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social science
forensic and legal psychology

Questions and Answers of Forensic And Legal Psychology

What does the “magical number seven, plus or minus two” refer to?a. The ideal number of times to rehearse information in the first encoding sessionb. The number of seconds information stays in
George, a senior in high school, was reminiscing with his friends about their first homecoming dance.A. Explain how each of the following psychological terms could help George’s recollection or
Our cognitive processes can enhance or inhibit memory, decision making, problem solving, and communication.Explain how each of the following may both help and hurt cognitive functioning.• Mental
Jacque learned to speak Italian when she was in the first grade and was able to speak, read, and write Italian fairly well by the fourth grade. She moved to a new school system that did not have
When instances come readily to mind, we often presume such events are common. What of the following is the term for this phenomenon?a. Intuition insightb. Confirmation biasc. Belief perseveranced.
What is another word for the way an issue is presented to you?a. Intuitionb. Insightc. Framingd. Overconfidencee. Perseverance
Which of the following is the tendency to search for supportive information of preconceptions while ignoring contradictory evidence?a. Confirmation biasb. Intuitionc. Mental setd. Availability
What is another term for a methodical, logical rule that guarantees solving a particular problem?a. Heuristicb. Algorithmc. Insightd. Mental sete. Confirmation bias
Explain how each of the following can lead to inaccurate judgments: overconfidence, mental set, and confirmation bias.
Name and define two problem-solving strategies. Next, explain an advantage each has over the other.
Producing valuable and novel ideas best defines which of the following?a. Prototypingb. Cognitionc. Intrinsic motivationd. Venturesome personalitye. Creativity
Which of the following is the best phrase for the narrowing of available problem solutions with the goal of determining the best solution?a. Allowing for incubationb. Divergent thinkingc. Developing
Which of the following is the best term for mental activities associated with remembering, thinking, and knowing?a. Cognitionb. Conceptsc. Prototypesd. Convergent thinkinge. Divergent thinking
discuss the value of thinking in images.
Describe the relationship between language and thinking, and
Identify the brain areas involved in language processing and speech.
Describe how we acquire language.
Identify the milestones in language development.
Describe the structural components of a language.
Compare the notions of concept and prototype
Identify and explain four of the five components of creativity mentioned in this module.
Describe how smart thinkers use intuition.
Explain what is meant by intuition, and describe how the representativeness and availability heuristics, overconfidence, belief perseverance, and framing influence our decisions and judgments.
Describe the cognitive strategies that assist our problem solving, and identify the obstacles that hinder it.
The text discusses therapist-guided “recovered”memories. Which of the following statements represents an appropriate conclusion about this issue?a. Therapists who use hypnosis are likely to help
Which of the following is an example of proactive interference?a. You can’t recall your locker combination from sixth grade because your current locker combination interferes.b. You can’t recall
What does Hermann Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve show about the nature of storage decay?a. The rate of forgetting increases as time goes on.b. The rate of forgetting decreases as time goes on.c. The
Muhammad has been in his school cafeteria hundreds of times. It is a large room, and there are nine free-standing pillars that support the roof. One day, to illustrate the nature of forgetting,
Which of the following is an example of anterograde amnesia?a. Halle has no memories of the first 10 years of her life.b. William has lost his memory of the 2 weeks before he had surgery to remove a
Your younger sister has asked you for help because she feels she cannot remember class material well enough to get good grades on her tests. Provide three specific pieces of advice that she should
Tasnia feels like she encodes material well, but still forgets the material on test day. Explain how her forgetting might be related to problems with each of the following:• Storage• Retrieval
Identify the factors associated with creativity, and describe ways of promoting creativity.
Define cognition, and describe the functions of concepts.
Describe how you can use memory research findings to do better in this and other courses.
Describe the reliability of young children’s eyewitness descriptions, and discuss the controversy related to claims of repressed and recovered memories.
Explain how misinformation, imagination, and source amnesia influence our memory construction, and describe how we decide whether a memory is real or false.
Explain why we forget.
