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engineering
machine elements in mechanical design

Questions and Answers of Machine Elements In Mechanical Design

The distance between two parallel shafts connected by Oldham’s coupling is 25 mm. The driving shaft revolves at 240 rpm. Determine the maximum speed of sliding of the tongue of the intermediate
For a kinematic chain, if L = 2P - 4, then J = CL - 2 where C is equal to(a) 1/2(b) 1(c) 3/2(d) 2
In a crank and slotted lever mechanism, the length of crank is 560 mm and the ratio of time of working stroke to return stroke is 2.8. Determine(a) distance between the fixed centres, and(b) the
In the equation, L = 2P - 4, the kinematic chain is called locked, when(a) LHS < RHS(b) LHS = RHS(c) LHS > RHS
The configuration of a drag link mechanism is shown in Fig.1.49. Determine the time ratio and the length of stroke. The crank O2A rotates clockwise. B A 70 mm A B 60 mm 50 120 30 mm A Fig.1.49 Drag
The equivalent number of binary links of a spring are:(a) 1(b) 2(c) 3(d) 4
The distance between the axes of parallel shafts connected by Oldham’s coupling is 25 mm. The speed of rotation of the shafts is 320 rpm. Determine the maximum velocity of sliding of each tongue in
In crank and slotted lever quick return mechanism, the distance between the fixed centres is 150 mm and the driving crank is 100 mm long. Find the ratio of the time taken during the cutting and
Design a quick return mechanism of the type shown in Fig.1.50. The working stroke is 200 mm and the ratio of the time of working stroke to return stroke is 2:1. The driving crank is 50 mm long. Fig.
Design a Whitworth quick return motion mechanism shown in Fig.1.51 to have the following particulars:Return stroke = 200 mm Time ratio of working to return stroke = 2 Length of driving crank = 50 mm.
In a Whitworth quick return motion mechanism, as shown in Fig.1.52, the distance between the fixed centres is 60 mm and the length of the driving crank is 80 mm. The length of the slotted lever is
The total number of instantaneous centres for a mechanism of n links are(a) n(n – 1)/2(b) n(c) n – 1(d) n/2.
Define relative velocity.
A mechanism has 7 links with all binary pairs except one which is a ternary pair. The number of instantaneous centres of this mechanism are(a) 14(b) 21(c) 28(d) 42.
Define linear velocity and angular velocity.
The direction of the linear velocity of any point on the kinematic link relative to any other point on the same kinematic link is(a) parallel to the line joining the points(b) perpendicular to the
What is relative angular velocity? How this is determined?
Two kinematic links have absolute angular velocities of ω1 (clockwise) and ω2 (anti-clockwise).The angular velocity of link 1 relative to link 2 , is(a) ω1 + ω2(b) ω1 – ω2(c) ω2 – ω1(d)
What is mechanical advantage for a mechanism?
The linear velocity of a point B on a link rotating at an angular velocity ???? relative to another point A on the same link is(a) ω 2 × AB(b) ω2 × AB(c) ω2 × AB(d) ω2 × (AB)2
What is a velocity diagram? What are its uses.
According to Kennedy’s theorem, the instantaneous centres of three bodies having relative motion lie on a(a) straight line(b) point(c) curved path(d) circle
What is a velocity image? Give its uses.
The instantaneous centre of a slider moving in a linear guide lies at(a) their point of contact(b) infinity perpendicular to the path of guide(c) the pin point(d) infinity parallel to the path of
What is rubbing velocity? How this is determined?
The instantaneous centre of a slider moving on a curved surface lies(a) infinity(b) their point of contact(c) the centre of curvature of curved surface(d) the pin point.
State angular velocity theorem.
The instantaneous centre of rotation of a circular disc rolling on a straight path lies at(a) the centre of the disc(b) their point of contact(c) the centre of gravity of the disc(d) infinity.
Define instantaneous centre of a link.
