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industrial organizational psychology understanding the workplace

Questions and Answers of Industrial Organizational Psychology Understanding The Workplace

=+is what did not work anymore for Leonard.
=+What factors influence our success in creating new long-term memories?
=+1 How do we represent categorical knowledge, and how does this affect the way we perceive the world?
=+Do we represent knowledge in ways that are not tied to specific perceptual modalities?
=+Which is farther north: Seattle or Montreal?
=+Which is farther west: the Atlantic or the Pacific entrance to the Panama Canal?
=+1. It has been hypothesized that our perceptual system regularly uses mental rotation to recognize objects in nonstandard orientations. In
=+Chapter 2 we contrasted template and feature models for object recognition. Would mental rotation be more important to a template model or a feature model? Explain your answer.
=+2. Consider the following problem:Imagine a wire-frame cube resting on a tabletop with the front face directly in front of you and perpendicular to your line of sight. Imagine the long
=+diagonal that goes from the bottom, front, left-hand corner to the top, back, right-hand corner. Now imagine that the cube is reoriented so that this
=+diagonal is vertical and the cube is resting on one corner. Place one fingertip about a foot above the tabletop and let this mark the position of the top corner on the diagonal. The corner on which
=+on the tabletop, vertically below your fingertip. With your other hand, point to the spatial locations of the other corners of the cube.Hinton (1979) reports that only one out of over 20
=+to perform this task successfully. In light of the successes we have reviewed for mental imagery, why is this task so hard? To aid you in
=+answering this question, here is an illustration of the cube standing on its corner (the dashed red line is the diagonal):
=+3. The chapter reviewed the evidence that many different regions of the brain are activated in mental imagery tasks — parietal and motor areas
=+in mental rotation, temporal regions in judgments of object attributes, and hippocampal regions in reasoning about navigation. Why would mental imagery involve so many regions?
=+4. Consider map distortions such as the tendency to believe San Diego is west of Reno. Are these distortions in an egocentric representation, an allocentric representation, or something else?
=+How do we represent the significant aspects of our experience?
=+1. Many people write notes on their bodies to remember things like phone numbers. In the movie Memento, Leonard tattoos information that he
=+What is the correct answer for the problem above? Why is it so hard?
=+1. Consider the Monty Hall problem (Whitaker, 1990):Suppose you’re on a game show where you see three doors and are told that behind one door is a car and behind each of the other doors is a
=+what does that imply about the debate between proponents of interactive processing and of the modularity position with regard to how people understand sentences such as The woman painted by the
=+Ferreira and Patson (2007) argue that this indicates that people do not carefully parse sentences but settle on “good enough” interpretations. If people do not carefully parse sentences,
=+3. Christianson, Hollingworth, Halliwell, and Ferreira (2001) found that after reading the sentence While Mary bathed the baby played in the crib, most people say that the sentence implied that
=+called the Moses illusion even though it has been demonstrated with a wide range of words besides Moses. What does the Moses illusion say about how people process individual words when
=+If you are like most people, you answered “two” and did not even notice that Moses should have been Noah (Erickson & Matteson, 1981). People fail to notice such mistakes even when they are
=+2. Answer this question: How many animals of each kind did Moses take on the ark?
=+virtual assistant like Amazon’s Alexa. What are the differences in the tasks they are trying to master and what are their relative language strengths?
=+1. The top-performing program in the recent Loebner Prize contests (see Implications 13.1) was named Mitsuku. Find “her” online and have a chat. Compare Mitsuko’s language processing skills
=+How are meanings of individual sentences combined in the processing of larger units of discourse?
=+What inferences do comprehenders make as they hear or read a sentence?
=+How is syntactic and semantic information combined in sentence interpretation?
=+How are individual words combined into the meaning of phrases and sentences?
=+first made contact with the new linguistic community will continue to use the pidgin, whereas their children will speak the full-fledged creole. What does this say about the possible role of a
=+languages. However, if these linguistic communities start actually living together, the pidgins will evolve into full-fledged new languages called creoles. This can happen in one generation—that
=+4. When two linguistic communities come into frequent contact, such as in trade, they often develop simplified languages, called pidgins, for communicating. Pidgins are generally considered not
=+Boroditsky, Schmidt, and Phillips (2003) report that when asked to describe a key, German speakers are more likely to use words like hard and jagged, whereas Spanish speakers are more likely to use
=+3. Some languages apparently assign grammatical genders arbitrarily to words that do not have inherent genders. For instance, the German word for key is masculine and the Spanish word for key is
=+4. Beilock, Lyons, Mattarella-Micke, Nusbaum, and Small (2008) looked at brain activation while participants listened to sentences about hockey versus other types of action sentences. They found
=+were hockey fans. What does this say about the role of expertise in
=+List, 2011). Check out the history of Rosalind Franklin and decide whether she should have been awarded the Nobel Prize.
=+science. There is also debate about the role of social factors in producing gender difference in spatial ability (e.g., Hoffman, Gneezy, &
=+sexism of her time, and there is debate about whether she should have been awarded the Nobel Prize along with Watson and Crick. There is also much discussion about the role of gender differences in
=+molecule — clearly a spatial task.” Rosalind Franklin suffered from the
=+discovery of the structure of DNA occurred when they were able to fit a three-dimensional model to Rosalind Franklin’s flat images of the
=+4. As an example of the importance of spatial imagery in scientific discovery, Newcombe and Frick (2010) state that “Watson and Crick’s
