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statistical reasoning for everyday life

Questions and Answers of Statistical Reasoning For Everyday Life

What do we mean when we say that distribution is skewed? Briefly describe the basic difference between a distribution that is skewed to the right and a distribution that is skewed to the left.
If you are pulled over while driving and given a breathalyzer test for alcohol, what is the result called if the test incorrectly indicates that you have consumed alcohol?
As this text goes to press, the government is considering but has not yet made a change to using the chained CPI. Has such a change happened yet? Investigate the current status of the debate over
Briefly describe how you find quartiles and percentiles for a data set.
Adamson Company manufactures four lines of garden tools. As a result of activity analysis, the accounting department has identified eight activity cost pools. Each of the product lines is produced in
What do we mean when we say that distribution is symmetric? Can asymmetric distribution have more than one mode?
A professional soccer player is given a test for a banned substance. What does it mean when she is told that the result is positive? Do we know from such a positive result whether the player actually
Because using the chained CPI would lead to a slower rise in the income thresholds for various tax rates, conservatives often claim that this change would mean a “stealth tax increase.”
What is the level of measurement of the values described in Exercise 1 (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio)?Exercise 1 Braking reaction times of 36 randomly selected licensed drivers are
What are outliers? Describe the effects of outliers on mean, median, and mode.
Briefly distinguish between the following measures of variation: range, five-number summary, and standard deviation. Which one(s) can be represented with a boxplot?
Distinguish between a uniform distribution and a distribution with one or more modes. What do we call distributions with one, two, and three modes?
Professional athletes are routinely barred from participation for using banned substances. For such a test, what is a false positive? What is a false negative? What is a true positive? What is a true
Find examples in your own spending or the spending of friends and family members of substitution effects and the purchase of products that were unavailable or of lower quality a few years ago.
Braking reaction times of 36 randomly selected licensed drivers are measured. Are those data considered quantitative or qualitative? ³ If quantitative, are those values continuous or discrete?
Define and distinguish among mean, median, and mode.
Consider two grocery stores at which the mean waiting time in line is the same but the variation of waiting times is different. At which store would you expect the customers to have more complaints
Find a recent news article that includes a line chart. Briefly explain what the line chart shows, and discuss whether it helps make the point of the news article. Are the labels clear? Is the line
Find a recent news article that includes a histogram. Briefly explain what the histogram shows, and discuss whether it helps make the point of the news article. Are the labels clear? Is the histogram
Find an example in the news of a graphic that combines two or more of the basic graphic types. Briefly explain what the graphic is showing, and discuss its effectiveness.
Find an example of a threedimensional graphic in a recent news report. Are three dimensions needed, or are they included for cosmetic reasons? Comment on the effectiveness of the display. Could
Find a recent news article that includes a pie chart. Briefly discuss the effectiveness of the pie chart. For example, would it be better if the data were displayed in a bar graph rather than a pie
In a simple random sample of adults, the pulse rate is measured for each subject.Qualitative versus Quantitative Data. In Exercises, determine whether the data described are qualitative or
Braking reaction times of 36 randomly selected licensed drivers are measured and 20 of them are greater than 1.9 seconds. What is the percentage of reaction times greater than 1.9 seconds?
A microbiologist measures the distance across a red blood cell and an astronomer measures the distance across the Milky Way galaxy. The absolute error that the microbiologist makes in measuring the
Congress and the President are almost always proposing new changes in tax laws. Research one recent proposed change, providing a brief summary of the proposal and of the arguments for and against
The price of a gallon of gas tripled, so it increased by 300%.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly
I’ve concluded that the CPI for 2016 is obsolete because it uses the prices of goods, services, and housing costs from 1982 to 1984 as its reference value.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises,
ZIP codes are quantitative data because, in general, lower numbers are in the east and higher numbers are in the west.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense
Recorded survey results include the states in which respondents reside. Are those data considered quantitative or qualitative, and what is their level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or
Find examples in your own spending or the spending of friends and family members of substitution effects and the purchase of products that were unavailable or of lower quality a few years ago.
A dealer has a new Corvette with a sticker price of $60,000. Because the demand is high and the supply is low, the dealer announces that the actual cost will be 10% more than the sticker price, so
The CPI doubled from 1983 to 2006, so the price of gasoline also doubled over that time period.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or
Los Angeles reached a temperature of 100°F today, which was twice as hot as the 50°F in Denver.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or
In a Gallup poll of 1038 adults, 5% of the respondents said that second-hand smoke is not at all harmful. How many respondents said that second-hand smoke is not at all harmful?