The number of types of instantaneous centres are:(a) 2(b) 3(c) 4(d) 6.
What are the various types of instantaneous centres?
How number of instantaneous centres are determined?
State Arnold–Kennedy theorem of three centres.
How instantaneous centres are located?
Make a bar chart of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) footprint divided by embodied energy, using data from the data sheets of Appendix A, Table A10, fora. Cementb. Low carbon steelc. Copperd. Polyvinylchloride
a. Window frames are made from extruded aluminium. It is argued that making them instead from extruded PVC would give a product with a lower embodied energy and carbon footprint. If the section shape
a. A range of office furniture includes a chunky hardwood table weighing \(18 \mathrm{~kg}\) and a much lighter table with a \(3.0 \mathrm{~kg}\) virgin aluminium frame and a \(3.0 \mathrm{~kg}\)
Aluminum is made by the electrolysis of bauxite. The embodied energy of virgin aluminium is approximately (all embodied energies are approximate) \(210 \mathrm{MJ} / \mathrm{kg}\). What else could
Use the \(E-H_{p} ho\) chart of Fig. 14.7 to find the polymer with a modulus \(E\) greater than \(1 \mathrm{GPa}\) and the lowest embodied energy per unit volume.Data From Fig, 14.7 103 Young's
A maker of polypropylene (PP) garden furniture is concerned that the competition is stealing market share by claiming that the 'traditional' material for garden furniture, cast iron, is less energy
Identical casings for a power tool could be die-cast in aluminium or moulded in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or polyester glass-fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP). Use the embodied-energy per unit
Disposable knives and forks are ordered by an environmentally-conscious pizza house. The shape of each (and thus the length, width and profile) are fixed, but the thickness is free: it is chosen to
Show that the index for selecting materials for a strong panel with the dimensions shown in the figure, loaded in bending, with minimum embodied energy content is that with the largest value of
Use the indices for the crash barriers with the charts for strength and density (Fig. 3.4) and strength and embodied energy (Fig. 14.8) to select materials for each of the barriers. Position your
The makers of a small electric car wish to make bumpers out of a moulded thermoplastic. Which index is the one to guide this selection if the aim is to maximize the range for a given battery storage
Floor joists are beams loaded in bending. They can be made of wood, of steel, or of steelreinforced concrete, with the shape factors listed below. For a given bending stiffness and strength, which of
The table below shows data for the main materials used in a wind turbine: the approximate mass used per \(\mathrm{kW}\) installed and the embodied energy per kg of these materials.a. Use these data
The global population, \(P\), is 7.5 billion, rising exponentially with a growth rate \(\alpha=1.13 \%\) per year. At this growth rate, how long will it take to double to 15 billion?
Global biopolymer population, \(P\), is currently 1 million tonnes per year and is said to be rising exponentially with a growth rate \(\alpha=12 \%\) per year. At this growth rate, how long will it
The opening paragraph of this chapter contained the statement that at a global growth rate of 3% per year we will mine, process, use and dispose of more 'stuff' in the next 5 years than in the entire
The images show two contrasting coffee machines. Analyse the context for which these were designed by responding to the five W questions Who? What? Where? When? Why?
Today (2016) bagless vacuum cleaners vary in price by almost a factor of 10 an Argos VC 403 is priced at £38 (\($53),\) a Dyson DC23 is priced at £333 (\($466).\) There is a market for both, so a
Watches vary in price by a factor of over 10,000. I have a very cheap watch which I like because it has a stopwatch and is waterproof, so I can swim with it. It is extremely accurate and if I lose it
Carry out a comparison and analysis like that of the previous exercise fora. Suitcases (luggage)b. Refrigerators
Write down the first association that comes to your mind when you glance at each of the images of cars shown below. How has the designer suggested this association?
Look at the six car-images again and ponder on them for a moment. How do you perceive each one? How do they make you feel? If you had a choice of any one of these, which would you choose? Why?
