Now examine the results for the Benedicts solution test. Color changes are shown in the rack containing tubes 14 at the middle right. A dark shade indicates a positive test (the actual color is...

Olfaction occurs when volatile compounds bind to specific odorant receptors. In mammals, each olfactory receptor neuron in the olfactory nasal epithelium expresses a single type of odorant receptor....

Based on your reading in the case, why do you think vendors would substitute horse meat for whale meat in some of the Asian markets?

A culture of yeast that requires uracil for growth (urα3ÍË was mutagenized, and two mutant colonies, X and Y, have been isolated. Mating type a cells of mutant X arc mated...

The gecko is a reptile with an amazing ability to climb smooth surfaces, including glass. Recent discoveries indicate that geckos stick to smooth surfaces via van der Waals interactions between...

To determine whether gene transfer from an organelle genome to the nucleus can be observed in the laboratory, a chloroplast transformation vector was constructed that contained two selectable...

Which two age groups experienced the highest increase in the number of influenza- and pneumoniarelated deaths between 1917 and 1918? a. How many times greater is the 1918 total than the 1917 total...

Describe the similarities and differences between photosynthesis and cell respiration?

The K + channel is an example of a transmembrane protein (a protein that spans the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane). What types of amino acids are likely to be found? (a) Lining the...

Explain why the menu of food choices you made is nutritious, meaning the food choices follow the governments recommendations for Calories and nutrients?

In shorthorn cattle, the genotype RR causes a red coat, the genotype rr causes a white coat, and the genotype Rr causes a roan coat. A breeder has red, white, and roan cows and bulls. What phenotypes...

Imagine that you are investigating the transepithelial transport of radioactive glucose. Intestinal epithelial cells are grown in culture to form a complete sheet so that the fluid bathing the apical...

What effect will deletion of the trpL region of the trp operon have on the rates of synthesis of the enzymes encoded by the five genes in the trp operon in E. coli cells growing in the presence of...

How could the tryptophan operon in E. coli have developed and been maintained by evolution?

Constitutive mutations produce elevated enzyme levels at all times; they may be of two types: O c or I . Assume that all other DNA present is wild-type. Outline how the two constitutive mutants can...

1. Recognize potential issues and major topics in the case. What is this case about? Underline terms or phrases that seem to be important to understanding this case. Then list 34 biology related...

Assume that an animal is capable of producing 100 mil-lion different antibodies and that each antibody contains a light chain of 220 amino acids long and a heavy chain of 450 amino acids. How much...

1. Recognize potential issues and major topics in the case. What is this case about? Underline terms or phrases that seem to be important to understanding this case. Then list 3 or 4 biologyrelated...

To analyze the sequences in Table 3.2 (see the next page), you will use manual methods that were used by geneticists until the development of computer-based methods. However, to make your comparison...

For each of the following partial diploids indicate whether enzyme synthesis is constitutive or inducible (see Problem 17.5 for dominance relationships): (a) I + O + Z + Y + /I + O + Z + Y + , (b) I...

Human females have 23 different chromosomes, whereas human males have 24. Is the statement true? Explain why or why not.

How is it that proteinprotein interactions that are too weak to cause proteins to assemble in solution can nevertheless allow the same proteins to assemble into complexes on DNA?

Assume that you have discovered a new strain of E. coli that has a mutation in the lac operator region that causes the wild-type repressor protein to bind irreversibly to the operator. You have named...

According to Newtons laws of motion, an ion exposed to an electric field in a vacuum would experience a constant acceleration from the electric driving force, just as a falling body in a vacuum...

At first glance, it would seem a dangerous strategy for the thymus to actively promote the survival, maturation, and emigration of developing T cells that bind weakly to self peptides bound to self...

What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells? Are your skin cells haploid or diploid? What about germ cells? Gametes?

Provide examples to support or refute this statement: The products of meiosis are always haploid cells, whereas the products of mitotic division are always diploid cells.

1. Molecular sequence data are helpful, but these data should be considered carefully. Molecules change over time at different rates. Some are quite highly conserved. Certainly any tree based on a...

