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physics
physics scientists and engineers
Questions and Answers of
Physics Scientists and Engineers
FIGURE P33.36 shows the light intensity on a screen behind a double slit. The slit spacing is 0.20 mm and the wavelength of the light is 620 nm. What is the distance from the slits to the screen?
FIGURE P33.36 shows the light intensity on a screen behind a double slit. The slit spacing is 0.20 mm and the screen is 2.0 m behind the slits. What is the wavelength (in nm) of the light? Intensity
FIGURE P33.36 shows the light intensity on a screen behind a double slit. Suppose one slit is covered. What will be the light intensity at the center of the screen due to the remaining slit?
A diffraction grating having 500 lines/mm diffracts visible light at 30°. What is the light’s wavelength?
Helium atoms emit light at several wavelengths. Light from a helium lamp illuminates a diffraction grating and is observed on a screen 50.00 cm behind the grating. The emission at wavelength 501.5 nm
A triple-slit experiment consists of three narrow slits, equally spaced by distance d and illuminated by light of wavelength l. Each slit alone produces intensity I1 on the viewing screen at distance
Because sound is a wave, it’s possible to make a diffraction grating for sound from a large board of sound-absorbing material with several parallel slits cut for sound to go through. When 10 kHz
A diffraction grating with 600 lines/mm is illuminated with light of wavelength 510 nm. A very wide viewing screen is 2.0 m behind the grating.a. What is the distance between the two m = 1 bright
A 500 line/mm diffraction grating is illuminated by light of wavelength 510 nm. How many bright fringes are seen on a 2.0-m-wide screen located 2.0 m behind the grating?
White light (400–700 nm) incident on a 600 line/mm diffraction grating produces rainbows of diffracted light. What is the width of the first-order rainbow on a screen 2.0 m behind the grating?
A chemist identifies compounds by identifying bright lines in their spectra. She does so by heating the compounds until they glow, sending the light through a diffraction grating, and measuring the
a. Find an expression for the positions y1 of the first-order fringes of a diffraction grating if the line spacing is large enough for the small-angle approximation tan θ ≈ sin θ ≈ θ to be
For your science fair project you need to design a diffraction grating that will disperse the visible spectrum (400–700 nm) over 30.0° in first order.a. How many lines per millimeter does your
FIGURE P33.49 shows the interference pattern on a screen 1.0 m behind an 800 line/mm diffraction grating. What is the wavelength (in nm) of the light? Intensity x (cm) 89.7 cm 89.7 cm FIGURE P33.49
FIGURE P33.49 shows the interference pattern on a screen 1.0 m behind a diffraction grating. The wavelength of the light is 620 nm. How many lines per millimeter does the grating have? Intensity x
Light from a sodium lamp (λ = 589 nm) illuminates a narrow slit and is observed on a screen 75 cm behind the slit. The distance between the first and third dark fringes is 7.5 mm. What is the width
The wings of some beetles have closely spaced parallel lines of melanin, causing the wing to act as a reflection grating. Suppose sunlight shines straight onto a beetle wing. If the melanin lines on
If sunlight shines straight onto a peacock feather, the feather appears bright blue when viewed from 15° on either side of the incident beam of light. The blue color is due to diffraction from
You’ve found an unlabeled diffraction grating. Before you can use it, you need to know how many lines per mm it has. To find out, you illuminate the grating with light of several different
A diffraction grating has slit spacing d. Fringes are viewed on a screen at distance L. Find an expression for the wavelength of light that produces a first-order fringe on the viewing screen at
FIGURE P33.56 shows the light intensity on a screen behind a single slit. The slit width is 0.20 mm and the screen is 1.5 m behind the slit. What is the wavelength (in nm) of the light? Intensity Tx
FIGURE P33.56 shows the light intensity on a screen behind a single slit. The wavelength of the light is 600 nm and the slit width is 0.15 mm. What is the distance from the slit to the screen?