What do people think of when they see something made of gold? They might – because of its expense – associate it with wealth and luxury; or perhaps – because it is a visible symbol of riches
Here is a little design exercise. You have acquired the rights to market a new biopolymer – one made from a fast-growing, prolific, crop. What are you going to call it? The name should carry the
Many very simple products have had (and continue to have) very long lives. The table lists some of these. Research the history of one of them, seeking the context (Who, What, Where, When, Why) the
A paperclip (invented 1899) is one of the simplest of products with one of the longest lives. Every office has them. They don’t normally arouse interest or amusement. Here is an example of a
Each of these mice is designed to fill a particular niche in the mouse-market. Apply the method of product analysis outlined in the previous exercise to explain the designer’s choices of materials,
Examine a product and ask the following:a. What does the product do?b. Who will use it? Where? When? Why?c. What are their aspirations? How do they see themselves?d. What aesthetics has the designer
A process is sought to make the rocker arm shown here. It is to be made from and aluminium–silicon alloy. The shape is ‘3-D solid’.The expected production run (batch size) is 2000. It weight
A camera body is shown on the right. The design requires that it be made of a magnesium alloy and that the initial production run will be 10,000 units. You are asked to suggest processes by which the
The car roof box shown in the image is to be made of glass-fibre reinforced polyester in a batch of 10,000. It is made up of two separate shell-like components – an upper and a lower half. What
Metal foams can be made by first making an open-cell polymer foam, then embedding this in plaster, burning out the polymer and finally forcing metal under pressure into the resulting mould to
A copper ingot is compressed between two anvils. If the yield strength \(\sigma_{y}\) of copper is \(80 \mathrm{MPa}\) and the coefficient of friction \(\mu\) at the interface between the copper and
A cylindrical magnet is to be made from Alnico (an iron-aluminium-nickel-cobalt alloy) by powder compaction and sintering. The aspect ratio of the cylinder, \(h / 2 r\), is 2. The coefficient of
The quadrant sketched here is part of the control system for the wing-elevator of a commercial aircraft. It is to be made of a light alloy (aluminium or magnesium) with the shape shown in the figure.
The electric plug is perhaps the commonest of electrical products. It has a number of components: the casing, the pins, connectors, a cable clamp, fasteners, and, in some plugs, a fuse. The task is
Few things are more irritating than a dripping tap. Taps drip because the rubber washer is worn or the brass seat is pitted by corrosion, or both. Ceramics have good wear resistance, and they have
Polyethylene bottles are used to contain fluids as various as milk and engine oil. A typical polyethylene bottle weighs about 30 grams and has a wall thickness of about \(0.8 \mathrm{~mm}\). The
As weight-saving assumes greater importance in automobile design, the replacement of steel parts with polymer-composite substitutes becomes increasingly attractive. Weight can be saved by replacing a
This exercise and the next require the use of the CES Edu-Pack Materials Selection software.a. Use CES to select a joining process to meet the following requirements.b. Use CES to select a joining
This exercise, like the last, requires the use of the CES Edu-Pack Materials Selection software.a. Use CES to select a surface-treatment process to meet the following requirements.b. Use CES to
A method is sought to mould the wide-necked containers show in the image. It suggested that they might be blow-moulded, injection moulded or rotation moulded. The table lists approximate values for
A light, stiff, strong tie (Fig. E8.1). A tie, of length \(L\) loaded in tension, is to support a load \(F\), at minimum weight without failing (implying a constraint on strength) or extending
The best choice of material for a light strong column depends on its aspect ratio: the ratio of its height \(H\) to its diameter \(D\). This is because short, fat columns fail by crushing; tall
Fig. E8.4 shows a material chart with the two indices of Exercise E8.2 as axes. Identify and plot coupling lines for selecting materials for a column with \(F=10^{6} \mathrm{~N}\) and \(H=3
In the US a typical family car covers 120,000 miles over its life and delivers, on average 25 miles per US gallon (6.6 miles per litre). Petrol in the US costs \(\$ 0.63\) per litre, so the life cost
The makers of the car shown in Fig. 8.5 plan to market it in Europe. If the car covers 120,000 miles \((193,000 \mathrm{~km})\) over its life and consumes on average 9.5 litres per \(100
A Routemaster - a London bus - weighs 12 tonnes when empty, 18 tonnes with full. It does, on average, 6.6 miles \((11 \mathrm{~km})\) per imperial gallon of diesel, which cost \(£ 5\) per imperial
Trucks rely on compressed air for braking and other power-actuated systems. The air is stored in one or a cluster of cylindrical pressure tanks like that shown here (length \(L\), diameter \(2 R\),
Explore the trade-off between relative cost and relative mass for the air cylinder of Exercise E8.7, considering the replacement of a mild steel tank with one made, first, of low alloy steel, and,
Fig. E8.8, below, is a chart with axes of \(\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{m}_{o}\) and \(C / C_{o}\) derived in Exercise E8.7 Mild steel (here labelled 'Low carbon steel') lies at the coordinates \((1,1)\).
