Questions and Answers of Exploring Psychology

How does encoding differ in the short-term storage and the long-term storage?
How does what we know or what we learn affect what we remember?
What affects our ability to retrieve information from memory?
What have cognitive psychologists discovered regarding how we encode information for storing it in memory?
How would your life be different if you could greatly enhance your own mnemonic skills in some way?
Imagine what it would be like to recover from one of the forms of amnesia.Describe your impressions of and reactions to your newly recovered memory abilities.
How would you design an experiment to study some aspect of implicit memory?
Critique one of the experiments described in this chapter (e.g., Sperling’s 1960 experiment on the iconic store, or Craik and Tulving’s 1975 experiment on the levels-of-processing model). What
Compare and contrast the three-store model of memory with one of the alternative models of memory.
What are double dissociations, and why are they valuable to understanding the relationship between cognitive function and the brain?
Describe two characteristics each of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
What is Alzheimer’s disease?
Define amnesia and name three forms of amnesia.
Describe a connectionist model of memory.
Why do we need both semantic and episodic memories?
What are the components of the working-memory model?
What are levels of processing?
What is the difference between the sensory store and the short-term store?
Why does it make sense to consider culture when doing research on memory in different countries?
What is implicit memory?
What is explicit memory?
What is the difference between a recall task and a recognition task?
What have psychologists learned about the structure of memory by studying exceptional memory and the physiology of the brain?
Can we actively process information even if we are not aware of doing so? If so, what do we process and how?
What is the difference between monochromacy and dichromacy?1. Briefly describe each of the monocular and binocular depth cues listed in this chapter.
What is the what–where hypothesis?
What are some of the symptoms of head injuries?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of in vivo techniques compared with postmortem studies?
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the case-study method?
9. Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to focus ona. how individuals differ from one another.b. ancestral hunting and gathering behaviors.c. natural selection of the fi ttest adaptations.d.
8. Behavior geneticists are most interested in exploring(commonalities/differences) in our behaviors.Evolutionary psychologists are most interested in exploring (commonalities/differences).
7. Epigenetics is the study of the molecular mechanisms by which trigger or block genetic expression.
2-16 How do evolutionary psychologists use natural selection to explain behavior tendencies?
2-15 How do heredity and environment work together?
2-14 How do twin and adoption studies help us understand the effects and interactions of nature and nurture?
2-13 What are chromosomes, DNA, genes, and the human genome? How do behavior geneticists explain our individual differences?
• Match the following terms to the correct explanation 1. Epigenetics 2. Behavior genetics a. Study of the relative effects of our genes and our environ- ment on our behavior. b. Study of
• When the mother’s egg and the father’s sperm unite, each contributes 23 ____________.
• Put the following cell structures in order from smallest to largest: nucleus, gene, chromosome
10. Damage to the brain’s right hemisphere is most likely to reduce a person’s ability toa. recite the alphabet rapidly.b. make inferences.c. understand verbal instructions.d. solve arithmetic
9. Studies of people with split brains and brain scans of those with undivided brains indicate that the left hemisphere excels ina. processing language.c. making inferences.b. visual perceptions.d.
8. An experimenter fl ashes the word HERON across the visual fi eld of a man whose corpus callosum has been severed. HER is transmitted to his right hemisphere and ON to his left hemisphere. When
7. Plasticity is especially evident in the brains ofa. split-brain patients.c. young children.b. young adults.d. right-handed people.
6. The “uncommitted” areas that make up about threefourths of the cerebral cortex are called _____________ ______________.
5. What would it be like to talk on the phone if you didn’t have temporal lobe association areas? What would you hear? What would you understand?
3. Which of the following body regions has the greatest representation in the somatosensory cortex?a. Upper armc. Lipsb. Toesd. All regions are equally represented.
1. If a neurosurgeon stimulated your right motor cortex, you would most likelya. see light.c. feel a touch on the right arm.b. hear a sound.d. move your left leg.
• (1) If we flash a red light to the right hemisphere of a person with a split brain, and flash a green light to the left hemisphere, will each observe its own color? (2) Will the person be aware
• Why are association areas important?
• Our brain’s _____________cortex registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. The ____________cortex controls our voluntary movements.
7. The neural structure that most directly regulates eating, drinking, and body temperature is thea. endocrine system.c. hippocampus.b. hypothalamus.d. amygdala.
5. Two parts of the limbic system are the amygdala and thea. cerebral hemispheres.c. thalamus.b. hippocampus.d. pituitary.
3. The lower brain structure that governs arousal is thea. spinal cord.c. reticular formation.b. cerebellum.d. medulla.
2. The thalamus functions as aa. memory bank.c. breathing regulator.b. balance center.d. sensory control center.
1. The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is thea. cerebellum.c. cortex.b. medulla.d. thalamus.
2-8 What structures make up the brainstem, and what are the functions of the brainstem, thalamus, reticular formation, and cerebellum?
• Electrical stimulation of a cat’s amygdala provokes angry reactions. Which autonomic nervous system division is activated by such stimulation?
