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physics
physics scientists and engineers

Questions and Answers of Physics Scientists and Engineers

What is the difference between l and L?
What is the difference between the probability density and the radial probability density?
Consider the three hydrogen-atom states 6p, 5d, and 4f. Which has the highest energy?
Compton scattering is relevant not only to x-ray photons but, even more so, to higher energy gamma-ray photons. Suppose a 350 keV gamma-ray photon backscatters (i.e., is scattered back toward the
You need to design a photodetector that can respond to the entire range of visible light. What is the maximum possible work function of the cathode?
An electron and a proton are each accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 100 V. Afterward, which particle has the larger de Broglie wavelength? Explain.
Write the symbol for an atom or ion with:a. One electron, one proton, and two neutrons.b. Seven electrons, eight protons, and ten neutrons.
An oil droplet with 15 excess electrons is observed between two parallel electrodes spaced 12 mm apart. The droplet hangs motionless if the upper electrode is 25 V more positive than the lower
Beta-plus decay is AXZ → AYZ-1 + e+ + ν.a. Determine the mass threshold for beta-plus decay. That is, what is the minimum atomic mass mX for which this decay is energetically possible? Your answer
The plutonium isotope 239Pu has a half-life of 24,000 years and decays by the emission of a 5.2 MeV alpha particle. Plutonium is not especially dangerous if handled because the activity is low and
The rate at which a radioactive tracer is lost from a patient’s body is the rate at which the isotope decays plus the rate at which the element is excreted from the body. Medical experiments have
The radium isotope 223Ra, an alpha emitter, has a half-life of 11.43 days. You happen to have a 1.0 g cube of 223Ra, so you decide to use it to boil water for tea. You fill a well insulated container
Stars are powered by nuclear reactions that fuse hydrogen into helium. The fate of many stars, once most of the hydrogen is used up, is to collapse, under gravitational pull, into a neutron star. The
How many grays of gamma-ray photons cause the same biological damage as 30 Gy of alpha radiation?
The doctors planning a radiation therapy treatment have determined that a 100 g tumor needs to receive 0.20 J of gamma radiation. What is the dose in grays?
Identify the unknown isotope X in the following decays.a. 230Th → X + αb. 35S → X + e- + υ̅c. X → 40K + e+ + υd. 24Na → 24Mg + e- + υ̅ → X + γ
Identify the unknown isotope X in the following decays.a. X → 224Ra + αb. X → 207Pb + e- + υ̅c. 7Be + e- → X + υd. X → 60Ni + γ
The barium isotope 131Ba has a half-life of 12 days. A 250 μg sample of 131Ba is prepared. What is the mass of 131Ba after(a) 1 day,(b) 10 days,(c) 100 days?
Calculate the nuclear diameters of(a) 4He,(b) 56Fe,(c) 238U.
Are the following decays possible? If not, why not?a. 232Th (Z = 90) → 236U (Z = 92) + αb. 238Pu (Z = 94) → 236U (Z = 92) + αc. 11B (Z = 5) → 11B (Z = 5) + γd. 33P (Z = 15) → 32 → (Z =
An electrical discharge in a neon-filled tube maintains a steady population of 1.0 × 109 atoms in an excited state with τ = 20 ns. How many photons are emitted per second from atoms in this state?
Suppose you put five electrons into a 0.50-nm-wide one-dimensional rigid box (i.e., an infinite potential well).a. Use an energy-level diagram to show the electron configuration of the ground
In general, an atom can have both orbital angular momentum and spin angular momentum. The total angular momentum is defined to be J =L + S. The total angular momentum is quantized in the same way as
A hydrogen atom in its fourth excited state emits a photon with a wavelength of 1282 nm. What is the atom’s maximum possible orbital angular momentum (as a multiple of ℏ) after the emission?
A hydrogen atom has l = 2. What are the(a) Minimum (as a multiple of ℏ)(b) Maximum values of the quantity (Lx2 + Ly2(1/2?
A hydrogen atom is in the 2p state. How much time must elapse for there to be a 1.0% chance that this atom will undergo a quantum jump to the ground state?
What are E and L (as a multiple of ℏ) of a hydrogen atom in the 6f state?
What is the maximum possible angular momentum L (as a multiple of ℏ) of a hydrogen atom with energy -0.544 eV?
What is the angular momentum of a hydrogen atom in (a) a 6s state, (b) a 4f state? Give your answers as a multiple of ℏ.
