Questions and Answers of Integrated Science

Sedimentary rocks are formed by the processes of compaction anda. pressurization.b. melting.c. cementation.d. heating but not melting.
Analyze why the time between two consecutive tides is twelve hours and twenty-fi ve minutes rather than twelve hours.Explore many diff erent explanations that you imagine, then select the best and
Explain why sundial time is oft en diff erent than the time as shown by a clock.
Explain why an eclipse of the Sun does not occur at each new moon phase when the Moon is between Earth and the Sun.
On what date is Earth the closest to the Sun? What season is occurring in the Northern Hemisphere at this time? Explain this apparent contradiction.
What are the signifi cant similarities and diff erences between a solstice and an equinox?
Explain why there are two tidal bulges on opposite sides of Earth.
Identify the moon phases that occur with (a) a spring tide and(b) a neap tide.
Does an eclipse of the Sun occur during any particular moon phase? Explain.
Why doesn’t an eclipse of the Sun occur at each new moon when the Moon is between Earth and the Sun?
What phase is the Moon in if it rises at sunset? Explain your reasoning.
What made all the craters that can be observed on the Moon?When did this happen?
If you were on the Moon as people on Earth observed a full moon, in what phase would you observe Earth?
Using sketches, briefl y describe the positions of Earth, Moon, and Sun during each of the major moon phases.
Explain why a lunar eclipse is not observed once a month.
When it is 12 noon in Texas, what time is it (a) in Jacksonville, Florida; (b) in Bakersfi eld, California; (c) at the North Pole?
Explain why standard time zones were established. In terms of longitude, how wide is a standard time zone? Why was this width chosen?
What is the meaning of (a) noon, (b) a.m. and (c) p.m.?
Th e tropic of Cancer, tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle, and Antarctic Circle are parallels that are identifi ed with specifi c names. What parallels do the names represent? What is the signifi
Use a map or a globe to identify the latitude and longitude of your present location.
Briefl y describe how Earth’s axis is used as a reference for a system that identifi es locations on Earth’s surface.
What is the meaning of equinox? What causes equinoxes? On about what dates do equinoxes occur?
What is the meaning of the word solstice? What causes solstices? On about what dates do solstices occur?
Where on Earth are you if you observe the following at the instant of apparent local noon on September 23? (a) Th e shadow from a vertical stick points northward. (b) Th ere is no shadow on a clear
Use sketches with brief explanations to describe how the constant inclination and constant orientation of Earth’s axis produce (a) a variation in the number of daylight hours and(b) a variation in
The smallest range between high and low tides occurs duringa. full moon.b. new moon.c. quarter moon phases.d. an eclipse.
A lunar eclipse does not occur every month becausea. the plane of the Moon’s orbit is inclined to the ecliptic.b. of precession.c. Earth moves faster in its orbit when closest to the Sun.d.
A total solar eclipse can occur only during the moon phase ofa. full moon.b. new moon.c. first quarter.d. last quarter.
A lunar eclipse can occur only during the moon phase ofa. full moon.b. new moon.c. first quarter.d. last quarter.
If you see a full moon, an astronaut on the Moon looking back at Earth at the same time would see aa. full Earth.b. new Earth.c. first quarter Earth.d. last quarter Earth.
If it is Sunday when you cross the international date line while traveling westward, the next day isa. Wednesday.b. Sunday.c. Tuesday.d. Saturday.
You are traveling west by jet and cross three time zone boundaries.If your watch reads 3:00 p.m. when you arrive, you should reset it toa. 12:00 noon.b. 6:00 p.m.c. 12:00 midnight.d. 6:00 a.m.
The time as read from a sundial is the same as the time read from a clocka. all the time.b. only once a year.c. twice a year.d. four times a year.
In about twelve thousand years, the star Vega will be the North Star, not Polaris, because of Earth’sa. uneven equinox.b. tilted axis.c. precession.d. recession.
If you are located at 40 °N latitude, when will the Sun appear directly overhead?a. neverb. once a yearc. twice a yeard. four times a year
If you are located on the equator (0 ° latitude), when will the Sun appear directly overhead?a. neverb. once a yearc. twice a yeard. four times a year
If you are located at 20 °N latitude, when will the Sun appear directly overhead?a. neverb. once a yearc. twice a yeard. four times a year
Describe and analyze why it would be important to study the nucleus of a comet.
Provide arguments that Pluto should be considered a planet.Counter this with arguments that it should not be classifi ed as a planet.
Describe the possibility and probability of life on each of the other planets.
Evaluate the statement that Venus is Earth’s sister planet.
Draw a sketch showing the positions of the Earth, Sun, and Venus when it appears as the morning star. Draw a second sketch showing the positions when Venus appears as the evening star.
What are the signifi cant similarities and diff erences between the terrestrial and giant planets? Speculate why these similarities and diff erences exist.
If a comet is an icy, dusty body, explain why it appears bright in the night sky.
Technically speaking, what is wrong with calling a rock that strikes the surface of the Moon a meteorite? Again speaking technically, what should you call a rock that strikes the surface of the Moon
What is a meteorite? What is the most likely source of meteorites?
What is a meteor? What is the most likely source of meteors?
Where do comets come from? Why are astronomers so interested in studying the physical and chemical structure of a comet?