A fern with genotype AA Bb Cc dd Ee mates with another fern with genotype aa Bb CC Dd ee. What proportion of the offspring will be heterozygous for all genes? Assume the genes assort independently....

Use the Internet to find three examples of viruses that infect humans but are not mentioned in the chapter. Describe the symptoms associated with each infection.

Create a graph showing the number of species in each group of fungi. Which group is least diverse? Based on the habitats and reproductive structures of these fungi, propose an explanation for their...

Consider the following genetically controlled bio synthetic pathway for pigments in the flowers of a hypothetical plant: Assume that gene A controls the conversion of a white pigment, P 0 , into...

The flower colors of plants in a particular population may be blue, purple, turquoise, light blue, or white. A series of crosses between different members of the population produced the following...

Trace the movement of food in the digestive tract from mouth to anus.

Beautiful models of macromolecules such as protems and nucleic acids are generated from files of atomic coordinates obtained usually from x-ray diffraction of crystallized samples or NMR analysis of...

What is meant by the mixing point? For a multistage extractor, is the mixing point on a triangular diagram the same for the feeds and the products?

When human cancer cells are exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light at 90 mJ/cm 2 , most of the cells undergo apoptosis within 24 hours. Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria can be detected as early...

The movements of single motor-protein molecules can be analyzed directly. Using polarized laser light, it is possible to create interference patterns that exert a centrally directed force, ranging...

Fas ligand is a trimeric, extracellular protein that binds to its receptor, Fas, which is composed of three identical transmembrane subunits (Figure Q183). The binding of Fas ligand alters the...

The food-poisoning bacterium Clostridium perfringens makes a toxin that binds to members of the claudin family of proteins, which are the main constituents of tight junctions. When the C-terminus of...

A small fraction2 to 3%of all cancers, across many subtypes, displays a quite remarkable phenomenon: tens to hundreds of rearrangements that primarily involve a single chromosome, or chromosomal...

Three babies are born in the hospital on the same day. Baby X has type B blood; Baby Y has type AB blood; Baby Z has type O blood. Use the information in the following table to determine which baby...

Review figure 19.5, which shows the alternation of generations in plants. Compare and contrast the life cycles of zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes with the basic plant life cycle. Figure...

Refer to figure 33.18 and the chapter content to answer the following questions. 1. Review the Survey the Landscape figure in the chapter introduction and the Pull It Together concept map. How do the...

The ABE biochemical process makes acetone, n-butanol, and ethanol by an anaerobic, submerged, batch fermentation at 30C of corn kernels, using a strain of the bacterium Clostridia acetobutylicum....

A liquid mixture containing 25 mol% benzene and 75 mol% ethyl alcohol, in which components are miscible in all proportions, is heated at a constant pressure of 1 atm from 60C to 90C. Using the...

The absorber of Examples 6.1 and 6.4 is being scaled up by a factor of 15, so a column with an 11.5-ft diameter will be needed. Because of the 30% efficiency for the original tray, a new design has...

Fuel cell automotive systems are being considered that will require hydrogen of 95% purity. A refinery stream of 800,000 scfm (at 32 F, 1 atm), containing 72.5% H 2 , 25% CH 4 , and 2.5% C 2 H 6 ,...

Fifty mol% propylene in propane is separated with silica gel. The products are to be 90 mol% propylene and 75 mol% propane. If 1,000 lb of silica gel/lbmol of feed gas is used, can the desired...

For the conditions of Exercise 7.41, a laboratory Oldershaw column measures an average Murphree vapor-point efficiency of 65%. Estimate E MV and E o . Data From Exercise 41 Performance data for a...

Performance data for a distillation tower separating a 50/50 by weight percent mixture of methanol and water are as follows: Feed rate = 45,438 lb/h; feed condition = bubble-point liquid at feed-tray...

Chlorobenzene production by chlorination of benzene produces two close-boiling isomers, para-dichlorobenzene (P) and orthodichlorobenzene (O), which are separated by distillation. The feed to the...

An aqueous solution of 10 mol% isopropanol at its bubble point is fed to the top of a stripping column, operated at 1 atm, to produce a vapor of 40 mol% isopropanol. Two schemes, both involving the...

