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physics
physics scientists and engineers
Questions and Answers of
Physics Scientists and Engineers
Alpha decay occurs when an alpha particle tunnels through the Coulomb barrier. FIGURE CP42.63 shows a simple one-dimensional model of the potential-energy well of an alpha particle in a nucleus with
a. Draw energy-level diagrams, similar to Figure 42.11, for all A = 14 nuclei listed in Appendix C. Show all the occupied neutron and proton levels.Figure 42.11b. Which of these nuclei are stable?
a. Draw energy-level diagrams, similar to Figure 42.11, for all A = 10 nuclei listed in Appendix C. Show all the occupied neutron and proton levels.Figure 42.11b. Which of these nuclei are stable?
Use the potential-energy diagram in Figure 42.8 to estimate the ratio of the gravitational potential energy to the nuclear potential energy for two neutrons separated by 1.0 fm.Figure 42.8
Use the potential-energy diagram in Figure 42.8 to sketch an approximate graph of the strong force between two nucleons versus the distance r between their centers.Figure 42.8
Use the potential-energy diagram in Figure 42.8 to estimate the strength of the strong force between two nucleons separated by 1.5 fm.Figure 42.8
Use data in Appendix C to make your own chart of stable and unstable nuclei, similar to Figure 42.4, for all nuclei with Z ≤ 8. Use a blue or black dot to represent stable isotopes, a red dot to
Apple A in FIGURE Q42.8 is strongly irradiated by nuclear radiation for 1 hour. Apple B is not irradiated. Afterward, in what ways are apples A and B different?
What kind of decay, if any, can occur for the nuclei in FIGURE Q42.7?a.b.c.
Does each nuclear energy-level diagram in FIGURE Q42.4 represent a nuclear ground state, an excited nuclear state, or an impossible nucleus? Explain.a.b.c.
Suppose you have a machine that gives you pieces of candy when you push a button. Eighty percent of the time, pushing the button gets you two pieces of candy. Twenty percent of the time, pushing the
Two excited energy levels are separated by the very small energy difference ΔE. As atoms in these levels undergo quantum jumps to the ground state, the photons they emit have nearly identical
FIGURE P41.42 shows a few energy levels of the mercury atom.a. Make a table showing all the allowed transitions in the emission spectrum. For each transition, indicate the photon wavelength, in nm.b.
FIGURE P41.41 shows the first few energy levels of the lithium atom. Make a table showing all the allowed transitions in the emission spectrum. For each transition, indicatea. The wavelength, in
a. What downward transitions are possible for a sodium atom in the 6s state? (See Figure 41.23.)Figure 41.23b. What are the wavelengths of the photons emitted in each of these transitions?
a. Calculate and graph the hydrogen radial wave function R2p(r) over the interval 0 ≤ r ≤ 8aB.b. Determine the value of r (in terms of aB) for which R2p(r) is a maximum.c. Example 41.3 and Figure
Prove that the normalization constant of the 1s radial wave function of the hydrogen atom is (πaB3)-1/2, as given in Equations 41.7.
There exist subatomic particles whose spin is characterized by s = 1, rather than the s = 1/2 of electrons. These particles are said to have a spin of one.a. What is the magnitude (as a multiple of
a. Draw a diagram similar to Figure 41.2 to show all the possible orientations of the angular momentum vector L for the case l = 3. Label each L with the appropriate value of m.Figure 41.2b. What is
Draw a series of pictures, similar to Figure 41.21, for the ground states of Ca, Ni, As, and Kr.Figure 41.21
Draw a series of pictures, similar to Figure 41.21, for the ground states of K, Sc, Co, and Ge.Figure 41.21
In FIGURE Q41.12, a photon with energy 2.0 eV is incident on an atom in the p state. Does the atom undergo an absorption transition, a stimulated emission transition, or neither? Explain.
The hydrogen atom 1s wave function is a maximum at r = 0. But the 1s radial probability density, shown in Figure 41.7, peaks at r = aB and is zero at r = 0. Explain this paradox.
Figure 41.22 shows that the ionization energy of cadmium (Z = 48) is larger than that of its neighbors. Why is this?