What is an asteroid? What evidence indicates that asteroids are parts of a broken-up planet? What evidence indicates that asteroids are not parts of a broken-up planet?
What are “shooting stars”? Where do they come from? Where do they go?
Using the properties of the planets other than Earth, discuss the possibilities of life on each of the other planets.
What evidence exists today that the number of rocks and rock particles fl oating around in the solar system was much greater in the past soon aft er the planets formed?
What is so unusual about the motions and orbits of Venus and Uranus?
Give one idea about why the Great Red Spot exists on Jupiter.Does the existence of a similar spot on Saturn support or not support this idea? Explain.
What are the similarities and the diff erences between the Sun and Jupiter?
Describe some of the unusual features found on the moons of Jupiter.
What are the rings of Saturn?
Describe the internal structure of Jupiter and Saturn.
What evidence exists that Mars at one time had abundant liquid water? If Mars did have liquid water at one time, what happened to it and why?
Describe the surface and atmospheric conditions on Mars.
What are the basic diff erences between the terrestrial planets and the giant planets? Describe how the protoplanet nebular model accounts for these diff erences.
Describe the protoplanet nebular model of the origin of the solar system. Which part or parts of this model seem least credible to you? Explain. What information could you look for today that would
Which of the following planets probably still has its original atmosphere?a. Mercuryc. Marsb. Venusd. Jupiter
Which of the following planets would be mostly composed of hydrogen, helium, and methane and have a density of less than 2 g/cm3?a. Uranusc. Marsb. Mercuryd. Venus
The day on which planet is about the same time period as a day on Earth?a. Mercuryc. Marsb. Venusd. Jupiter
A day on which planet is longer than a year on that planet?a. Mercuryc. Neptuneb. Venusd. Jupiter
A small body from space that falls on the surface of Earth is aa. meteoroid.b. meteor.c. meteor shower.d. meteorite.
The small body with a composition and structure closest to the materials that condensed from the accretion disk is a (an)a. asteroid.b. meteorite.c. comet.d. None of the above is correct.
The largest planet isa. Saturn.b. Jupiter.c. Uranus.d. Neptune.
Venus appears the brightest when it is in thea. full phase.b. half phase.c. quarter phase.d. crescent phase.
Which of the following planets probably still has its original atmosphere?a. Mercuryb. Venusc. Marsd. Jupiter
Which of the following planets would be mostly composed of hydrogen, helium, and methane and have a density of less than 2 g/cm 3 ?a. Uranusb. Mercuryc. Marsd. Venus
The belt of asteroids between Mars and Jupiter is probablya. the remains of a planet that exploded.b. clumps of matter that condensed from the accretion disk but never got together as a planet.c. the
Earth, other planets, and all the members of the solar systema. have always existed.b. formed thousands of years ago from elements that have always existed.c. formed millions of years ago, when the
Th e Milky Way galaxy is a huge, fl attened cloud of spiral arms radiating out from the center. Describe several ideas that explain why it has this shape. Identify which idea you favor and explain
What is the signifi cance of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram?
Analyze when apparent magnitude is a better scale of star brightness and when absolute magnitude is a better scale of star brightness.
What are the signifi cant diff erences between the life and eventual fate of a massive star and an average-sized star such as the Sun?
A star is 520 light-years from Earth. During what event in history did the light now arriving at Earth leave the star?
What is the evidence that supports a big bang theory of the universe?
If the universe is expanding, are the galaxies becoming larger?Explain.
Why is an average star like the Sun unable to have carbon fusion reactions in its core?
What is a red giant star? Explain the conditions that lead to the formation of a red giant. How can a red giant become brighter than it was as a main sequence star if it now has a lower surface
When does a protostar become a star? Explain.
Why must the internal temperature of a star be hotter for helium fusion reactions than for hydrogen fusion reactions?
What is the source of all the elements in the universe that are more massive than helium but less massive than iron? What is the source of all the elements in the universe that are more massive than
Describe the two forces that keep a star in a balanced, stable condition while it is on the main sequence. Explain how these forces are able to stay balanced for a period of billions of years or
What does the color of a star indicate about the surface temperature of the star? What is the relationship between the temperature of a star and the spectrum of the star? Describe in general the
What is the diff erence between apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude?
Which size of star has the longest life span, a star 60 times more massive than the Sun, one just as massive as the Sun, or a star that has a mass of one-twenty-fi ft h that of the Sun?Explain.
What is meant by the main sequence of the H-R diagram?What one thing determines where a star is plotted on the main sequence?
Describe the theoretical physical circumstances that lead to the creation of (a) a white dwarf star, (b) a red giant, (c) a neutron star, (d) a black hole, and (e) a supernova.
What is a nova? What is a supernova?
Describe, in general, the life history of a star with an average mass like the Sun.
Describe in general the structure and interior density, pressure, and temperature conditions of an average star such as the Sun.
What is the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram? What is the signifi cance of the diagram?
Explain why a protostar heats up internally as it gravitationally contracts.
Why are astronomical distances not measured with standard referent units of distance such as kilometers or miles?
What is a light-year, and how is it defi ned?
Which of the following elements form only in a supernova explosion of a dying star?a. hydrogenc. nitrogenb. carbond. nickel

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