tend to undergoa. no change because of the pressure.b. elastic deformation because of the
Whether a rock layer subjected to stress undergoes elastic deformation, plastic deformation, or rupture depends ona. the temperature of the rock.b. the confining pressure on the rock.c. how quickly
The difference between elastic deformation and plastic deformation of rocks is that plastic deformationa. permanently alters the shape of a rock layer.b. always occurs just before a rock layer
The basic difference in the frame of reference called the principle of uniformity and the catastrophic frame of reference used by previous thinkers isa. the energy for catastrophic changes is much
Discuss evidence that would explain why plate tectonics occurs on Earth but not on other planets.
If ice is a mineral, is a glacier a rock? Describe reasons to support or oppose calling a glacier a rock according to the defi nition of a rock.
Th e rock cycle describes how igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks are changed into each other. If this is true, analyze why most of the rocks on Earth’s surface are sedimentary.
Describe cycles that occur on Earth’s surface and cycles that occur between the surface and the interior. Explain why these cycles do not exist on other planets of the solar system.
Why are there no active volcanoes in the eastern United States or Canada? Explain why you would or would not expect volcanoes there in the future.
What are the signifi cant similarities and diff erences between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks?
Is ice a mineral? Describe reasons to argue that ice is a mineral.Describe reasons to argue that ice is not a mineral.
Explain how the crust of Earth is involved in a dynamic, ongoing recycling process.
Th e northwestern coast of the United States has a string of volcanoes running along it. According to plate tectonics, what does this mean about this part of the North American Plate?What geologic
Describe the probable source of all the earthquakes that occur in southern California.
What is an oceanic trench? What is its relationship to major plate boundaries? Explain this relationship.
Briefl y describe the theory of plate tectonics and how it accounts for the existence of certain geologic features.
Describe the three major types of plate boundaries and what happens at each.
Explain why very old rocks are not found on the seafl oor.
Describe the origin of the magnetic strip patterns found in the rocks along an oceanic ridge.
What is the asthenosphere? Why is it important in modern understandings of Earth?
What evidence provides information about the nature of Earth’s core?
What are metamorphic rocks? What limits the maximum temperatures possible in metamorphism? Explain.
Briefl y describe the rock-forming process that changes sediments into solid rock.
Is the igneous rock basalt always fi ne-grained? Explain.
What are the basic diff erences between basalt and granite, the two most common igneous rocks of Earth’s crust? In what part of Earth’s crust are basalt and granite most common? Explain.
What is meant by the “texture” of an igneous rock? What does the texture of igneous rock tell you about its cooling history?
What is the diff erence between magma and lava?
Which major kind of rock, based on the way it is formed, would you expect to fi nd most of in Earth’s crust? Explain.
Briefl y explain the basic diff erences among the three major kinds of rocks based on the way they were formed.
Describe the concept of the rock cycle.
What is a rock?
The evidence that Earth’s core is part liquid or acts like a liquid comes from (the)a. P-wave shadow zone.b. S-wave shadow zone.c. meteorites.d. All of the above are correct.
The ongoing occurrence of earthquakes without seafloor spreading, oceanic trenches, or volcanoes is most characteristic of aa. convergent boundary between plates.b. subduction zone.c. divergent
The presence of an oceanic trench with shallow earthquakes and island arcs with deep-seated earthquakes is characteristic of a (an)a. ocean-ocean plate convergence.b. ocean-continent plate
The presence of an oceanic trench, a chain of volcanic mountains along the continental edge, and deep-seated earthquakes is characteristic of a (an)a. ocean-ocean plate convergence.b. ocean-continent
According to the plate tectonics theory, seafloor spreading takes place at aa. convergent boundary.b. subduction zone.c. divergent boundary.d. transform boundary.
The idea of seafloor spreading along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge was supported by evidence froma. changes in magnetic patterns and ages of rocks moving away from the ridge.b. faulting and volcanoes on the
The least dense rocks are found in (the)a. continental crust.b. oceanic crust.c. neither, since both are the same density.
The oldest rocks are found in (the)a. continental crust.b. oceanic crust.c. neither, since both are the same age.
The Mohorovicic discontinuity is a change in seismic wave velocity that is believed to take place because ofa. structural changes in minerals of the same composition.b. changes in the composition on
From seismological data, Earth’s shadow zone indicates that part of Earth’s interior must bea. liquid.b. solid throughout.c. plastic.d. hollow.
Which type of rock probably existed first, starting the rock cycle?a. metamorphicb. igneousc. sedimentaryd. All of the above are correct.

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