Freezers and refrigerated trucks have panel walls that provide thermal insulation, and at the same time are stiff, strong and light (stiffness to suppress vibration, strength to tolerate rough
Evaluate the shape factor \(\phi_{B}^{e}\) for stiffness-limited design in bending of a square box section of outer edgelength \(h=100 \mathrm{~mm}\) and wall thickness \(t=3 \mathrm{~mm}\). Is this
Evaluate the shape factor \(\phi_{B}^{f}\) for strength-limited design in bending of a square box section of outer edge-length \(h=100 \mathrm{~mm}\) and wall thickness \(t=3 \mathrm{~mm}\). Is this
Derive the expression for the shape-efficiency factor \(\phi_{B}^{e}\) for stiffness-limited design for a circular tube with outer radius \(5 t\) and wall thickness \(t\), loaded in bending (Fig.
Derive the expression for the shape-efficiency factor \(\phi_{B}^{e}\) for stiffness-limited design for a channel section of thickness \(t\), overall flange width \(5 t\) and overall depth \(10 t\),
Derive the expression for the shape-efficiency factor \(\phi_{B}^{e}\) for stiffness-limited design for a square box section of wall thickness \(t\), and height and width \(h_{1}=10 t\) bent about
Determine the value of the shape-efficiency factor \(\phi_{B}^{f}\) for strength-limited design in bending using the dimensions shown on the diagramsa. For the tube-section shown in Fig. E10.5(A)b.
A beam of length \(L\), loaded in bending, must support a specified bending moment \(M\) without failing and be as light as possible. Show that to minimize the mass of the beam per unit length, \(m /
The elastic shape factor measures the gain in stiffness by shaping, relative to a solid square section of the same cross-section area and thus mass per unit length. Shape factors can be determined by
A steel truss bridge shown in Fig. E10.7 has a span \(L\) and is simply supported at both ends. It weighs \(m\) tonnes. As a rule of thumb, bridges are designed with a stiffness \(S_{B}\) such that
A beam, loaded in bending, must support a specified bending moment \(M^{*}\) without failing and be as light as possible. Section shape is a variable, and 'failure' here means the first onset of
A shaft of length \(L\), loaded in torsion, must support a specified torque \(T^{*}\) without failing and be as cheap as possible. Section shape is a variable and 'failure' again means the first
A concept for a lightweight display stand. The stalk must support a mass \(m\) of \(100 \mathrm{~kg}\), to be placed on its upper surface at a height \(h\), without failing by elastic buckling. It is
Cylindrical tubing is available from stock in the following materials and sizes. Use this information and the material index to identify the best stock material for the stalk of the stand shown in
Calculate the gain in bending efficiency, \(\psi_{B}^{e}\), when a solid is formed into small, thin-walled tubes of radius \(r\) and wall thickness \(t\) that are then assembled and bonded into a

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