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social science
forensic and legal psychology

Questions and Answers of Forensic And Legal Psychology

What does a polygraph measure and why are its results questionable?
Zajonc and LeDoux maintain that some emotional reactions occur before we have had the chance to label or interpret them. Lazarus disagreed. These psychologists differ about whether emotional
Assume that after spending an hour on a treadmill, you receive a letter saying that your scholarship request has been approved. The two-factor theory of emotion would predict that your physical
The - theory of emotion maintains that a physiological response happens BEFORE we know what we are feeling.
What are some ways to manage our social networking time successfully?
Which of the following is NOT part of the evidence presented to support the view that humans are strongly motivated by a need to belong?a. Students who rated themselves as “very happy” also
Sanjay recently adopted the typical college diet high in fat and sugar. He knows he may gain weight, but he figures it’s no big deal because he can lose the extra pounds in the future. How would
Obese people find it very difficult to lose weight permanently.This is due to several factors, including the fact thata. dieting triggers neophobia.b. the set point of obese people is lower than
The rate at which your body expends energy while at rest is referred to as the rate.
The blood sugar provides the body with energy. When it is (low/high), we feel hungry.
Which of the following is a genetically predisposed response to food?a. An aversion to eating cats and dogsb. An interest in novel foodsc. A preference for sweet and salty foodsd. An aversion to
According to the concept of set point, our body maintains itself at a particular weight level. This “weight thermostat” is an example of .
Journalist Dorothy Dix (1861-1951) once remarked,“Nobody wants to kiss when they are hungry.” Which motivation theory best supports her statement?
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, our most basic needs are physiological, including the need for food and water; just above these are needs.a. safetyb. self-esteem
With a challenging task, such as taking a difficult exam, performance is likely to peak when arousal isa. very high.b. moderate.
theory attempts to explain behaviors that do NOT reduce physiological needs.
Jan walks into a friend’s kitchen, smells bread baking, and begins to feel very hungry. The smell of baking bread is a(n)(incentive/drive).
An example of a physiological need is .An example of a psychological drive is .a. hunger; a “push” to find foodb. a “push” to find food; hungerc. curiosity; a “push” to reduce arousald. a
Today’s evolutionary psychology shares an idea that was an underlying assumption of instinct theory. That idea is thata. physiological needs arouse psychological states.b. genes predispose
can lead to poor performance on tests by undermining test-takers’ belief that they can do well on the test.
In prosperous country X everyone eats all they want. In country Y the rich are well fed, but the semistarved poor are often thin. In which country will the heritability of body weight be greater?
The environmental influence that has the clearest, most profound effect on intellectual development isa. exposing normal infants to educational DVDs before age 1.b. growing up in an economically
To say that the heritability of intelligence is about 50 percent means that 50 percent ofa. an individual’s intelligence is due to genetic factors.b. the similarities between two groups of people
The strongest support for heredity’s influence on intelligence is the finding thata. identical twins, but not other siblings, have nearly identical intelligence test scores.b. the correlation
The Stanford-Binet, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children yield consistent results, for example on retesting. In other words, these tests have high .
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is best able to tell usa. what part of an individual’s intelligence is determined by genetic inheritance.b. whether the test-taker will succeed in a
The IQ of a 6-year-old with a measured mental age of 9 would bea. 67.b. 133.c. 86.d. 150.
Emotionally intelligent people tend toa. seek immediate gratification.b. understand their own emotions but not those of others.c. understand others’ emotions but not their own.d. succeed in their
Sternberg’s three types of intelligence are ,, and .
The existence of savant syndrome seems to supporta. Sternberg’s distinction among three types of intelligence.b. criticism of multiple intelligence theories.c. Gardner’s theory of multiple
Charles Spearman suggested we have one underlying success across a variety of intellectual abilities.
Most researchers agree that apes cana. communicate through symbols.b. reproduce most human speech sounds.c. master language in adulthood.d. surpass a human 3-year-old in language skills.
According to Chomsky, all languages share a(n).
When young children speak in short phrases using mostly verbs and nouns, this is referred to as.
The three basic building blocks of language are , , and.
Children reach the one-word stage of speech development at abouta. 4 months.b. 6 months.c. 1 year.d. 2 years.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a creative person?a. Expertiseb. Extrinsic motivationc. A venturesome personalityd. Imaginative thinking skills
When consumers respond more positively to ground beef described as “75 percent lean” than to the same product labeled “25 percent fat,” they have been influenced by.
After the 9/11 attacks by foreign-born terrorists, some observers initially assumed that the 2003 U. S. East Coast blackout was probably also the work of foreign-born terrorists.This assumption
A major obstacle to problem solving is fixation, which is a(n)a. tendency to base our judgments on vivid memories.b. tendency to wait for insight to occur.c. inability to view a problem from a new
Oscar describes his political beliefs as “strongly liberal,” but he has decided to explore opposing viewpoints. How might he be affected by confirmation bias and belief perseverance in this
The most systematic procedure for solving a problem is a(n).
A mental grouping of similar things is called a.
Psychologists involved in the study of memories of abuse tend to DISAGREE about which of the following statements?a. Memories of events that happened before age 3 are not reliable.b. We tend to
Children can be accurate eyewitnesses ifa. interviewers give the children hints about what really happened.b. a neutral person asks nonleading questions soon after the event, in words the children
When a situation triggers the feeling that “I’ve been here before,” you are experiencing.
We may recognize a face at a social gathering but be unable to remember how we know that person. This is an example of .
Eliza’s family loves to tell the story of how she “stole the show” as a 2-year-old, dancing at her aunt’s wedding reception.Even though she was so young, Eliza can recall the event clearly.
One reason false memories form is our tendency to fill in memory gaps with our reasonable guesses and assumptions, sometimes based on misinformation. This tendency is an example ofa. proactive
