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statistics for experimentert
Questions and Answers of
Statistics For Experimentert
define, compute, and interpret the range of a data set.
define, compute, and interpret a sample standard deviation.
state and apply Chebyshev’s rule.
state and apply the empirical rule.
define percentiles, deciles, and quartiles.
obtain and interpret the quartiles, IQR, and five-number summary of a data set.
obtain the lower and upper limits of a data set and identify potential outliers.
construct and interpret a boxplot.
use boxplots to compare two or more data sets.
state pertinent properties of boxplots for right-skewed, symmetric, and left-skewed distributions.
define and interpret the population mean (mean of a variable).
define and interpret the population standard deviation (standard deviation of a variable).
compute the population mean and population standard deviation of a finite population.
understand how and why statistics are used to estimate parameters.
define and obtain standardized variables.
obtain and interpret z-scores.
Complete the statement: Almost all the observations in any data set lie within standard deviations to either side of the mean.
What does Chebyshev’s rule say about the percentage of observations in any data set that lie withina. six standard deviations to either side of the mean?b.
standard deviations to either side of the mean?
A data set of size 200 with roughly a bell-shaped distribution has mean 50 and standard deviation 10. Approximately how many observations lie between 30 and 70?
Regarding z-scores:a. How is a z-score obtained?b. What is the interpretation of a z-score?c. An observation has a z-score of 2.9. Roughly speaking, what is the relative standing of the
Test Match. Sachin Tendulkar, a former cricket player of India played International cricket from 1989 to 2013. His debut match was a test match against Pakistan in 1989. He has played a total of 200
Duration of Marriages. The National Center for Health Statistics publishes information on the duration of marriages in Vital Statistics of the United States. Which measure of center is more
Causes of Death. The U.S. National Center for Health Statistics collects data on causes of death and publishes its findings in National Vital Statistics Reports. Which of the three main measures of
Fossil Argonauts. In the article “Fossil Argonauts (Mollusca:Cephalopoda: Octopodida) from Late Miocene Siltstones of the Los Angeles Basin, California” (Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 79, No. 3,
Road Patrol. In the paper “Injuries and Risk Factors in a 100-Mile (161-km) Infantry Road March” (Preventative Medicine, Vol. 28, pp. 167–173), K. Reynolds et al. reported on a study
Millionaires. Dr. Thomas Stanley of Georgia State University has collected information on millionaires, including their ages, since 1973. A sample of 36 millionaires has a mean age of 58.5 years and
The objective of the article, “Caffeinated and Caffeine-free Beverages and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes” (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 97, No. 1,pp. 155–166) by S. Bhupathiraju et
Millionaires. Refer to Problem 20. The ages of the 36 millionaires sampled are arranged in increasing order in the following table.31 38 39 39 42 42 45 47 48 48 48 52 52 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 64 64 66
Oxygen Distribution. In the article “Distribution of Oxygen in Surface Sediments from Central Sagami Bay, Japan: In Situ Measurements by Microelectrodes and Planar Optodes” (Deep Sea Research
A Better Golf Tee? An independent golf equipment testing facility compared the difference in the performance of golf balls hit off a regular 2-3/4 wooden tee to those hit off a 3 Stinger
Power 90 Extreme. Beachbody, LLC, provides fitness programs, including home workout videos and nutrition. P90X, or Power 90 Extreme, is a home exercise program that consists of an intense series of
Population. The Census of India provides a variety of statistical information on different aspects of the Indian population. According to the Population Enumeration Data for the 2011 census, provided
Gasoline Prices. The U.S. Energy Information Administration reports weekly figures on retail gasoline prices in Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices. Every Monday, retail prices for all three
U.S. Divisions and Regions. The U.S. Census Bureau classifies the states in the United States by region and division. The data giving the region and division of each state are presented on the
Agricultural Exports. The U.S. Department of Agriculture collects data pertaining to the value of agricultural exports and publishes its findings in U.S. Agricultural Trade Update. For one year, the
Life Expectancy. From The World Bank, in the document Life Expectancy at Birth, we obtained data on the expectation of life (in years) at birth for people in various countries. Those data are
High and Low Temperatures. The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration publishes temperature data in Climatography of the United States. According to that document, the annual average
Vegetarians and Omnivores. Philosophical and health issues are prompting an increasing number of Taiwanese to switch to a vegetarian lifestyle. In the paper “LDL of Taiwanese Vegetarians Are Less
Fill in the following blank: Observational studies can reveal only association, whereas designed experiments can help establish .Applying the Concepts and Skills In Exercises 1.7–1.12, classify
TV Viewing Times. Data from a sample of Americans yielded the following estimates of average TV viewing time per month for all Americans 2 years old and older. The times are in hours and minutes; Q1
Professional Athlete Salaries. From the Statistical Abstract of the United States and the article “Average Salaries in the NBA, NFL, MLB and NHL” by J. Dorish, published on the Yahoo! Contributor
Home Sales. Zillow.com is an online database that provides real estate information for U.S. homes that are for rent or sale. It also presents statistics on recently sold homes. The following table