Does each of the configurations in FIGURE Q41.6 represent a possible electron configuration of an element? If so, (i) Identify the element(ii) Determine whether this is the ground state or an
FIGURE Q41.5 shows the outcome of a Stern-Gerlach experiment with atoms of element X.a. Do the peaks represent different values of the atom’s total angular momentum or different values of the z
Figure 40.27a modeled a hydrogen atom as a finite potential well with rectangular edges. A more realistic model of a hydrogen atom, although still a one dimensional model, would be the electron +
A particle is described by the wave functionwhere L = 2.0 mm.a. Sketch graphs of both the wave function and the probability density as functions of x.b. Determine the normalization constant c.c.
FIGURE P39.34 shows the wave function of a particle confined between x = -4.0 mm and x = 4.0 mm. The wave function is zero outside this region.a. Determine the value of the constant c, as defined in
FIGURE EX39.12 shows the probability density for an electron that has passed through an experimental apparatus. If 1.0 × 106 electrons are used, what is the expected number that will land in a
High-frequency signals are often transmitted along a coaxial cable, such as the one shown in FIGURE P26.66. For example, the cable TV hookup coming into your home is a coaxial cable. The signal is
An infinitely long cylinder of radius R has linear charge density λ. The potential on the surface of the cylinder is V0, and the electric field outside the cylinder is Er = λ/2πє0r. Find the
The electric field in a region of space is Ex = -1000x V/m, where x is in meters.a. Graph Ex versus x over the region -1 m ≤ x ≤ 1 m.b. What is the potential difference between xi = -20 cm and xf
The electric field in a region of space is Ex = 5000x V/m, where x is in meters.a. Graph Ex versus x over the region -1 m ≤ x ≤ 1 m.b. Find an expression for the potential V at position x. As a
What is the potential difference between yi = -5 cm and yf = 5 cm in the uniform electric field E = (20,000î - 50,000ĵ) V/m?
What is the potential difference between xi = 10 cm and xf = 30 cm in the uniform electric field Ex = 1000 V/m?
Equation 15.25 states that 1/2kA2 = 1/2 m(vmax)). What does this mean? Write a couple of sentences explaining how to interpret this equation.
The motor of a crane uses power P to lift a steel beam. By what factor must the motor’s power increase to lift the beam twice as high in half the time?
The driver of a car traveling at 60 mph slams on the brakes, and the car skids to a halt. What happened to the kinetic energy the car had just before stopping?
Write a computer program to evaluate ½kˇ of Eq. (11.3.9a) using a 2 x 2 x 2 Gaussian quadrature rule.
Evaluate the sti¤ness matrix for the four-noded bar of Problem 10.4 using three-point Gaussian quadrature.
For the bar subjected to the linearly varying axial line load shown in Figure P10–7,use the linear strain (three-noded element) with two elements in the model, to determinethe nodal displacements
Show that Eq. (7.5.13) is obtained by static condensation of Eq. (7.5.12).
FIGURE EX7.16 shows two 1.0 kg blocks connected by a rope. A second rope hangs beneath the lower block. Both ropes have a mass of 250 g. The entire assembly is accelerated upward at 3.0 m/s2 by
Two-thirds of the weight of a 1500 kg car rests on the drive wheels. What is the maximum acceleration of this car on a concrete surface?
The sled dog in FIGURE EX7.14 drags sleds A and B across the snow. The coefficient of friction between the sleds and the snow is 0.10. If the tension in rope 1 is 150 N, what is the tension in rope
An 80 kg spacewalking astronaut pushes off a 640 kg satellite, exerting a 100 N force for the 0.50 s it takes him to straighten his arms. How far apart are the astronaut and the satellite after 1.0
A steel cable lying flat on the floor drags a 20 kg block across a horizontal, friction less floor. A 100 N force applied to the cable causes the block to reach a speed of 4.0 m/s in a distance of
The foot of a 55 kg sprinter is on the ground for 0.25 s while her body accelerates from rest to 2.0 m/s.a. Is the friction between her foot and the ground static friction or kinetic friction?b. What
A 3000 kg meteorite falls toward the earth. What is the magnitude of the earth’s acceleration just before impact? The earth’s mass is 5.98 × 1024 kg.