FIGURE P33.56 shows the light intensity on a screen behind a circular aperture. The wavelength of the light is 500 nm and the screen is 1.0 m behind the slit. What is the diameter (in mm) of the
A student performing a double-slit experiment is using a green laser with a wavelength of 530 nm. She is confused when the m = 5 maximum does not appear. She had predicted that this bright fringe
Scientists shine a laser beam on a 35-μm@wide slit and produce a diffraction pattern on a screen 70 cm behind the slit. Careful measurements show that the intensity first falls to 25% of maximum at
Light from a helium-neon laser (λ = 633 nm) illuminates a circular aperture. It is noted that the diameter of the central maximum on a screen 50 cm behind the aperture matches the diameter of the
A helium-neon laser (λ = 633 nm) is built with a glass tube of inside diameter 1.0 mm, as shown in FIGURE P33.62. One mirror is partially transmitting to allow the laser beam out. An electrical
Suppose you have two pinhole cameras. The first has a small round hole in the front. The second is identical except it has a square hole of the same area as the round hole in the first camera. Would
One day, after pulling down your window shade, you notice that sunlight is passing through a pinhole in the shade and making a small patch of light on the far wall. Having recently studied optics in
A radar for tracking aircraft broadcasts a 12 GHz microwave beam from a 2.0-m-diameter circular radar antenna. From a wave perspective, the antenna is a circular aperture through which the microwaves
Scientists use laser range-finding to measure the distance to the moon with great accuracy. A brief laser pulse is fired at the moon, then the time interval is measured until the “echo” is seen
Light of wavelength 600 nm passes though two slits separated by 0.20 mm and is observed on a screen 1.0 m behind the slits. The location of the central maximum is marked on the screen and labeled y =
A 600 line/mm diffraction grating is in an empty aquarium tank. The index of refraction of the glass walls is nglass = 1.50. A helium-neon laser (λ = 633 nm) is outside the aquarium. The laser beam
A Michelson interferometer operating at a 600 nm wavelength has a 2.00-cm-long glass cell in one arm. To begin, the air is pumped out of the cell and mirror M2 is adjusted to produce a bright spot at
Optical computers require microscopic optical switches to turn signals on and off. One device for doing so, which can be implemented in an integrated circuit, is the Mach Zender interferometer seen
To illustrate one of the ideas of holography in a simple way, consider a diffraction grating with slit spacing d. The small-angle approximation is usually not valid for diffraction gratings, because
A double-slit experiment is set up using a helium-neon laser (λ = 633 nm). Then a very thin piece of glass (n = 1.50) is placed over one of the slits. Afterward, the central point on the screen is
The intensity at the central maximum of a double-slit interference pattern is 4I1. The intensity at the first minimum is zero. At what fraction of the distance from the central maximum to the first
FIGURE CP33.73 shows two nearly overlapped intensity peaks of the sort you might produce with a diffraction grating (see Figure 33.9b). As a practical matter, two peaks can just barely be resolved if
FIGURE CP33.74 shows light of wavelength λ incident at angle ϕ on a reflection grating of spacing d. We want to find the angles θmat which constructive interference occurs. a. The figure shows
The pinhole camera of FIGURE CP33.75 images distant objects by allowing only a narrow bundle of light rays to pass through the hole and strike the film. If light consisted of particles, you could
The metal sphere in FIGURE Q29.2 hangs by a thread. When the north pole of a magnet is brought near, the sphere is strongly attracted to the magnet. Then the magnet is reversed and its south pole is
Determine the magnetic field direction that causes the charged particles shown in FIGURE Q29.8 to experience the indicated magnetic force. a. b. Finto page
Although the evidence is weak, there has been concern in recent years over possible health effects from the magnetic fields generated by electric transmission lines. A typical high-voltage
A 100 A current circulates around a 2.0-mm-diameter superconducting ring.a. What is the ring’s magnetic dipole moment?b. What is the on-axis magnetic field strength 5.0 cm from the ring?
A small, square loop carries a 25 A current. The on-axis magnetic field strength 50 cm from the loop is 7.5 nT. What is the edge length of the square?
What is the line integral of B between points i and f in FIGURE EX29.21? у (cm) 50- - Integration path B= 0.10 T x (ст) 50 FIGURE EX29.21
The toroid of FIGURE P29.55 is a coil of wire wrapped around a doughnut-shaped ring (a torus). Toroidal magnetic fields are used to confine fusion plasmas. a. From symmetry, what must be the shape of
What is the tension in the rope of FIGURE EX7.17? Figure Ex 7.17 60 kg 100 kg
High-frequency signals are often transmitted along a coaxial cable, such as the one shown in FIGURE CP30.86. For example, the cable TV hookup coming into your home is a coaxial cable. The signal is
A 2.0-cm-diameter solenoid is wrapped with 1000 turns per meter. 0.50 cm from the axis, the strength of an induced electric field is 5.0 × 10-4 V/m. What is the rate dI/dt with which the current
An 8.0 cm × 8.0 cm square loop is halfway into a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The loop’s mass is 10 g and its resistance is 0.010 Ω. A switch is closed at t = 0 s,
The metal wire in FIGURE CP30.82 moves with speed v parallel to a straight wire that is carrying current I. The distance between the two wires is d. Find an expression for the potential difference
In recent years it has been possible to buy a 1.0 F capacitor. This is an enormously large amount of capacitance. Suppose you want to build a 1.0 Hz oscillator with a 1.0 F capacitor. You have a
The rectangular loop in FIGURE CP30.80 has 0.020 Ω resistance. What is the induced current in the loop at this instant? 10 m/s 4.0 cm 1.0 cm 2.0 cm 15 A FIGURE CP30.80
5.0 μs after the switch of FIGURE P30.79 is moved from a to b, the magnetic energy stored in the inductor has decreased by half. What is the value of the inductance L? 50 0 b 3.0 V FIGURE P30.79
To determine the inductance of an unmarked inductor, you set up the circuit shown in FIGURE P30.78. After moving the switch from a to b at t = 0 s, you monitor the resistor voltage with an
The switch in FIGURE P30.77 has been open for a long time. It is closed at t = 0 s. a. After the switch has been closed for a long time, what is the current in the circuit? Call this current I0.b.