Drug Use. The U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration collects and publishes data on nonmedical drug use, by type of drug and age group, in National Survey on Drug Use and
Dow Jones Industrial Averages. From the Stock Performance Guide, published online by 1stock1 on the website 1Stock1.com, we found the closing values of the Dow Jones Industrial Averages as of the end
In-Demand College Majors. In a June 2013 article, published online by The Street, B. O’Connell discussed the results of a survey on opportunities for graduating college students. In one aspect of
Thoughts on Evolution. In an article titled “Who has designs on your student’s minds?” (Nature, Vol. 434, pp. 1062–1065), author G. Brumfiel postulated that support for Darwinism increases
Judgment of Faces. In a psychological study linking a person’s attitude with his or her perception of human faces, 165 subjects were asked to judge the attributes of each of two unknown faces.It
Genocide. The document “American Attitudes about Genocide” provided highlights of a nationwide poll with 1000 participants.The survey, conducted by Penn Schoen Berland between June 30 and July
Vasectomies and Prostate Cancer. Refer to the vasectomy/prostate cancer study discussed in Example 1.5 on page 28.a. How could the study be modified to make it a designed experiment?b. Comment on the
The Salk Vaccine. In the 1940s and early 1950s, the public was greatly concerned about polio. In an attempt to prevent this disease, Jonas Salk of the University of Pittsburgh developed a polio
Do Left-Handers Die Earlier? According to a study published in the Journal of the American Public Health Association, lefthanded people do not die at an earlier age than right-handed people, contrary
Sex, Sleep, and PTSD. In the article, “One’s Sex, Sleep, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder” (Biology of Sex Differences, Vol. 3, No. 29, pp. 1–7), I. Kobayashi et al. study the relationship
Aspirin and Cardiovascular Disease. In the article by P. Ridker et al. titled “A Randomized Trial of Low-dose Aspirin in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women” (New England
Heart Failure. In the paper “Cardiac-Resynchronization Therapy with or without an Implantable Defibrillator in Advanced Chronic Heart Failure” (New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 350, pp.
Ballistic Fingerprinting. In an on-line press release, ABCNews.com reported that “. . . 73 percent of Americans. . . favor a law that would require every gun sold in the United States to be
Causes of Death. The National Center for Health Statistics published the following data on the leading causes of death in 2010 in National Vital Statistics Reports. Deaths are classified according to
Medical Testing on Animals. In its Summer 2013 Animal Action Report, the National Anti-Vivisection Society stated that“59% of Americans between the ages of 18 and 29 oppose medical testing on
Lobbying Congress. In the special report, “Bitter Pill: Why Medical Bills Are Killing Us” (TIME, Vol. 181, No. 8, 2013), S. Brill presented an in-depth investigation of hospital billing practices
The members of a population are numbered 1–6.a. List the 15 possible samples (without replacement) of size 2 from this population.b. If an SRS of size 2 is taken from the population, what are the
The members of a population are numbered 1–50.a. Use Table I in Appendix A to obtain an SRS of size 6 from the population. Start at the two-digit number in line number 10 and column numbers
Survey. In 2011-2012, Australian Health Survey conducted a survey regarding the most popular beverages consumed. A total of 12,000 people participated in the survey. Among water, coffee, tea, soft
Estimating Median Income. Explain why a sample of 30 dentists from Seattle taken to estimate the median income of all Seattle residents is not representative.
Oklahoma State Officials. The five top Oklahoma state officials are displayed in Table 1.2 on page 33. Use that table to solve the following problems.a. List the possible samples of size 1 that can
Oklahoma State Officials. The five top Oklahoma state officials are displayed in Table 1.2 on page 33. Use that table to solve the following problems.a. List the 10 possible samples (without
Best-Selling Albums. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) provides data on the best-selling albums of the year. The top six best-selling albums of 2012 were by the artists
Best-Selling Albums. Refer to Exercise 1.44.a. List the 15 possible samples (without replacement) of four artists that can be selected from the six.b. Describe a procedure for taking a simple random
Best-Selling Albums. Refer to Exercise 1.44.a. List the 20 possible samples (without replacement) of three artists that can be selected from the six.b. Describe a procedure for taking a simple random
Social Networking Websites. From Wikipedia.com, we obtained the top seven major active social networking websites in the United States, excluding dating websites. Ranked according to registered
The International 500. Each year, Fortune Magazine publishes an article titled “The International 500” that provides a ranking by sales of the top 500 firms outside the United States. Suppose
Megacities Risk. In an issue of Discover (Vol. 26, No. 5, p. 14), A. Casselman looked at the natural-hazards risk index of megacities to evaluate potential loss from catastrophes such as earthquakes,
Element Hunters. In the article “Element Hunters” (National Geographic, Vol. 233, No. 5, pp. 112−120), R. Dunn reports about the search for new undiscovered elements. Since 1940, scientists
Undercoverage. Oftentimes, an accurate and complete list of the population is unavailable. In such cases, one or more groups will be omitted from the sampling process because they are not listed as
Nonresponse. When responses are not obtained from some of the individuals in the sample because either those individuals cannot be reached or refuse to participate, we have nonresponse bias.a.