Freud proposed that painful or unacceptable memories are blocked from consciousness through a mechanism called.
The hour before sleep is a good time to memorize information, because going to sleep after learning new material minimizes interference.
Ebbinghaus’ “forgetting curve” shows that after an initial decline, memory for novel information tends toa. increase slightly.b. decrease noticeably.c. decrease greatly.d. level out.
When forgetting is due to encoding failure, meaningless information has not been transferred froma. the environment into sensory memory.b. sensory memory into long-term memory.c. long-term memory
When tested immediately after viewing a list of words, people tend to recall the first and last items more readily than those in the middle. When retested after a delay, they are most likely to
When you feel sad, why might it help to look at pictures that reawaken some of your best memories?
Specific odors, visual images, emotions, or other associations that help us access a memory are examples ofa. relearning.b. déjà vu.c. declarative memories.d. retrieval cues.
Long-term potentiation (LTP) refers toa. emotion-triggered hormonal changes.b. the role of the hippocampus in processing explicit memories.c. an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief,
Amnesia following hippocampus damage typically leaves people unable to learn new facts or recall recent events.However, they may be able to learn new skills, such as riding a bicycle, which is an
The hippocampus seems to function as aa. temporary processing site for explicit memories.b. temporary processing site for implicit memories.c. permanent storage area for emotion-based memories.d.
Memory aids that use visual imagery (such as peg words) or other organizational devices (such as acronyms) are called.
Our short-term memory for new information is limited to about items.
Sensory memory may be visual ( memory)or auditory ( memory).
The concept of working memorya. clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage.b. splits short-term memory into two substages—sensory memory
The psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are ,, and .
A psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your .
Most experts agree that repeated viewing of TV violencea. makes all viewers significantly more aggressive.b. has little effect on viewers.c. dulls viewers’ sensitivity to violence.d. makes viewers
Some scientists believe that the brain has neurons that enable observation and imitation.
Parents are most effective in getting their children to imitate them ifa. their words and actions are consistent.b. they have outgoing personalities.c. one parent works and the other stays home to
According to Bandura, we learn by watching models because we experience reinforcement or punishment.
Children learn many social behaviors by imitating parents and other models. This type of learning is called.
Rats that explored a maze without any reward were later able to run the maze as well as other rats that had received food rewards for running the maze. The rats that had learned without reinforcement
Evidence that cognitive processes play an important role in learning comes in part from studies in which ratsa. spontaneously recover previously learned behavior.b. develop cognitive maps.c. exhibit
Taste-aversion research has shown that some animals develop aversions to certain tastes but not to sights or sounds. This finding supportsa. Pavlov’s demonstration of generalization.b. Darwin’s
Which research showed that conditioning can occur even when the unconditioned stimulus (US) does not immediately follow the neutral stimulus (NS)?a. The Little Albert experimentb. Pavlov’s
A medieval proverb notes that “a burnt child dreads the fire.” In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of aa. primary reinforcer.b. negative reinforcer.c. punisher.d. positive
The partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after unpredictable time periods is a -schedule.
A restaurant is running a special deal. After you buy four meals at full price, your fifth meal will be free. This is an example of a schedule of reinforcement.a. fixed-ratiob. variable-ratioc.
Reinforcing a desired response only some of the times it occurs is called reinforcement.
How could your psychology instructor use negative reinforcement to encourage your attentive behavior during class?
Your dog is barking so loudly that it’s making your ears ring.You clap your hands, the dog stops barking, your ears stop ringing, and you think to yourself, “I’ll have to do that when he barks
One way to change behavior is to reward natural behaviors in small steps, as they get closer and closer to a desired behavior. This process is called .
Thorndike’s law of effect was the basis for work on operant conditioning and behavior control.
“Sex sells!” is a common saying in advertising. Using classical conditioning terms, explain how sexual images in advertisements can condition your response to a product.
After Watson and Rayner classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat, the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, a dog, and a sealskin coat. This illustratesa. extinction.b.
Dogs have been taught to salivate to a circle but not to a square. This process is an example of .
In Pavlov’s experiments, the tone started as a neutral stimulus, and then became a(n) stimulus.
Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which the organism associates , and operant conditioning, in which the organism associates.a. two or more responses; a response and
Learning is defined as “the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring or .”
Which of the following ESP phenomena is supported by solid, replicable scientific evidence?a. Telepathyb. Clairvoyancec. Precognitiond. None of these answers
A food’s aroma can greatly enhance its taste. This is an example ofa. sensory adaptation.b. chemical sensation.c. kinesthesis.d. sensory interaction.
We have specialized nerve receptors for detecting which five tastes? How did this ability aid our ancestors?
Why do you feel a little dizzy immediately after a roller coaster ride?
is your sense of body position and movement.Your specifically monitors your head’s movement, with sensors in the inner ear.
Why might it be helpful for people with chronic pain to meditate or exercise?
How does the biopsychosocial approach explain our experience of pain? Provide examples.
The gate-control theory of pain proposes thata. special pain receptors send signals directly to the brain.b. pain is a property of the senses, not of the brain.c. small spinal cord nerve fibers
theory explains how we hear highpitched sounds, and theory explains how we hear low-pitched sounds.
What are the basic steps in transforming sound waves into perceived sound?
The snail-shaped tube in the inner ear, where sound waves are converted into neural activity, is called the.
In experiments, people have worn glasses that turned their visual fields upside down. After a period of adjustment, they learned to function quite well. This ability is called.

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