In a recent year, the value of cross-border trade in counterfeit and pirated goods was $254.63 billionDoes It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly
Because using the chained CPI would lead to a slower rise in the income thresholds for various tax rates, conservatives often claim that this change would mean a “stealth tax increase.”
My bank raised its interest rate on savings accounts from 1% to 1.5%, which was a 50% increase.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or
My salary has remained the same for the past 10³years, but my standard of living has fallen.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or
The year 2050 will be halfway through the twenty-first century.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is
Two different students measure the height of an instructor who is actually 178.44 cm tall. The first student obtains a measurement of 178 cm and the second student obtains a measurement of 179.18 cm.
I used a meter stick to measure the length of my bed to the nearest micrometer.
As this text goes to press, the government is considering but has not yet made a change to using the chained CPI. Has such a change happened yet? Investigate the current status of the debate over
An announcement in a large department store: “Attention shoppers. Everything in the store is now reduced by10%, but in one hour all prices will be increased by 10%.” The prices will
Adjusted for inflation, today’s price of $100 for that item is lower than the 1980 price of $50.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true)
The common blood groups are A, B, AB, and O.Qualitative versus Quantitative Data. In Exercises, determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative, and explain why.
The Electronics Company has been in business for five years, and the following table lists the company’s net profit in each of those years. Using the first year as a reference value, find the index
An IRS agent reviews tax returns to identify the following:(1) mistakes made in calculations and (2) incorrect entries that were intentionally made to lower the tax bill. Discuss whether
In Figure 2.5, notice that the revenue increases and spending savings get larger each year. Discuss why this occurs, focusing on how a change in the CPI compounds over time, much like compound
If you spent $12,250 for goods, services, and housing in 2015, what would the same purchases have cost in 2000?Consumer Price Index. In Exercises, use the Consumer Price Index values from Table 2.2.
Express each of the following numbers in the three forms fraction, decimal, and percentage.a. 3/5 b. 0.8 c. 150% d. 25%
A survey asked people about their party affiliation and recorded the responses as 1 for Democrat, 2 for Republican, 3 for Independent, and 4 for anything else. The survey found that the average
Before taking off, a pilot is supposed to set the aircraft altimeter to the elevation of the airport. A pilot leaves from Denver (altitude 5280 feet) with her altimeter set to 2500 feet. Explain how
While most economists believe that the CPI overstates the effects of inflation, a few believe that it actually understates the effects, especially on lower-income people. Research why some economists
Express the following numbers in the three forms of fraction, decimal, and percentage.a. 275% b. 3.75 c. 0.45 d. 90%
A smartphone battery is supposed to provide 3.8 volts. An aftermarket supplier manufactures 5000 replacement batteries and finds that they have a mean output of 3.8 volts, but about half of the
A study was conducted of pleas made by 1348 criminals. Among those criminals, 956 pleaded guilty and 392 of them were sentenced to prison. Among 72 other criminals who pleaded not guilty, 58 were
Former New York City Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly criticized the city’s statistics on shootings by claiming that they were being underreported. If shootings were being underreported, is that a
A study was conducted to determine whether flipping a penny or spinning a penny has an effect on the proportion of heads. Among 49,437 trials, 29,015 involved flipping pennies, and 14,709 of those
Media commonly report survey results giving the sample size and some percentage, but technology typically requires the actual number of particular responses instead of the percentage. In a Harris
A New York Times editorial criticized a chart caption that described a dental rinse as one that “reduces plaque on teeth by over 300%.” If the dental rinse removes all of the plaque, what
The daily circulation of the Wall Street Journal is currently 2.38 million (the largest in the country). The daily circulation of the New York Times is currently 1.87 million (the second largest in
Using the CPI values from the above table and Table 2.2, determine what a slice of pizza should have cost in 2010 if it cost $1.00 in 1986 and prices had risen with the CPI. What does this tell you
Using the CPI values from the above table and Table 2.2, determine what a slice of pizza should have cost in 2014 if it cost $1.35 in 1995 and prices had risen with the CPI. What does this tell you
Using the CPI values from the above table and Table 2.2, determine what the subway fare should have cost in 2006 if it cost $2.50 in 2013 and prices had risen with the CPI. What does this tell you
The actual (true value) amount of change due after a gallon of milk is purchased is $12.00, but the incorrect amount of $2.00 is given instead.