• In what brain region would damage be most likely to (1) disrupt your ability to skip rope?(2) disrupt your ability to hear and taste? (3) perhaps leave you in a coma? (4) cut off the very breath
• Nerves from the left side of the brain are mostly linked to the _________ side of the body, and vice versa. > FIGURE 2.13 The body's wiring Andrew Swift
• Match the scanning technique with the correct description. Technique: 1. fMRI scan 2. PET scan 3. MRI scan Description: a. tracks radioactive glucose to reveal brain activity. b. tracks
10. The secrete(s)epinephrine and norepinephrine, helping to arouse the body during times of stress.
9. The most infl uential endocrine gland, known as the master gland, is thea. pituitary.c. thyroid.b. hypothalamus.d. pancreas.
8. The neurons of the spinal cord are part of the nervous system.
7. The sympathetic nervous system arouses us for action and the parasympathetic nervous system calms us down.Together, the two systems make up the nervous system.
6. The autonomic nervous system controls internal functions, such as heart rate and glandular activity.The word autonomic meansa. calming.c. self-regulating.b. voluntary.d. arousing.
5. Endorphins are released in the brain in response toa. morphine or heroin.b. pain or vigorous exercise.c. the all-or-none response.d. all of the above.
4. In a sending neuron, when an action potential reaches an axon terminal, the impulse triggers the release of chemical messengers called .
3. Regarding a neuron’s response to stimulation, the intensity of the stimulus determinesa. whether or not an impulse is generated.b. how fast an impulse is transmitted.c. how intense an impulse
2. The tiny space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another is called thea. axon terminal.c. synaptic gap.b. branching fi ber.d. threshold.
1. The neuron fi ber that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles and glands is the .
• How are the nervous and endocrine systems alike, and how do they differ
• What bodily changes does your ANS direct before and after you give an important speech?
• Match the type of neuron to its description 1. Motor neurons 2. Sensory neurons 3. Interneurons Description a. carry incoming messages from sensory receptors to the CNS. b. communicate within the
Curare poisoning paralyzes its victims by blocking ACh receptors involved in muscle movements. Morphine mimics endorphin actions. Which is an agonist, and which is an antagonist?
• Serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins are all chemical messengers called .?
• What is reuptake? What two other things can happen to excess neurotransmitters after a neuron reacts?
• What happens in the synaptic gap?
• How does our nervous system allow us to experience the difference between a slap and a tap on the back?
• When a neuron fires an action potential, the information travels through the axon, the dendrites, and the cell body, but not in that order. Place these three structures in the correct order.
15. In defending their experimental research with animals, psychologists have noted thata. animal research is subject to codes of ethics that ensure the animals’ health, safety, and comfort.b.
14. The laboratory environment is designed toa. exactly re-create the events of everyday life.b. re-create psychological forces under controlled conditions.c. provide a safe place.d. minimize the use
13. A researcher wants to determine whether noise level affects workers’ blood pressure. In one group, she varies the level of noise in the environment and records participants’ blood pressure.
12. In a double-blind procedure,a. only the participants know whether they are in the control group or the experimental group.b. experimental and control group members will be carefully matched for
11. To test the effect of a new drug on depression, we randomly assign people to control and experimental groups.Those in the control group take a pill that contains no medication. This is a .
10. To explain behaviors and clarify cause and effect, psychologists use .
9. Here are some recently reported correlations, with interpretations drawn by journalists. Knowing just these correlations, can you come up with other possible explanations for each of these?a.
8. Knowing that two events are correlated providesa. a basis for prediction.b. an explanation of why the events are related.c. proof that as one increases, the other also increases.d. an indication
7. A study fi nds that the more childbirth training classes women attend, the less pain medication they require during childbirth. This fi nding can be stated as a(positive/negative) correlation.
6. You wish to survey a group of people who truly represent the country’s adult population. The best way to ensure this is to question a sample of the population, in which each member has an equal
5. Which of the following is NOT one of the descriptive methods psychologists use to observe and describe behavior?a. A case studyc. Correlational researchb. Naturalistic observationd. A phone survey
4. Theory-based predictions are called .
3. How can critical thinking help you evaluate claims in the media, even if you’re not a scientifi c expert on the issue?
2. As scientists, psychologistsa. do not disclose their methods, so as to avoid other scientists’ replicating their research.b. assume the truth of articles published in leading scientifi c
1-14 How can psychological principles help you learn and remember?
1-13 Why do psychologists study animals, and what ethical guidelines safeguard human and animal research participants?How do human values infl uence psychology?
1-12 Can laboratory experiments illuminate everyday life?
1-11 What are the characteristics of experimentation that make it possible to isolate cause and effect?
1-10 What are positive and negative correlations, and why do they enable prediction but not cause-effect explanation?
1-9 How do psychologists use case studies, naturalistic observations, and surveys to observe and describe behavior, and why is random sampling important?
1-8 How do theories advance psychological science?

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