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business
business ethics

Questions and Answers of Business Ethics

Watch the video and make sure you understand the situation from David’s point of view. At the end David makes his decision. You should be open to the possibility that there may be other decisions
Integrity: Promote integrity as characterized by sincerity, honesty, authenticity, and the pursuit of excellence. Integrity shall permeate and color all its decisions, actions and expressions. It is
Trust: Recognize that trust solidifies communities by creating an environment where each can expect ethically justifiable behavior from all others. While trust is tolerant of and even thrives in an
Respect: Acknowledge the inherent dignity present in its diverse constituents by recognizing and respecting their fundamental rights. these include rights to property, privacy, free exchange of
Responsibility: Recognize and fulfill its obligations to its constituents by caring for their essential interests, by honoring its commitments, and by balancing and integrating conflicting interests.
Justice / Fairness: Be impartial, objective and refrain from discrimination or preferential treatment in the administration of rules and policies and in its dealings with students, faculty, staff,
Maria Renato: Local reporter who produces documentary exposing Z-Corp's potentially dangerous emissions. She has prepared her report based on documentation provided by David Jackson.
Frank Seeders: Frank is the point man on helping to gear up Z-Corp's operations to meet the new demand created by their recent venture with a Japanese company. He asks David to help him streamline
Phil Port: Z-Corp's official in charge of the company's compliance with environmental regulations. He calls David during the TV documentary to claim that it portrays him as an "environmental rapist."
Tom Richards: Environmental engineer hired to measure Z-Corp's heavy metal emissions into the Gilbane water supply. Richards warns David that he bears ultimate responsibility for ZCorp's emisions
Diane Collins: David's supervisor who is under strong pressure to maintain the Z-Corp Gilbane plant's thin profit levels. She is concerned about environment responsibility but defines it as staying
David Jackson: Young engineer whose measurements show that Z-Corp's emissions into the Gilbane water supply barely exceed local standards. He expresses concern to his supervisors on the impact on the
Remember that each of these feasibility constraints is negotiable and therefore flexible. If you choose to set aside a feasibility constraint then you need to outline how you would negotiate the
Prepare a feasibility table outlining these issues using the table presented above.
Develop an implementation plan for your best solution. This plan should anticipate obstacles and offer means for overcoming them.
Be sure to avoid the pitfalls described above and set up each test carefully.
Choose a bad solution and then compare to it the two strongest solutions you have.
Construct a solution evaluation matrix to compare two to three solution alternatives.
If you formulated your problem as a value conflict, how do your solutions resolve this conflict? By integrating the conflicting values? By partially realizing them through a value compromise? By
If you specified your problem as a disagreement, how do your solutions resolve the disagreement? Can you negotiate interests over positions? What if your plan of action doesn't work?
Refine your solution list. Can solutions be eliminated? (On what basis?) Can solutions be combined? Can solutions be combined as plan a and plan b?
Quickly and without analysis or criticism brainstorm 5 to ten solutions
Can your problem be specified as a value conflict? What are the values in conflict? Are the moral, nonmoral, or both?
Is your problem best specifiable as a disagreement? Between whom? Over what?
Specify the problem in the above scenario. Be as concise and specific as possible
Does the action serve to maintain collegial relations with professional peers?
Is the action consistent with the reputation, honor, dignity, and integrity of the profession?
Does the action maintain faithful agency with the client by not abusing trust, avoiding conflicts of interest, and maintaining confidences?
Does the action hold paramount the health, safety, and welfare of the public, i.e., those affected by the action but not able to participate in its design or execution?
Does the action realize integrity or pose too much or too little integrity?
Does the action realize honesty or pose too much or too little honesty?
Does the action realize reasonableness or pose too much or too little reasonableness?
Does the action realize responsibility or pose an excess or defect of responsibility?
Does the action under consideration realize justice or does it pose an excess or defect of justice?
If you were in their place, would you still find the action acceptable?
Reverse roles between the agent (you) and each stakeholder: put them in your place (as the agent) and yourself in their place (as the one subjected to the action).
Use the stakeholder analysis to identify the relations to be reversed.
Set up the test by (i) identifying the agent, (ii) describing the action, and (iii) identifying the stakeholders and their stakes.
Finally, justice failures result from ignoring the fairness of the distribution of harms and benefits. This leads to a solution which may maximize benefits and minimize harms but still give rise to
Failure to weigh harms against benefits occurs when decision makers lack the experience to make the qualitative comparisons required in ethical decision making.
Failure to compare different alternatives can lead to a decision that is too limited and one-sided.
Incomplete Analysis results from considering too few consequences. Often it indicates a failure of moral imagination which, in this case, is the ability to envision the consequences of each action
“Paralysis of Analysis" comes from considering too many consequences and not focusing only on those relevant to your decision.
Identify, sort out, and weigh the consequences (the results the action is likely to bring about)
Identify the stakeholders (those individuals or groups who are going to be affected by the action), and their stakes (interests, values, goods, rights, needs, etc.
Describe the action or solution that is being tested (what the agent is going to do or perform)
Identify the agent (the person who is going to perform the action)
Social, Cultural, or Political. The socio-technical system within which the solution is to be implemented contains certain social structures, cultural traditions, and political ideologies. How do
Organizational. Inconsistencies between the solution and the formal or informal rules of an organization may give rise to implementation obstacles. Implementing the solution may require support of
Individual Interest Constraints. Individuals with conflicting interests may oppose the implementation of the solution. For example, an insecure supervisor may oppose the solution because he fears it
Legal. How does the proposed solution stand with respect to existing laws, legal structures, and regulations? Does it create disposal problems addressed in existing regulations? Does it respond to