Which of the following is an example of the primacy effect?a. Remembering the most important assignment you have to complete for school tomorrowb. Remembering the skills you learned early in life,
Juan returns to his grandparent’s house after a 10-year absence. The flood of memories about his childhood visits is best explained by which of the following?a. Recallb. Primingc. Explicit memoryd.
Which of the following is an example of flashbulb memory?a. Barry remembers an especially bright sunrise because he was by the ocean and the sunlight reflected off the water.b. Robert remembers that
Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the relationship between emotions and memory?a. Emotion blocks memory, and it is generally true that we are unable to recall highly
What two parts of the brain are most involved in explicit memory?a. Frontal lobes and basal gangliab. Amygdala and hippocampusc. Amygdala and cerebellumd. Cerebellum and basal gangliae. Frontal lobes
You have a friend, Rachel, who cannot remember where she left a check she had received from a relative for her birthday. She remembers having drunk several cups of tea the morning she received the
Consider an explicit memory, such as a memory of what happened in your science class yesterday.Explain the process that allows memory to occur at the synaptic level.Explain the role of two parts of
Which of the following is most likely to lead to semantic encoding of a list of words?a. Thinking about how the words relate to your own lifeb. Practicing the words for a single extended periodc.
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the capacity of short-term and working memory?a. Lasts for about 2 days in most circumstancesb. Lasts for less than half a minute unless you
Your memory of which of the following is an example of implicit memory?a. What you had for breakfast yesterdayb. The need to spend some time reviewing tomorrow for an upcoming psychology quizc. Which
Working memory is most active during which portion of the information-processing model?a. Short-term memoryb. Sensory memoryc. Retrievald. Encodinge. Long-term memory
Caitlin, a fifth grader, is asked to remember her secondgrade teacher’s name. What measure of retention will Caitlin use to answer this question?a. Storageb. Recognitionc. Relearningd. Recalle.
Last evening, Carlos’ mom told him he needed to buy milk today. So, he hopped on his bicycle this morning and headed to the corner store to pick up a gallon.Explain how both implicit and explicit
To remember something, we must get information into our brain, retain the information, and later get the information back out. Making sure you use the terms for these three steps of the process,
Describe how external cues, internal emotions, and order of appearance influence memory retrieval.
Explain how memory is measured.
Explain how changes at the synapse level affect our memory processing.
Discuss how emotions affect our memory processing.
Describe the roles of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in our memory processing.
Describe the roles of the frontal lobes and hippocampus in memory processing.
Describe the capacity and location of our long-term memories.
Classical and operant conditioning are based on the principles of which psychological perspective?a. Cognitiveb. Biologicalc. Behavioristd. Evolutionarye. Humanist
Latent learning is evidence for which of these conclusions?a. Punishment is an ineffective means of controlling behavior.b. Negative reinforcement should be avoided when possible.c. Cognition plays
A dog is trained to salivate when it hears a tone associated with food. Then the tone is sounded repeatedly without an unconditioned stimulus until the dog stops salivating. Later, when the tone
Mary checks her phone every 30 minutes for incoming text messages. Her behavior is being maintained by what kind of reinforcement schedule?a. Fixed-intervalb. Variable-intervalc. Variable-ratiod.