=+3. Hunter and Hunter (1984) report that ability measures such as IQ are better predictors of job performance than are academic grades. Why might this be? A potentially relevant fact is that the
=+What are the implications of this chapter for an ideal age for an American president?
=+2. Most American presidents were between the ages of 50 and 59 when they were first elected president. The youngest was John F. Kennedy, elected at age 43. The oldest was Donald Trump, elected at
=+higher levels of mastery. Discuss this phenomenon from the point of view of this chapter on individual differences. Consider in particular Figure 12.8.
=+1. Chapter 12 discussed data on child language acquisition. In learning a second language, younger children initially learn less rapidly than older children and adults, but there is evidence that
=+What are the different dimensions of intelligence?
=+What do intelligence tests measure?
=+How does aging through the adult years affect our cognitive capacities?
=+What do neural growth and growth in knowledge and experience contribute to children’s cognitive development?
=+How does children’s cognition develop as they mature?
=+making elaborative inferences and developing situation models?
=+succeed, other species may partly succeed at mastering the language of humans. Is Kanzi’s use of lexigrams like a human imitating birdsong or is it something more?
=+instinct” is wired into the human brain through evolution. Just as songbirds are born with the propensity to learn the song of their species, so we are born with the propensity to learn the
=+Johnson-Laird and Goldvarg attribute the difficulty to people’s inability to create mental models of what is not the case.
=+probabilities that the car is behind each door (all three are ); and, , and are the conditional probabilities that the host
=+This problem can be analyzed using Bayes’s theorem, as follows:where is the probability that the car is behind door 2 given that the host has opened door 3; ,, and are the prior
=+given the choice of opening any one of the doors. You pick a door — for example, door 1 — and the host, who knows what’s behind the doors, opens a different door, one with a goat — for
=+What does the field of linguistics tell us about the nature and structure of language?
=+How does the brain support such decision making?
=+different rewards and costs?
=+How do people decide among uncertain options that offer
=+How do people use their past experiences to make judgments?
=+How well do people judge the probability of uncertain events?
=+ Is there a sense in which the better rule is “more correct” than the other rule?
=+3. Consider the positive stimuli in the column labeled “Concept 3” in Figure 10.6, which were described in the chapter as satisfying the rule that “the number of borders is the same as the
=+8 thought that “All gourmets are bowlers” followed.Use the concepts of this chapter to help explain the answers these participants gave and did not give.
=+7 thought that “Some bowlers are gourmets” followed.
=+2 thought that “Some gourmets are bowlers” followed.4 thought that “All bowlers are gourmets” followed.
=+17 agreed that no conclusion followed.
=+distribution of answers:
=+2. Johnson-Laird and Steedman (1978) presented the following premises to participants drawn from students at Columbia Teachers College:All gourmets are shopkeepers.All bowlers are shopkeepers.And
=+opens each door given each hypothesis. Can you calculate these probabilities, keeping in mind that the host cannot open the door you chose and must open a door that has a goat?
=+How do children acquire language?
=+2. Steven Pinker (1994) coined the phrase “language instinct” to describe the human propensity for acquiring language. In his view, this “language
=+the word appeared in) with its meaning representation of each alternative (again based on the same information). Why do you think such a program is so successful? How would you devise a vocabulary
=+the Educational Testing Service’s Test of English as a Foreign Language. The test requires choosing the best of four alternatives for the meaning of a word, and LSA was able to do this by
=+system as “analogous to a well-read nun’s knowledge of sex, a level of knowledge often deemed a sufficient basis for advising the young” (p. 5).Based on this knowledge, LSA was able to pass
=+that they make no attempt to include knowledge of the physical world or of what words refer to in the physical world. Perhaps the most wellknown system is called latent semantic analysis (LSA)
=+1. A number of computer-based approaches to representing meaning are based on programs that read through large sets of documents and represent the meaning of any given word in terms of the other
=+What is the relationship between language and human thought?
=+What distinguishes human language from the communication systems of other species?
=+2. Conservatism and base-rate neglect seem to be in conflict (Fischhoff & BeythMarom, 1983; Gigerenzer et al., 1989). Conservatism says that people pay too little attention to data, whereas
=+will shift our focus to answer questions about how language is processed.)
=+3. Go to http://www.rense.com/general81/dw.htm to see a list of things that people said would never happen. What does this list imply about the subjective probability we should assign to an event
=+4. In the 1980s, it was common practice to recommend that a pregnant woman aged 35 years or older be tested to find out whether the fetus had Down syndrome. The logic behind this recommendation was
=+syndrome baby increases with maternal age, reaching about for expectant mothers age 35. The probability of the procedure resulting in a miscarriage was also about . Analyze the assumptions behind
=+calculations described in this chapter. On the basis of your analysis, explain why you agree or disagree with the recommendation.
=+5. In his 2011 book Thinking, Fast and Slow, Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman argues that there are two systems for decision making (see the discussion of dual-process theories in Chapter 10). The
=+association, whereas the slow system satisfies the prescriptive norms for decision making. The fast system is always involved in making judgments, while the slow system requires deliberate effort
=+Where is language processed in the brain? (In Chapter 13, we
=+3. What are new models for examining properties of positive emotions (e.g., automatic and controlled processes, physiological and neurological connections)?
=+1. Do strengths of character encourage mental and physical health, achievement, and social engagement; if so, how?
=+2. What are the long-term consequences of strengths of character for individuals and society?
=+3. How can strengths of character be cultivated and sustained in the individual and group levels?

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