Manufacturability. Are there manufacturing constraints on the solution at hand? Given time, cost, and technical feasibility, what are the manufacturing limits to implementing the solution? Once
Technical. Technical limits constrain the ability to implement solutions. What, then, are the technical limitations to realizing and implementing the solution? Could these be moved back by modifying
Financial. Are there cost constraints on implementing the ethical solution? Can these be extended by raising more funds? Can they be extended by cutting existing costs? Can agents negotiate for more
Time. Is there a deadline within which the solution has to be enacted? Is this deadline fixed or negotiable?
The Feasibility Test identifies the constraints that could interfere with realizing a solution. This test also sorts out these constraints into resource (time, cost, materials), interest
The solution evaluation matrix presented just below models and summarizes the solution testing process.
Global Feasibility: Do any obstacles to implementation present themselves at this point? Are there resources, techniques, and social support for realizing the solution or will obstacles arise in one
Code: Does the solution violate any provisions of a relevant code of ethics? Can it be modified to be in accord with a code of ethics? Does it address any aspirations a code might have? (Engineers:
Publicity: Is this action one with which you are willing to be publicly identified? Does it identify you as a moral person? An irresponsible person? A person of integrity? An untrustworthy person?
Harm/Beneficence: Does the solution minimize harm? Does it produce benefits that are justly distributed among stakeholders?
Reversibility: Is the solution reversible between the agent and key stakeholders?
If your problem is a conceptual disagreement, how can this be overcome? By consulting a government policy or regulation? (OSHA on safety for example.) By consulting a theoretical account of the value
If your problem is a factual disagreement, what is the procedure for gathering the required information, if this is feasible?
If your problem is a value conflict then can these values be fully integrated in a value integrating solution? Or must they be partially realized in a compromise or traded off against one another?
Does your problem arise from an impending harm? What is the harm? What is its magnitude? What is the probability that it will occur?
Is your problem a disagreement? Is the disagreement over basic facts? Are these facts observable? Is it a disagreement over a basic concept? What is the concept? Is it a factual disagreement that,
Is your problem a conflict? Moral versus moral value? Moral versus non-moral values? Nonmoral versus non-moral values? Identify the conflicting values as concisely as possible. Example: In Toysmart,
Further spell out the right by showing what actions the correlative duties involve. For example, a manager should not violate an employee's due process right by firing him or her without just cause.
Identify the correlative duty-holder(s) that need to take steps to recognize and respect the right. For example, private and government organizations may be duty-bound to create due process
Provide an example of a situation in which the right claim becomes operative. For example, an engineer may claim a right to due process in order to appeal what he or she considers an unfair
Be sure to show that the right is essential to autonomy. If it is vulnerable be sure to identify the standard threat. (A standard threat is an existing condition that threatens autonomy.)
Justify the right claim using the rights justification framework. In other words show that the right claim is essential, vulnerable, and feasible.
Describe the claim (essential capacity of action) made by the right. For example, due process claims the right to a serious organizational grievance procedure that will enable the right-holder to
You will be divided into small groups and each will be assigned a right claim taken from the above list.
Finally, the correlative duty-levels can be specified as the duties not to violate rights, duties to prevent rights violations (whenever feasible), and the duties to aid the deprived (whenever is
Correlative duties and duty holders can be specified.
Right holders can be specified.
Due Process can be justified by showing that it is essential to autonomy, vulnerable, and feasible.
We can identify and define specific rights such as due process. Moreover, we can set forth some of the conditions involved in recognizing and respecting this right.
Rights and duties are correlative; for every right there is a correlative series of duties to recognize and respect that right.
Definition: A duty is a rule or principle requiring that we both recognize and respect the legitimate rights claims of others. Duties attendant on a given right fall into three general forms: (a)
All rights claims must satisfy three requirements. They must be (1) essential to the autonomy of individuals and (2) vulnerable so that they require special recognition and protection (on the part of
Definition: A right is an essential capacity of action that others are obliged to recognize and respect. This definition follows from autonomy. Autonomy can be broken down into a series of specific
The right to personal privacy.
The right to appeal judgments made against one before a professional association, ombudsman, or independent arbitrator.
The right to due process under the law and freedom from the application of artibrary penalties including being fired at will without just cause.
The right not to suffer retaliation from one's current employer when one seeks better employment elsewhere.
The right to participate in political activities outside of work hours.
The right to better oneself through postgraduate studies and through participation in one's professional society.
The right to corporate loyalty and freedom from being made a scapegoat for natural catastrophes, administrative ineptitude, and other forces that are beyond the control of the individual engineer.
The right to express one's professional judgment and to make public declarations as long as these do not violate a corporation's rights to proprietary information.
The right to act in accordance with one's ethical conscience and to refuse to work on projects that go against one's conscience or personal or professional moral views.
These rights are taken from Etica en la Practica Profesional de la Ingenieria by Wilfredo Munoz Roman published in 1998 by the Colegio de Ingenieros y Agrimensores de Puerto Rico and Universidad
El derecho a la privacidad personal.
El derecho a apelar por revision ante una asociacion profesional, ombudsman o arbitro independiente.
El derecho al debido proceso de ley y la libertad de que se le apliquen penalidades arbitrarias o despidos.
El derecho a solicitar posiciones superiores con otras companias sin que la companis en la que trabaje tome represalias contra el ingeniero.
.El derecho a participar en actividades de partidos politicos fuera de las horas de trabajo.
El derecho a buscar el mejoramiento personal mediante estudios postgraduados y envolverse en asociaciones profesionales.

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