Taste aversion studies lead researchers to which of the following conclusions?a. Taste is the most fundamental of the senses.b. There are genetic predispositions involved in taste learning.c. Animals
A student studies diligently to avoid the bad feelings associated with a previously low grade on a test. In this case, the studying behavior is being strengthened because of what kind of
Which of the following would help determine what stimuli an organism can distinguish between?a. Negative reinforcementb. A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcementc. A fixed-ratio schedule of
Which of the following processes would produce the acquisition of a conditioned response?a. Repeatedly present an unconditioned responseb. Administer the conditioned stimulus without the
What does Edward Thorndike’s law of effect state?a. The difference between positive and negative reinforcementb. That behavior maintained by partial reinforcement is more resistant to extinction
What did Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner’s experiments establish?a. That the acquisition of a CR depends on pairing the CS and the USb. That different species respond differently to classical
What did Albert Bandura’s Bobo doll experiments demonstrate?a. Children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults.b. There may be a negative correlation between televised violence and aggressive
Which of the following illustrates generalization?a. A rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a similar tone is sounded.b. A dog salivates to a tone but not to a
What is one of the principal functions of mirror neurons?a. To allow an organism to replace an unconditioned response with a conditioned responseb. To help produce intrinsic motivation in some
Which of the following is an application of shaping?a. A mother who wants her daughter to hit a baseball first praises her for holding a bat, then for swinging it, and then for hitting the ball.b. A
Which of the following most accurately describes an impact of punishment?a. Punishment is a good way to increase a behavior, as long as it is not used too frequently.b. Punishment may create problems
Briefly explain how the concepts below could be used to help a child stop throwing temper tantrums.• Extinction (operant conditioning)• Positive reinforcement• Modeling• Negative
Researchers investigating conditioning throughout the history of psychology reached very different conclusions about how humans learn behaviors. Explain how these theorists might explain this example
Martin is a sixth-grade teacher who feels he is not able to connect with some of his students. Several of them have had academic problems in the past and although Martin feels that they can do the
A woman had been pondering a problem for days and was about to give up when, suddenly, the solution came to her. Her experience can be best described as what?a. Cognitive mappingb. Insightc. Operant
The perception that we control our own fate is also called what?a. Self-controlb. Learned helplessnessc. Internal locus of controld. External locus of controle. Emotion-focused coping
Elephants appear to have the capacity to remember large-scale spaces over long periods. Which of the following best identifies this capacity?a. Latent learningb. Insightc. Cognitive mapsd. Intrinsic
Which ability is a good predictor of good adjustment, better grades, and social success?a. Self-controlb. Locus of controlc. Problem-focused copingd. Learned helplessnesse. Emotion-focused coping
What do we call a desire to perform a behavior in order to receive promised rewards or to avoid threatened punishment?a. Latent learningb. Extrinsic motivationc. Intrinsic motivationd. Insight
Describe how each of the following can show the impact of cognition on operant conditioning.• Latent learning• Insight learning• Intrinsic motivation
Provide two specific examples of how biology can influence classical conditioning.
Discuss the impact of prosocial modeling and of antisocial modeling.
Describe the process of observational learning, and explain how some scientists believe it is enabled by mirror neurons.
What is observational learning, and how do some scientists believe it is enabled by mirror neurons?
Superstitious behavior can be produced bya. careful manipulation of a classical conditioning experiment.b. the accidental timing of rewards.c. possession of a large number of traditionally lucky
What do we call behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus?a. Respondent behaviorb. Operant behaviorc. Extinguished behaviord. Biofeedback conditioninge. Skinnerian conditioning
What do we call the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response?a. Acquisitionb. Spontaneous recoveryc. Discriminationd. Operant conditioninge. Classical conditioning
The basic idea behind classical conditioning is that the organisma. associates events.b. associates behavior and resulting events.c. voluntarily operates on the environment.d. associates response
What do we call it when the CR decreases as the CS is repeatedly presented alone?a. Generalizationb. Discriminationc. Spontaneous recoveryd. Extinctione. Acquisition
Raud is planning to use operant conditioning to help him reach his self-improvement goal of running in his community’s 10-kilometer race in July. Explain four things Raud should include in his
Explain two differences between classical and operant conditioning.
Describe how a perceived lack of control can affect people’s behavior and health.
Identify the two ways that people learn to cope with personal problems.
Explain how cognitive processes affect classical and operant conditioning.
Explain how biological constraints affect classical and operant conditioning.
All of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except aa. rat’s food reward in a Skinner box.b. cold drink on a hot day.c. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently.d.
Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely is known as what?a. Law of effectb. Operant conditioningc. Shapingd. Respondent behaviore. Discrimination
Which of the following best describes a discriminative stimulus?a. Something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcerb. An innately reinforcing stimulusc. Something that when

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