Response bias. When the behavior of the interviewer or respondent results in inaccurate responses, we have response bias.a. Explain why a survey question “Do you smoke marijuana” might result in
Systematic random sampling is easier to execute than simple random sampling and usually provides comparable results. The exception is the presence of some kind of in the listing of the members of the
Ideally, in cluster sampling, each cluster should the entire population.
Ideally, in stratified sampling, the members of each stratum should be relative to the characteristic under consideration.
Surveys that combine one or more of simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, cluster sampling, and stratified sampling employ what is called sampling.
The members of a population have been numbered 1–2000. A sample of size 50 is to be taken from the population, using stratified random sampling with proportional allocation. The strata are of sizes
The members of a population have been numbered 1–500. A sample of size 10 is to be taken from the population, using stratified random sampling with proportional allocation. The strata are of sizes
Ghost of Speciation Past. In the article, “Ghost of Speciation Past” (Nature, Vol. 435, pp. 29–31), T. Kocher looked at the origins of a diverse flock of cichlid fishes in the lakes of
Number of Farms. The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) conducts studies of the number of acres devoted to farms in each county of the United States. Suppose that we divide the United
John F. Kennedy. In one of his books, Ted Sorenson, Special Counsel to President John F. Kennedy, presents an intimate biography of the extraordinary man. According to Sorenson, Kennedy“read every
Litigation Surveys. In the article, “Non-probability Sampling Designs for Litigation Surveys (Trademark Reporter, Vol. 81, pp. 169–179), J. Jacoby and H. Handlin discussed the controversy about
Immunization of Schoolchildren. In the article, “Reasons for Non-uptake of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Catch Up Immunisation in a Measles Epidemic and Side Effects of the Vaccine” (British
University Parking Facilities. During one year, a university wanted to gauge the sentiment of the people using the university’s parking facilities. Each of the 8493 people that used the parking
The International 500. In Exercise 1.49 on page 38, you used simple random sampling to obtain a sample of 10 firms from Fortune Magazine’s list of “The International 500.”a. Use systematic
Keno. In the game of keno, 20 balls are selected at random from 80 balls numbered 1–80. In Exercise 1.48 on page 38, you used simple random sampling to simulate one game of keno.a. Use systematic
Sampling Dorm Residents. Students in the dormitories of a university in the state of New York live in clusters of four double rooms, called suites. There are 48 suites, with eight students per
Best High Schools. In an issue of Newsweek (Vol. CXLV, No. 20, pp. 48–57), B. Kantrowitz listed “The 100 best high schools in America” according to a ranking devised by J. Mathews. Another
U.S. House of Representatives. There are 435 representatives in the 113th session of the U.S. House of Representatives. On the website www.house.gov, you can find an alphabetized list of the 435
Peace Corps Volunteers. The Peace Corps is an independent U.S. government agency that provides trained volunteers for countries requesting assistance. According to Peacecorps.org, as of September
In a designed experiment, there are two factors. One factor has m levels and the other factor has n levels. Determine the number of treatments. Hint: Refer to Exercise 1.87 or Exercise 1.88.Applying
Adverse Effects of Prozac. Prozac (fluoxetine hydrochloride), a product of Eli Lilly and Company, is used for the treatment of depression, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and bulimia nervosa.
Treating Heart Failure. In the journal article “CardiacResynchronization Therapy with or without an Implantable Defibrillator in Advanced Chronic Heart Failure” (New England Journal of Medicine,
Increasing Unit Sales. Supermarkets are interested in strategies to increase temporarily the unit sales of a product. In one study, researchers compared the effect of display type and price on unit
Highway Signs. A driver’s ability to detect highway signs is an important consideration in highway safety. In his dissertation, Highway Construction Safety and the Aging Driver, S. Younes
Oat Yield and Manure. In a classic study, described by F. Yates in The Design and Analysis of Factorial Experiments (Commonwealth Bureau of Soils, Technical Communication No. 35), the effect on oat
The Lion’s Mane. In a study by P. M. West titled “The Lion’s Mane” (American Scientist, Vol. 93, No. 3, pp. 226–236), the effects of the mane of a male lion as a signal of quality to mates
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