A distillation unit consists of a partial reboiler, a bubble-cap column, and a total condenser. The overall plate efficiency is 65%. The feed is a bubble-point liquid of 50 mol% benzene in toluene,...

Air containing 1.6 vol% SO 2 is scrubbed at 1 atm with pure water in a packed column of 1.5-m 2 cross-sectional area and 3.5m height, packed with No. 2 plastic Super Intalox saddles. Total gas flow...

Although citric acid (C 6 H 8 O 7 ) can be obtained by solvent extraction from fruits (e.g., lemons and limes) and vegetables, or synthesized from acetone, most commonly it is produced by submerged,...

Zirconium, which is used in nuclear reactors, is associated with hafnium, which has a high neutron-absorption cross section and must be removed. Refer to Figure 8.48 for a proposed liquidliquid...

One hundred kmol/h of a saturated-liquid mixture of 12 mol% ethyl alcohol in water is distilled continuously using open steam at 1 atm introduced directly to the bottom plate. The distillate required...

Ethanol and benzene are separated in a network of distillation and membrane separation steps. In one step, a near-azeotropic liquid mixture of 8,000 kg/h of 23 wt% ethanol in benzene is fed to a...

A depropanizer distillation column is designed to operate at a feed stage pressure of 315 psia for separating a feed into distillate and bottoms with the following flow rates: The feed is 66 mol%...

Based on the problem statement of Example 14.20, calculate for just Section 1 the component material balance in pounds per day of operation, the percent recovery (yield) from the whey of the TP and...

An acetoneethanol mixture of 0.5 mole fraction acetone is to be separated by batch distillation at 101 kPa. Vaporliquid equilibrium data at 101 kPa are as follows: (a) Assuming an L=D of 1.5 times...

Based on the problem statement of Example 14.20, design a four-stage diafiltration section to take the 55 wt% concentrate from Section 1 and achieve the desired 85 wt% concentrate, thus eliminating...

The upper column of an air-separation system of the type shown in Exercise 7.40 contains 48 sieve trays and operates at a nominal pressure of 131.7 kPa. A feed at 80 K and 131.7 kPa enters the top...

In Example 8.19, the % extraction of lysozyme is high (95.2%), but the % purity of the lysozyme in the total extracted proteins is low (15.1%). The Kremser plot of Figure 5.9 suggests that by...

A charge of 100 lbmol of 35 mol% n-hexane, 35 mol% nheptane, and 30 mol% n-octane is to be distilled at 1 atm in a batch rectifier, consisting of a still-pot, a column, and a total condenser, at a...

Repeat Exercise 15.41 using Cartas equation to account for mass transfer with the following effective diffusivities: Assume k c = 1.5 x 10 -3 cm/s. Establish a cycle of feed pulses and elution...

Plant capacity for the methanolwater distillation of Exercise 7.41 is to be doubled. Rather than installing a second, identical rayed tower, a packed column is being considered. This would have a...

An aqueous solution, buffered to a pH of 3.4 by sodium citrate and containing 20 mol/m 3 each of glutamic acid, glycine, and valine, is separated in a chromatographic column packed with Dowex 50W-X8...

A 55 mol% propane and 45 mol% propylene gas mixture is to be separated into products containing 10 and 90 mol% propane by adsorption in a continuous, countercurrent system operating at 25C and 1 atm....

Repeat Exercise 15.26 for water containing 0.223 mg/L chloroform whose concentration is to be reduced to 0.010 mg/L. The adsorption isotherm at 25C is given by Data From Exercise 15.26 Adsorption...

Repeat Exercise 15.26 for water containing 0.324 mg/L of benzene (B) and 0.630 mg/L of m-xylene (X). Adsorption isotherms at 25C for these low concentrations are independent and given by The SOC...

Adsorption with activated carbon, made from bituminous coal of soluble organic compounds (SOCs), to purify surface and groundwater is a proven technology, as discussed by Stenzel [Chem. Eng. Prog.,...

