Questions and Answers of Exploring Psychology

1.• How do our attitudes and our actions affect each other?
1.• Driving to school one snowy day, Marco narrowly misses a car that slides through a red light. “Slow down! What a terrible driver,” he thinks to himself. Moments later, Marco himself slips
1.10. A philosopher observed that we cannot escape envy, because there will always be someone more successful, more accomplished, or richer with whom to compare ourselves. In psychology, this
1.9. After moving to a new apartment, you fi nd the street noise irritatingly loud, but after a while, it no longer bothers you. This reaction illustrates thea. relative deprivation principle.b.
1.8. _____________psychology is a scientifi c fi eld of study focused on how humans thrive and fl ourish.
1.7. One of the most consistent fi ndings of psychological research is that happy people are alsoa. more likely to express anger.b. generally luckier than others.c. concentrated in the wealthier
1.6. Research on the faith factor has found thata. pessimists tend to be healthier than optimists.b. our expectations infl uence our feelings of stress.c. religiously active people tend to outlive
1.5. Because it triggers the release of mood-boosting neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and the endorphins,____________ exercise raises energy levels and helps alleviate depression
1.4. People who have close relationships are less likely to die prematurely than those who do not, supporting the idea thata. social ties can be a source of stress.b. gender infl uences longevity.c.
1.3. When elderly patients take an active part in managing their own care and surroundings, their morale and health tend to improve. Such fi ndings indicate that people do better when they experience
1.2. Seligman’s research showed that a dog will respond with learned helplessness if it has received repeated shocks and has hada. the opportunity to escape.b. no control over the shocks.c. pain or
1.1. When faced with a situation over which you feel you have no sense of control, it is most effective to use _________________(emotion/problem)-focused coping.
1.11-15 What are some predictors of happiness, and how can we be happier?
1.11-14 How do time, wealth, adaptation, and comparison affect our happiness levels?
1.11-13 What is the feel-good, do-good phenomenon, and what is the focus of positive psychology research?
1.11-12 What is the faith factor, and what are some possible explanations for the link between faith and health?
1.11-11 In what ways might relaxation and meditation infl uence stress and health?
1.11-10 How effective is aerobic exercise as a way to manage stress and improve well-being?
1.11-9 How does social support promote good health?
1.11-8 How does an optimistic outlook affect health and longevity?
1.11-7 How can our self-control be depleted, and why is it important to build this strength?
1.11-6 How does a perceived lack of control affect health?
1.11-5 In what two ways do people try to alleviate stress?
1.• Which of the following factors do NOT predict self-reported happiness? Which factors are better predictors?a. Aged. Genderb. Personality traitse. Sleep and exercisec. Close relationshipsf.
1.• What are some of the tactics we can use to manage successfully the stress we cannot avoid?
1.• To cope with stress when we feel in control of our world, we tend to use_________________-focused (emotion/problem) strategies. To cope with stress when we believe we cannot change a situation,
1.7. A Chinese proverb warns, “The fi re you kindle for your enemy often burns you more than him.” How is this true of Type A individuals?
1.6. Research has shown that people are at increased risk for cancer a year or so after experiencing depression, helplessness, or bereavement. In describing this link, researchers are quick to point
1.5. Stress can suppress the immune system by prompting a decrease in the release of ____________ , the immune cells that ordinarily attack bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and other foreign
1.4. Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of stressors?a. Catastrophesb. Signifi cant life changesc. Daily hasslesd. Distant threats that we hear about
1.3. The number of short-term illnesses and stress-related psychological disorders was higher than usual in the months following an earthquake. Such fi ndings suggest thata. daily hassles have
1.2. When faced with stress, women are more likely than men to experience the ______________-and_____________ response.
1.1. Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS) consists of an alarm reaction followed by ____________ , then ____________.
1.11-4 How do strategies for handling anger compare in their effectiveness?
1.11-3 Why are some of us more prone than others to coronary heart disease?
1.11-2 How does stress make us more vulnerable to disease?
1.11-1 What events provoke stress responses, and how do we respond and adapt to stress?
1.• How does Type D personality differ from Type A?
1.• Which component of the Type A personality has been linked most closely to coronary heart disease?
1.• Which one of the following is an effective strategy for reducing angry feelings?a. Retaliate verbally or physicallyc. Express anger in action or fantasyb. Wait or “simmer down”d. Review the
1.• What general effect does stress have on our overall health?
1.• The field of ___________ studies mind-body interactions, including the effects of psychological, neural, and endocrine functioning on the immune system and overall health
1.• The stress response system: When alerted to a negative, uncontrollable event, our ____________ nervous system arouses us. Heart rate and respiration _______________(increase/decrease). Blood is
1.1. When people are induced to assume fearful expressions, they often report feeling a little fear. This result is known as the ___________-___________ effect.
1.10-17 How do our facial expressions infl uence our feelings?
1.10-16 Do gestures and facial expressions mean the same thing in all cultures?
1.10-15 Do the genders differ in their ability to communicate nonverbally?
1.10-14 How do we communicate nonverbally?
1.How to make people smile without telling them to smile Do as Kazuo Mori and Hideko Mori (2009) did with students in Japan: Attach rubber bands to the sides of the face with adhesive bandages, and
1.• Are people more likely to differ culturally in their interpretations of facial expressions or of gestures?