The switch in FIGURE P30.76 has been open for a long time. It is closed at t = 0 s. What is the current through the 20 Ω resistor a. Immediately after the switch is closed?b. After the switch has
The 300 μF capacitor in FIGURE P30.75 is initially charged to 100 V, the 1200 μF capacitor is uncharged, and the switches are both open. a. What is the maximum voltage to which you can charge the
The inductor in FIGURE P30.74 is a 9.0-cm-long, 2.0-cm diameter solenoid wrapped with 300 turns. What is the current in the circuit 10 μs after the switch is moved from a to b? 30 N + 6.0 V FIGURE
For your final exam in electronics, you’re asked to build an LC circuit that oscillates at 10 kHz. In addition, the maximum current must be 0.10 A and the maximum energy stored in the capacitor
An electric oscillator is made with a 0.10 μF capacitor and a 1.0 mH inductor. The capacitor is initially charged to 5.0 V. What is the maximum current through the inductor as the circuit oscillates?
An LC circuit is built with a 20 mH inductor and an 8.0 pF capacitor. The capacitor voltage has its maximum value of 25 V at t = 0 s.a. How long is it until the capacitor is first fully discharged?b.
The current through inductance L is given by I = I0 e-t/τ.a. Find an expression for the potential difference ΔVL across the inductor.b. Evaluate ΔVL at t = 0, 1.0, and 3.0 ms if L = 20 mH, I0 = 50
The current through inductance L is given by I = I0 sin ωt.a. Find an expression for the potential difference ΔVL across the inductor.b. The maximum voltage across the inductor is 0.20 V when L =
A 3.6 mH inductor with negligible resistance has a 1.0 A current through it. The current starts to increase at t = 0 s, creating a constant 5.0 mV voltage across the inductor. How much charge passes
FIGURE P30.67 shows the potential difference across a 50 mH inductor. The current through the inductor at t = 0 s is 0.20 A. Draw a graph showing the current through the inductor from t = 0 s to t =
FIGURE P30.66 shows the current through a 10 mH inductor. Draw a graph showing the potential difference ΔVLacross the inductor for these 6 ms. I (A) 2- t (ms) 6 -2
One possible concern with MRI (see Exercise 28) is turning the magnetic field on or off too quickly. Bodily fluids are conductors, and a changing magnetic field could cause electric currents to flow
A solenoid inductor has an emf of 0.20 V when the current through it changes at the rate 10.0 A/s. A steady current of 0.10. A produces a flux of 5.0 μWb per turn. How many turns does the inductor
Equation 30.26 is an expression for the induced electric field inside a solenoid (r < R). Find an expression for the induced electric field outside a solenoid (r > R) in which the magnetic
The magnetic field at one place on the earth’s surface is 55 μT in strength and tilted 60° down from horizontal. A 200-turn coil having a diameter of 4.0 cm and a resistance of 2.0 Ω is
A 10-turn coil of wire having a diameter of 1.0 cm and a resistance of 0.20 Ω is in a 1.0 mT magnetic field, with the coil oriented for maximum flux. The coil is connected to an uncharged 1.0 μF
Experiments to study vision often need to track the movements of a subject??s eye. One way of doing so is to have the subject sit in a magnetic field while wearing special contact lenses with a coil
FIGURE P30.59 shows a U-shaped conducting rail that is oriented vertically in a horizontal magnetic field. The rail has no electric resistance and does not move. A slide wire with mass m and
You??ve decided to make the magnetic projectile launcher shown in FIGURE P30.58 for your science project. An aluminum bar of length l slides along metal rails through a magnetic field B. The switch
The 10-cm-wide, zero-resistance slide wire shown in FIGURE P30.57 is pushed toward the 2.0 Ω resistor at a steady speed of 0.50 m/s. The magnetic field strength is 0.50 T. a. How big is the pushing
Your camping buddy has an idea for a light to go inside your tent. He happens to have a powerful (and heavy!) horseshoe magnet that he bought at a surplus store. This magnet creates a 0.20 T field