A 115 mCi radioactive tracer is made in a nuclear reactor. When it is delivered to a hospital 16 hours later its activity is 95 mCi. The lowest usable level of activity is 10 mCi.a. What is the
137Cs is a common product of nuclear fission. Suppose an accident spills 550 mCi of 137Cs in a lab room.a. What mass of 137Cs is spilled?b. If the spill is not cleaned up, how long will it take until
A 1 Ci source of radiation is a significant source. 238U is an alpha emitter. What mass of 238U has an activity of 1 Ci?
Particle accelerators fire protons at target nuclei so that investigators can study the nuclear reactions that occur. In one experiment, the proton needs to have 20 MeV of kinetic energy as it
An unstable nucleus undergoes alpha decay with the release of 5.52 MeV of energy. The combined mass of the parent and daughter nuclei is 452 u. What was the parent nucleus?
Calculate the chemical atomic mass of silicon.
Calculate (in MeV) the total binding energy and the binding energy per nucleon for 129I and for 129Xe.
There exist subatomic particles whose spin is characterized by s = 1, rather than the s = ½ of electrons. These particles are said to have a spin of one.a. What is the magnitude (as a multiple of h)
a. Draw a diagram similar to Figure 41.2 to show all the possible orientations of the angular momentum vector L̅ for the case l = 3. Label each L̅ with the appropriate value of m.b. What is the
Draw a series of pictures, similar to Figure 41.21, for the ground states of Ca, Ni, As, and Kr.Figure 41.21:
Draw a series of pictures, similar to Figure 41.21, for the ground states of K, Sc, Co, and Ge.Figure 41.21:
Figure 41.22 shows that the ionization energy of cadmium (Z = 48) is larger than that of its neighbors. Why is this?Figure 41.22:
Consider the three hydrogen-atom states 6p, 5d, and 4f. Which has the highest energy?
a. Sketch graphs of the probability density |ψ(x)|2 for the four states in the finite potential well of Figure 40.14a. Stack them vertically, similar to the Figure 40.14a graphs of ψ(x).b. What is
a. Sketch graphs of the probability density |ψ(x)|2|ψ(x)|2 for the four states in the finite potential well of Figure 40.14a. Stack them vertically, similar to the Figure 40.14a graphs of
Consider the electron wave function where
FIGURE P39.34 shows the wave function of a particle confined between x = -4.0 mm and x = 4.0 mm. The wave function is zero outside this region.a. Determine the value of the constant c, as defined in
FIGURE EX39.12 shows the probability density for an electron that has passed through an experimental apparatus. If 1.0 ⨯ 106 electrons are used, what is the expected number that will land in a
What are the units of ψ? Explain.
Compton scattering is relevant not only to x-ray photons but, even more so, to higher energy gamma-ray photons. Suppose a 350 keV gamma-ray photon backscatters (i.e., is scattered back toward the
a. For an RC circuit, find an expression for the angular frequency at which VC = ½ ɛ0.b. What is VR at this frequency?
For the circuit shown in FIGURE P28.62, find the current through and the potential difference across each resistor. Place your results in a table for ease of reading.FIGURE P28.62:
For the circuit shown in FIGURE P28.60, find the current through and the potential difference across each resistor. Place your results in a table for ease of reading.FIGURE P28.60:
For the circuit shown in FIGURE P28.60, find the current through and the potential difference across each resistor. Place your results in a table for ease of reading.FIGURE P28.60:
For the circuit shown in FIGURE P28.58, find the current through and the potential difference across each resistor. Place our results in a table for ease of reading.FIGURE P28.58:
A circuit you’re building needs an ammeter that goes from 0 mA to a full-scale reading of 50 mA. Unfortunately, the only ammeter in the storeroom goes from 0 μA to a full-scale reading of only 500
A battery is a voltage source, always providing the same potential difference regardless of the current. It is possible to make a current source that always provides the same current regardless of
What are the battery current Ibat and the potential difference Va - Vb between points a and b when the switch in FIGURE P28.55 is (a) open and (b) closed?FIGURE P28.55:
What are the emf and internal resistance of the battery in FIGURE P28.46?FIGURE P28.46:
In FIGURE EX28.30, what is the value of the potential at points a and b?FIGURE EX28.30:
The 10 Ω resistor in FIGURE EX28.29 is dissipating 40 W of power. How much power are the other two resistors dissipating?FIGURE EX28.29:
What is the equivalent resistance between points a and b in FIGURE EX28.28?FIGURE EX28.28:
What is the equivalent resistance between points a and b in FIGURE EX28.27?FIGURE EX28.27:
What is the equivalent resistance between points a and b in FIGURE EX28.26?FIGURE EX28.26:
A variable resistor R is connected across the terminals of a battery. FIGURE EX28.21 shows the current in the circuit as R is varied. What are the emf and internal resistance of the battery?FIGURE
A 60 W lightbulb and a 100 W lightbulb are placed in the circuit shown in FIGURE EX28.9. Both bulbs are glowing.a. Which bulb is brighter? Or are they equally bright?b. Calculate the power dissipated
In FIGURE EX28.3, what is the magnitude of the current in the wire to the right of the junction? Does the charge in this wire flow to the right or to the left?FIGURE EX28.3:
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Finish the solution of the problem.