Blocks with masses of 1 kg, 2 kg, and 3 kg are lined up in a row on a frictionless table. All three are pushed forward by a 12 N force applied to the 1 kg block.a. How much force does the 2 kg block
A 1000 kg car pushes a 2000 kg truck that has a dead battery. When the driver steps on the accelerator, the drive wheels of the car push against the ground with a force of 4500 N. Rolling friction
Block B in FIGURE EX7.7 rests on a surface for which the static and kinetic coefficients of friction are 0.60 and 0.40, respectively. The ropes are massless. What is the maximum mass of block A for
a. How much force does an 80 kg astronaut exert on his chair while sitting at rest on the launch pad?b. How much force does the astronaut exert on his chair while accelerating straight up at 10 m/s2?
Block A in FIGURE EX7.5 is sliding down the incline. The rope is massless, and the massless pulley turns on frictionless bearings, but the surface is not frictionless. The rope and the pulley are
Block A in FIGURE EX7.4 is heavier than block B and is sliding down the incline. All surfaces have friction. The rope is massless, and the massless pulley turns on frictionless bearings. The rope and
A steel cable with mass is lifting a girder. The girder is speeding up?a. Draw an interaction diagram.b. Identify the “system” on your interaction diagram.c. Draw a free-body diagram for each
A weightlifter stands up at constant speed from a squatting position while holding a heavy barbell across his shoulders?a. Draw an interaction diagram.b. Identify the “system” on your interaction
A soccer ball and a bowling ball have a head-on collision at this instant. Rolling friction is negligible?a. Draw an interaction diagram.b. Identify the “system” on your interaction diagram.c.
In case a in FIGURE Q7.15, block A is accelerated across a frictionless table by a hanging 10 N weight (1.02 kg). In case b, block A is accelerated across a frictionless table by a steady 10 N
Blocks A and B in FIGURE Q7.14 are connected by a massless string over a massless, frictionless pulley. The blocks have just been released from rest. Will the pulley rotate clockwise,
The hand in FIGURE Q7.13 is pushing on the back of block A. Blocks A and B, with mB > mA, are connected by a massless string and slide on a frictionless surface. Is the force of the string on B
FIGURE Q7.12 shows two masses at rest. The string is massless and the pullies are frictionless. The spring scale reads in kg. What is the reading of the scale?Figure Q7.12
FIGURE Q7.11 shows two masses at rest. The string is massless and the pulley is frictionless. The spring scale reads in kg. What is the reading of the scale?Figure Q7.11
Will hanging a magnet in front of the iron cart in FIGURE Q7.10 make it go? Explain. Figure Q7.10
Teams red and blue are having a tug-of-war. According to Newton’s third law, the force with which the red team pulls on the blue team exactly equals the force with which the blue team pulls on the
A very smart 3-year-old child is given a wagon for her birthday. She refuses to use it. “After all,” she says, “Newton’s third law says that no matter how hard I pull, the wagon will exert an
A small car is pushing a large truck. They are speeding up. Is the force of the truck on the car larger than, smaller than, or equal to the force of the car on the truck?
A mosquito collides head-on with a car traveling 60 mph. Is the magnitude of the mosquito’s acceleration larger than, smaller than, or equal to the magnitude of the car’s acceleration? Explain.
A mosquito collides head-on with a car traveling 60 mph. Is the force of the mosquito on the car larger than, smaller than, or equal to the force of the car on the mosquito? Explain.
How do basketball players jump straight up into the air? Your explanation should include an interaction diagram and a free-body diagram.
How does a rocket take off? What is the upward force on it? Your explanation should include an interaction diagram and free-body diagrams of the rocket and of the parcel of gas being exhausted.
How does a sprinter sprint? What is the forward force on a sprinter as she accelerates? Where does that force come from? Your explanation should include an interaction diagram and a free-body diagram.