Lewis, Gilliland, Chertow, and Hoffman [J. Am. Chem. Soc., 72, 11531157 (1950)] measured adsorption equilibria for propane, propylene, and binary mixtures thereof on activated carbon and silica gel....

In Example 15.6, pure-component, liquid-phase adsorption data are used with the extended-Langmuir isotherm to predict a binarysolute data point. Use the mixture data below to obtain the best fit to...

Filtration tests were carried out with a plate-and-frame filter press at 20C under the following conditions: s = 2,710 kg/m 3 , filter area 0.37 m 2 , filtrate m = 0.001 N-s/m 2 , and c F = 10.037...

How many neutrons do (K) potassium-39 and potassium-40 have, respectively? Data in Figure 2.3 1 2 4 Group 1 6 H 1.01 Hydog 11 3 Na 22.99 Sod 7 L 19 Li 6.94 Po 37 5 Rb K 39.09 115.47 Hibur 55 Cs 132.9...

It is estimated that each electron pair donated by NADH leads to the synthesis of approximately three ATP molecules, whereas each electron pair donated by FADH 2 leads to the synthesis of...

What two properties define a stem cell? Distinguish between a totipotent stem cell, a pluripotent stem cell, and a precursor (progenitor) cell.

Identify whether the following contain totipotent, pluripotent, or multipotent cells: (a) Inner cell mass (b) Morula, (c) Eight-cell embryo (d) Trophectoderm.

Tim Hunt shared the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in the discovery and characterization of cyclin proteins in eggs and embryos. Describe the experimental steps that led him...

A DNA library is a collection of clones, each containing a different fragment of DNA, inserted into a cloning vector. What is the difference between a eDNA and a genomic DNA library? You would like...

Use the key provided below to determine the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide produced from the following DNA sequence. lntron sequences are highlighted. Note: Not all amino acids in the key...

Does either tree in Figure 4.10 support hypothesis B in tree B? Explain. 125 rDNA k-casein

Before you begin your analysis of the nucleotide sequences, use the data in the following figure to make a prediction about the sequence that you would expect to be most similar to the one from...

What might happen if Bt corn affects non-target organisms such as beneficial insects or harmless insects?

What might happen if ECB became resistant to Bt?

What genetic information can be obtained from a Punnett square? What genetic information cannot be determined from a Punnett square?

The nematode worm C. elegans is amenable as a model for siRNA studies. In this experiment, adult nematodes are fed bacteria expressing a double-stranded RNA to suppress the expression of the unc18...

A researcher studied six independently assorting genes in a plant. Each gene has a dominant and a recessive allele: R black stem, r red stem; D tall plant, d dwarf plant; C full pods, c constricted...

1. Recognize potential issues and major topics in the case. What is this case about? Underline terms or phrases that seem to be important to understanding this case. Then list 3 or 4 biology related...

A normal woman, whose father had hemophilia, marries a normal man. What is the chance that their first child will have hemophilia?

A geneticist crosses tall pea plants with short pea plants. All the F 1 plants are tall. The F 1 plants are then allowed to self-fertilize, and the F 2 plants are classified by height: 62 tall and 26...

A partial (5 subterminal) nucleotide sequence of a prokaryotic mRNA is as follows: 5-.....AGGAGGCUCGAACAUGUCAAUAUGCUUGUUCCAAUCGUUAGCUGCGCAGGACCGUCCCGGA.. . . . . 3 When this mRNA is translated, what...

The four core histones are relatively small proteins with a very high proportion of positively charged amino acids; the positive charge helps the histones bind tightly to DNA, regardless of its...

Nucleosomes bind DNA so tightly that they cannot move from the positions where they are first assembled. Is the statement true? Explain why or why not.

In a species of tree, seed color is determined by four independently assorting genes: A, B, C, and D. The recessive alleles of each of these genes (a, b, c, and d) produce abnormal enzymes that...

Traumatic brain injury can occur when a person receives a strong blow to the head or when an object enters the brain through the skull. Symptoms can include nausea, loss of sight or hearing, memory...

Describe how the circulatory system connects the digestive system with the urinary system.

Explain the similarities and differences among the three types of muscle tissue.