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Finish the solution of the problem.
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Finish the solution of the problem.
High-frequency signals are often transmitted along a coaxial cable, such as the one shown in FIGURE P26.66. For example, the cable TV hookup coming into your home is a coaxial cable. The signal is
Show that 1 V/m = 1 N/C.
Find the electric field inside and outside a hollow plastic ball of radius R that has charge Q uniformly distributed on its outer surface.
Figure 24.32b showed a conducting box inside a parallel-plate capacitor. The electric field inside the box is E̅ = 0̅. Suppose the surface charge on the exterior of the box could be frozen. Draw a
The earth has a vertical electric field at the surface, pointing down, that averages 100 N/C. This field is maintained by various atmospheric processes, including lightning. What is the excess charge
FIGURE P24.38 shows a solid metal sphere at the center of a hollow metal sphere. What is the total charge on (a) the exterior of the inner sphere, (b) the inside surface of the hollow sphere, and (c)
A 20-cm-radius ball is uniformly charged to 80 nC.a. What is the ball’s volume charge density (C/m3)?b. How much charge is enclosed by spheres of radii 5, 10, and 20 cm?c. What is the electric
Find the electric fluxes Φ1 to Φ5 through surfaces 1 to 5 in FIGURE P24.29.FIGURE P24.29:
A 2.0 cm × 3.0 cm rectangle lies in the xy-plane. What is the magnitude of the electric flux through the rectangle ifa. E̅ = (100î - 200k̂) N/C?b. E̅ = (100î - 200 ĵ) N/C?
What is the electric flux through the surface shown in FIGURE EX24.10?FIGURE EX24.10:
What is the electric flux through the surface shown in FIGURE EX24.9?FIGURE EX24.9:
Derive Equation 23.11 for the field E̅dipole in the plane that bisects an electric dipole.Equation 23.11:
Charge q2 in FIGURE P22.49 is in equilibrium. What is q1?FIGURE P22.49:
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Finish the solution of the problem.
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Finish the solution of the problem.
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Finish the solution of the problem.
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Finish the solution of the problem.
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Finish the solution of the problem.
A sheet of glass is coated with a 500-nm-thick layer of oil (n = 1.42).a. For what visible wavelengths of light do the reflected waves interfere constructively?b. For what visible wavelengths of
Two loudspeakers emit sound waves of the same frequency along the x-axis. The amplitude of each wave is a. The sound intensity is minimum when speaker 2 is 10 cm behind speaker 1. The intensity
A rope of mass m and length L hangs from a ceiling.a. Show that the wave speed on the rope a distance y above the lower end is v = √gy.b. Show that the time for a pulse to travel the length of the
An oscillator with a mass of 500 g and a period of 0.50 s has an amplitude that decreases by 2.0% during each complete oscillation. If the initial amplitude is 10 cm, what will be the amplitude after
The 15 g head of a bobble-head doll oscillates in SHM at a frequency of 4.0 Hz.a. What is the spring constant of the spring on which the head is mounted?b. The amplitude of the head’s oscillations
FIGURE P15.62 is a top view of an object of mass m connected between two stretched rubber bands of length L. The object rests on a frictionless surface. At equilibrium, the tension in each rubber
A 0.300 kg oscillator has a speed of 95.4 cm/s when its displacement is 3.00 cm and 71.4 cm/s when its displacement is 6.00 cm. What is the oscillator’s maximum speed?
Equation 15.25 states that ½ kA2 = ½ m(vmax)2. What does this mean? Write a couple of sentences explaining how to interpret this equation.Equation 15.25:
Equation 15.25 states that ½ kA2 = ½ m(vmax)2. What does this mean? Write a couple of sentences explaining how to interpret this equation.
A plastic “boat” with a 25 cm2 square cross section floats in a liquid. One by one, you place 50 g masses inside the boat and measure how far the boat extends below the surface. Your data are as
A spring with spring constant 35 N/m is attached to the ceiling, and a 5.0-cm-diameter, 1.0 kg metal cylinder is attached to its lower end. The cylinder is held so that the spring is neither
In Problems 64 through 66 you are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Draw a
In Problems 64 through 66 you are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Draw a

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