You find yourself in the middle of a frozen lake with a surface so slippery (ms = mk = 0) you cannot walk. However, you happen to have several rocks in your pocket. The ice is extremely hard. It
An object with cross section A is shot horizontally across frictionless ice. Its initial velocity is v0x at t0 = 0 s. Air resistance is not negligible.a. Show that the velocity at time t is given by
An object moving in a liquid experiences a linear drag force: = (bv, direction opposite the motion), where b is a constant called the drag coefficient. For a sphere of radius R, the drag constant
An object moving in a liquid experiences a linear drag force:= (bv, direction opposite the motion), where b is a constant called the drag coefficient. For a sphere of radius R, the drag constant can
FIGURE CP6.75 shows an accelerometer, a device for measuring the horizontal acceleration of cars and airplanes. A ball is free to roll on a parabolic track described by the equation y = x2, where
A spring-loaded toy gun exerts a variable force on a plastic ball as the spring expands. Consider a horizontal spring and a ball of mass m whose position when barely touching a fully expanded spring
A block of mass m is at rest at the origin at t = 0. It is pushed with constant force F0 from x = 0 to x = L across a horizontal surface whose coefficient of kinetic friction is mk = m0 (1 –
Given the dynamics equations that are used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which these are the correct equations.b. Draw the free-body diagram and
Show a free-body diagram. For each:a. Write a realistic dynamics problem for which this is the correct free-body diagram. Your problem should ask a question that can be answered with a value of
Very small objects, such as dust particles, experience a linear drag force, = (bv, direction opposite the motion), where b is a constant. That is, the quadratic model of drag of Equation 6.15 fails
A 60 kg skater is gliding across friction less ice at 4.0 m/s. Air resistance is not negligible. You can model the skater as a 170-cm-tall, 36-cm-diameter cylinder. What is the skater’s speed 2.0 s
Large objects have inertia and tend to keep moving—Newton’s first law. Life is very different for small microorganisms that swim through water. For them, drag forces are so large that they
At t = 0, an object of mass m is at rest at x = 0 on a horizontal, friction less surface. Starting at t = 0, a horizontal force Fx = F0e-t/T is exerted on the object.a. Find and graph an expression
At t = 0, an object of mass m is at rest at x = 0 on a horizontal, friction less surface. A horizontal force Fx = F0(1 - t/T), which decreases from F0 at t = 0 to zero at t = T, is exerted on the
A particle of mass m moving along the x-axis experiences the net force Fx = ct, where c is a constant. The particle has velocity v0x at t = 0. Find an algebraic expression for the particle’s
Astronauts in space “weigh” themselves by oscillating on a spring. Suppose the position of an oscillating 75 kg astronaut is given by x = (0.30 m) sin((p rad/s) × t), where t is in s. What force
Starting from rest, a 2500 kg helicopter accelerates straight up at a constant 2.0 m/s2. What is the helicopter’s height at the moment its blades are providing an upward force of 26 kN? The
A ball is shot from a compressed-air gun at twice its terminal speed.a. What is the ball’s initial acceleration, as a multiple of g, if it is shot straight up?b. What is the ball’s initial
A person with compromised pinch strength in his fingers can exert a force of only 6.0 N to either side of a pinch held object, such as the book shown in FIGURE P6.58. What is the heaviest book he can
1.0 kg wood block is pressed against a vertical wood wall by the 12 N force shown in FIGURE P6.57. If the block is initially at rest, will it move upward, move downward, or stay at rest?Figure P6.57
The 2.0 kg wood box in FIGURE P6.56 slides down a vertical wood wall while you push on it at a 45o angle. What magnitude of force should you apply to cause the box to slide down at a constant
You’re driving along at 25 m/s with your aunt’s valuable antiques in the back of your pickup truck when suddenly you see a giant hole in the road 55 m ahead of you. Fortunately, your foot is
A large box of mass M is moving on a horizontal surface at speed v0. A small box of mass m sits on top of the large box. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the two boxes are ms
A large box of mass M is pulled across a horizontal, friction less surface by a horizontal rope with tension T. A small box of mass m sits on top of the large box. The coefficients of static and
It’s a snowy day and you’re pulling a friend along a level road on a sled. You’ve both been taking physics, so she asks what you think the coefficient of friction between the sled and the snow
A 2.0 kg wood block is launched up a wooden ramp that is inclined at a 30o angle. The block’s initial speed is 10 m/s.a. What vertical height does the block reach above its starting point?b. What
A baggage handler drops your 10 kg suitcase onto a conveyor belt running at 2.0 m/s. The materials are such that ms = 0.50 and mk = 0.30. How far is your suitcase dragged before it is riding smoothly
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