In a comparison of gasoline with different octane ratings, 24 vans are driven with 87 octane gasoline, and 28 sport utility vehicles are driven with 91 octane gasoline. After each vehicle has been
Police set up a sobriety checkpoint at which every fifth driver is stopped and interviewed.
In one of Mendel’s famous genetics experiments that he conducted with peas, he obtained a sample of offspring peas consisting of 428 green peas and 152 yellow peas. Based on his theories, he
The Journal of Consumer Research included a report of a study that was conducted to determine whether people have different spending characteristics when they have a $1 bill or when they have four
A medical researcher is conducting a study to test the effectiveness of a drug designed to lower cholesterol levels. She randomly selects a sample of 100 males and 100 females.
Does listening to Beethoven make teenagers more intelligent?
A consumer researcher surveyed customers at a Macy’s store to obtain sample data consisting of the amount of credit card debt that each customer has.
Does the herb echinacea help prevent colds?
A college dean obtains an alphabetical list of all full-time students at her college and she select every 50th name on that list and interviews those students to find the amount of student debt
A company is developing a new battery for smartphones, and it is claimed that the new battery lasts significantly longer than those currently in use.
In a Gallup poll of 1059 adults, the interview subjects were selected by using a computer to randomly generate telephone numbers (both land lines and cell phones) that were then called.
Which siding lasts longer on a home: aluminum, vinyl, or wood?
A market researcher surveys 50 randomly selected drivers from each state and obtains the amount that they paid for a gallon of gas at their most recent purchase.
Search the Internet for articles and information about the controversy regarding recovering repressed memories. Briefly summarize one or two of the most interesting cases and, based on what you read,
Ethical standards change from era to era. One notoriously unethical case was a study of syphilis conducted in Tuskegee, Alabama, from 1932 to 1972. In this study, African American males were told
Past research often did not conform to today’s ethical standards. In extreme cases, such as research conducted by doctors in Nazi Germany, the researchers sometimes killed the subjects of their
It sometimes happens that the study is stopped early before its completion. Use the Internet to find an example of such a study. Why was the study stopped? Should it have been stopped, or would it be
A sample of manufactured air bags is obtained by using a computer to randomly generate a number between 1 and 1000 for each air bag, and the air bag is tested if the generated number is 1000.
Search through recent newspapers or journals and find an example of a statistical study that was observational. Briefly describe the study and summarize its conclusions.
Search through recent newspapers or journals and find an example of a statistical study that involved an experiment. Briefly describe the study and summarize its conclusions.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration plans to conduct a survey to identify the average (mean) amount of arsenic found in the rice grown on farms located in Arkansas. Arkansas has about 3000 rice
You want to determine the percentage of people in this country with each of the four major blood types (A, B, AB, and O). What would be an effective sampling plan that accounts for differences among
Search through recent newspapers or journals and find an example of a meta-analysis. Briefly describe the study and summarize its conclusions.
You want to conduct a survey of parents of elementary school students in Minneapolis by using telephone calls instead of personal visits. Assume you have directories listing telephone numbers of all
You want to determine the average (mean) error of aircraft altimeters when they are tested at a simulated altitude of 1000 feet.a. What could be a potential problem with a systematic sample obtained
Use information available on the website of a polling organization, such as Gallup, Harris, Pew, or Yankelovich, to answer the following questions.a. How exactly is a sample of subjects selected?b.
Use the Bureau of Labor Statistics website to find details on how the bureau chooses the sample of households in its monthly survey. Write a short summary of the procedure. What is the sample size?
Find a recent news report about a statistical study that you find interesting. Write a short summary of how the sample for the study was chosen, and briefly discuss whether you think the sample was
Find a recent news report about an opinion poll carried out by a news organization (such as Gallup, Harris, USA Today, New York Times, or CNN). Briefly describe the sample and how it was chosen. Was
Find results from a recent poll conducted by a political organization (such as the Republican or Democratic party or an organization that seeks to influence Congress on some particular issue).
What is the difference between qualitative data and quantitative data?
In a Wakefield Research survey, 1003 subjects were asked if they ever hesitated to give a handshake because of a fear of germs. Of these respondents, 41.0% answered “yes.”a. What is the number of
Discuss the chart in Figure 2.4a. Why does it only show taxpayer income levels from the top 1% to the top 25%? What does it tell us about the relative tax burden on each group shown? Do you think its

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