1.• _____________ (Women/Men) report experiencing emotions more deeply, and they tend to be more adept at reading nonverbal behavior
1.4. What does a polygraph measure and why are its results questionable?
1.3. Zajonc and LeDoux maintain that some emotional reactions occur before we have had the chance to consciously label or interpret them. Lazarus noted the importance of how we appraise events. These
1.2. Assume that after spending an hour on a treadmill, you receive a letter saying that your scholarship request has been approved. The two-factor theory of emotion would predict that your physical
1.1. The _____________ -____________ theory of emotion maintains that a physiological response happens BEFORE we know what we are feeling.
1.10-13 How effective are polygraphs in using body states to detect lies?
1.10-12 Do different emotions activate different physiological and brain-pattern responses?
1.10-11 What is the link between emotional arousal and the autonomic nervous system?
1.10-10 What are some of the basic emotions?
1.10-9 To experience emotions, must we consciously interpret and label them?
1.10-8 How do arousal, expressive behavior, and cognition interact in emotion?
1.• How do the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system affect our emotional responses?
1.• Emotion researchers have disagreed about whether emotional responses occur in the absence of cognitive processing. How would you characterize the approach of each of the following researchers:
1.• According to Schachter and Singer, two factors lead to our experience of an emotion:(1) physiological arousal and (2) ________________ appraisal.
1.• According to the Cannon-Bard theory, (a) our physiological response to a stimulus (for example, a pounding heart), and (b) the emotion we experience (for example, fear) occur
1.7. Sanjay recently adopted the typical college diet, increasing his intake of processed fat and sugar. He knows he may gain weight, but he fi gures it’s no big deal because he can lose the extra
1.6. Obese people fi nd it very diffi cult to lose weight permanently.This is due to several factors, including the fact thata. dieting triggers neophobia.b. the set point of obese people is lower
1.5. The rate at which your body expends energy while at rest is referred to as the _______________ _________________ rate.
1.4. The blood sugar _____________ provides the body with energy. When it is __________ (low/high), we feel hungry.
1.3. Which of the following is a genetically predisposed response to food?a. An aversion to eating cats and dogsb. An interest in novel foodsc. A preference for sweet and salty foodsd. An aversion to
1.2. According to the concept of ___________ ____________, our body maintains itself at a particular weight level.
1.1. Journalist Dorothy Dix once remarked, “Nobody wants to kiss when they are hungry.” How does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs support her statement?
1.10-7 What factors predispose some people to become and remain obese?
1.10-6 What cultural and situational factors infl uence hunger?
1.10-5 What physiological factors produce hunger?
1.• Why can two people of the same height, age, and activity level maintain the same weight, even if one of them eats much less than the other does?
1.• After an eight-hour hike without food, your long-awaited favorite dish is placed in front of you, and your mouth waters in anticipation. Why?
1.• Hunger occurs in response to____________ (low/high) blood glucose and ___________(low/high) levels of ghrelin.
1.8. What are some ways to manage our social networking time successfully?
1.7. Which of the following is NOT part of the evidence presented to support the view that humans are strongly motivated by a need to belong?a. Students who rated themselves as “very happy” also
1.6. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, our most basic needs are physiological, including the need for food and water; just above these are __________ needs.a. safetyc. belongingnessb.
1.5. With a challenging task, such as taking a diffi cult exam, performance is likely to peak when arousal isa. very high.c. very low.b. moderate.d. absent.
1.4. ______________ theory attempts to explain behaviors that do NOT reduce physiological needs.
1.3. Jan walks into a friend’s kitchen, smells cookies baking, and begins to feel very hungry. The smell of baking cookies is a(n) ______________ (incentive/drive).
1.2. An example of a physiological need is ______________.An example of a psychological drive is ____________.a. hunger; a “push” to fi nd foodb. a “push” to fi nd food; hungerc. curiosity; a
1.1. Today’s evolutionary psychology shares an idea that was an underlying assumption of instinct theory. That idea is thata. physiological needs arouse psychological states.b. genes predispose
1.10-4 What is achievement motivation?
1.10-3 How does social networking infl uence us?
1.10-2 What evidence points to our human affi liation need—our need to belong?
1.10-1 How do psychologists defi ne motivation? From what perspectives do they view motivated behavior?
1.• What have researchers found to be an even better predictor of school performance than intelligence test scores?
1.• Social networking tends to ___________ (strengthen/weaken) your relationships with people you already know,____________ (increase/decrease) your self-disclosure, and
1.How have students reacted in studies where they were made to feel rejected and unwanted? What helps explain these results?
1.• After hours of driving alone in an unfamiliar city, you finally see a diner. Although it looks deserted and a little creepy, you stop because you are really hungry and thirsty. How would
1.• Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks. (1) How might this phenomenon affect runners? (2) How might this
1.4. ____________ _______________can lead to poor performance on tests by undermining test-takers’ belief that they can do well on the test.
1.3. The environmental infl uence that has the clearest, most profound effect on intellectual development isa. exposing normal infants to enrichment programs before age 1.b. growing up in an
1.2. To say that the heritability of intelligence is about 50 percent means that 50 percent ofa. an individual’s intelligence is due to genetic factors.b. the similarities between two groups of
1.1. The strongest support for heredity’s infl uence on intelligence is the fi nding thata. identical twins, but not other siblings, have nearly identical intelligence test scores.b. the
1.9-26 Are intelligence tests inappropriately biased?

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