A 20-cm-long, zero-resistance slide wire moves outward, on zero-resistance rails, at a steady speed of 10 m/s in a 0.10 T magnetic field. (See Figure 30.26.) On the opposite side, a 1.0 Ω
The L-shaped conductor in FIGURE P30.54 moves at 10 m/s across and touches a stationary L-shaped conductor in a 0.10 T magnetic field. The two vertices overlap, so that the enclosed area is zero, at
The square loop shown in FIGURE P30.53 moves into a 0.80 T magnetic field at a constant speed of 10 m/s. The loop has a resistance of 0.10 Ω, and it enters the field at t = 0 s. a. Find the induced
A rectangular metal loop with 0.050 Ω resistance is placed next to one wire of the RC circuit shown in FIGURE P30.52. The capacitor is charged to 20 V with the polarity shown, then the switch is
A small, 2.0-mm-diameter circular loop with R = 0.020 Ω is at the center of a large 100-mm-diameter circular loop. Both loops lie in the same plane. The current in the outer loop changes from +1.0 A
A 40-turn, 4.0-cm-diameter coil with R = 0.40 Ω surrounds a 3.0-cm-diameter solenoid. The solenoid is 20 cm long and has 200 turns. The 60 Hz current through the solenoid is I = I0 sin(2πft). What
An electric generator has an 18-cm-diameter, 120-turn coil that rotates at 60 Hz in a uniform magnetic field that is perpendicular to the rotation axis. What magnetic field strength is needed to
FIGURE P30.48 shows two 20-turn coils tightly wrapped on the same 2.0-cm-diameter cylinder with 1.0-mm-diameter wire. The current through coil 1 is shown in the graph. Determine the current in coil 2
FIGURE P30.47 shows a 1.0-cm-diameter loop with R = 0.50 Ω inside a 2.0-cm-diameter solenoid. The solenoid is 8.0 cm long, has 120 turns, and carries the current shown in the graph. A positive
FIGURE P30.46 shows a 4.0-cm-diameter loop with resistance 0.10 Ω around a 2.0-cm-diameter solenoid. The solenoid is 10 cm long, has 100 turns, and carries the current shown in the graph. A positive
A 2.0 cm × 2.0 cm square loop of wire with resistance 0.010 Ω has one edge parallel to a long straight wire. The near edge of the loop is 1.0 cm from the wire. The current in the wire is increasing
A 20 cm × 20 cm square loop of wire lies in the xy-plane with its bottom edge on the x-axis. The resistance of the loop is 0.50 Ω. A magnetic field parallel to the z-axis is given by B = 0.80y2t,
A 3.0-cm-diameter, 10-turn coil of wire, located at z = 0 in the xy-plane, carries a current of 2.5 A. A 2.0-mm-diameter conducting loop with 2.0 × 10-4 Ω resistance is also in the xy-plane at the
A spherical balloon with a volume of 2.5 L is in a 45 mT uniform, vertical magnetic field. A horizontal elastic but conducting wire with 2.5 Ω resistance circles the balloon at its equator. Suddenly
A circular loop made from a flexible, conducting wire is shrinking. Its radius as a function of time is r = r0e-βt. The loop is perpendicular to a steady, uniform magnetic field B. Find an
A 100-turn, 8.0-cm-diameter coil is made of 0.50-mm diameter copper wire. A magnetic field is parallel to the axis of the coil. At what rate must B increase to induce a 2.0 A current in the coil?
A 100-turn, 2.0-cm-diameter coil is at rest with its axis vertical. A uniform magnetic field 60° away from vertical increases from 0.50 T to 1.50 T in 0.60 s. What is the induced emf in the coil?
A 20 cm × 20 cm square loop has a resistance of 0.10 Ω. A magnetic field perpendicular to the loop is B = 4t - 2t2, where B is in tesla and t is in seconds. What is the current in the loop at t =
The switch in FIGURE EX30.36 has been open for a long time. It is closed at t = 0 s. a. What is the current through the battery immediately after the switch is closed?b. What is the current through
At t = 0 s, the current in the circuit in FIGURE EX30.35 is I0. At what time is the current 1/2 I0? 200 1 ww 75 mH ww- 100 N FIGURE EX30.35 lell
What value of resistor R gives the circuit in FIGURE EX30.34 a time constant of 25 μs? 500 N ww ww R 17.5 mH FIGURE EX30.34
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